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Human Anatomy & Physiology Nervous System Overview

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The document discusses the structure and function of the human nervous system. It describes the main parts of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon. It also discusses the different cell types in the nervous system, including neurons and neuroglial cells. Additionally, it covers the classification of neurons, how nerve impulses are conducted, and the role of synapses in neural communication. The central nervous system is analyzed in more depth, focusing on the organization of the brain and spinal cord. Key areas of the cerebrum are identified along with their functions.

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb ANATOMI SISTEM SARAF Dr. ANNISA SITI ROHIMA
Anatomi Otak • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Diencephalon – Thalamus – Hyothalamus • Batang Otak – Midbrain – Pons – Medulla oblongata
Fungsi Sistem Saraf 1. Input sensoris – mengumpulkan informasi  memonitor stimulus perubahan dari dalam dan luar tubuh 2. Integrasi – menyatukan informasi  memproses dan menginterpretasikan input sensoris dan memutuskan aksi output yang akan dilakukan 3. Output motorik  Respons terhadap stimulus yang terintegrasi  Respons dengan aktivasi otot atau kelenjar
Klasifikasi Struktural Sistem saraf • Sistem saraf pusat  otak  medulla spinalis • Sistem saraf perifer  saraf yang berada di luar otak dan medulla spinalis
Klasifikasi fungsional dari Sistem Saraf Perifer Slide 7.3aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divisi Sensorik (afferent) Serabut saraf yang bertugas membawa infosmasi KE sistem saraf pusat Figure 7.1
Slide 7.3bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divisi Motorik (efferent) Serabut saraf yang membawa impuls DARI sistem saraf pusat Figure 7.1 Klasifikasi fungsional dari Sistem Saraf Perifer
Slide 7.3cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divisi Motorik (efferent) Dua subdivisi Sistem saraf somatik = volunter Sistem saraf autonom = involunter Figure 7.1 Klasifikasi fungsional dari Sistem Saraf Perifer
Organisasi Sistem Saraf Slide 7.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2
Jaringan saraf : sel penunjang (Neuroglia atau Glia) Slide 7.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Astrosit Melimpah, sel berbentuk bintang Brace neurons Membentuk barrier antara kapiler dan neuron Mengontrol lingkungan kimiawi dari otak) Figure 7.3a
Slide 7.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microglia (CNS) Fagosit, Spider-like Membuang debris debris Sel Ependymal (CNS) Membatasi rongga dalam otak dan medulla spinalis Mengatur sirkulasi cairan serebrospinalis Figure 7.3b, c Jaringan saraf : sel penunjang (Neuroglia atau Glia)
Slide 7.7aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oligodendrosit (CNS) Produksi selubung myelin disekitar serabut saraf di sistem saraf pusat Figure 7.3d Jaringan saraf : sel penunjang (Neuroglia atau Glia)
Neuroglia vs. Neuron • Neuroglia bisa membelah diri. • Neuron tidak mampu membelah diri • Sebagian besar tumor otak adalah “gliomas” yang tumbuh dari neuroglia • Sebagian besar tumor otak melibatkan sel neuroglia , bukan neuron. • Consider the role of cell division in cancer!
Sel penunjang dari sistem saraf perifer Slide 7.7bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sel satelit Proteksi badan sel neuron Sel Schwann Membentuk selubung myelin pada sistem saraf perifer Figure 7.3e
Jaringan saraf: Neuron Slide 7.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron = sel saraf Sel khusus untuk transmisi pesan impuls Regio mayor dari neuron Badan sel – nucleus dan pusat metabolisme sel Processus – serabut yang menonjol dari badan sel (disebut dendrit dan akson)
Slide 7.9bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Badan sel Nucleus Large nucleolus Figure 7.4a Anatomi Neuron
Anatomi Neuron Slide 7.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prosesus Dendrit – konduksi impuls menuju badan sel Akson – konduksi impuls dari badan sel ke tempat lain (only 1!) Figure 7.4a
Axons dan impuls saraf Slide 7.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Axons end in axonal terminals Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent neurons Synapse – junction between nerves
Penutup serabut saraf Slide 7.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sel Schwann – produksi selubung myelin in jelly-roll like fashion Nodus Ranvier – gaps in myelin sheath along the axon Figure 7.5
Application • In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath is destroyed. • The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called the scleroses. • This is considered an autoimmune disease. • Why does MS appear to affect the muscles?
Lokasi badan sel neuron Slide 7.13Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sebagian besar terdapat di sistem saraf pusat Substansia grisea – badan sel dan serabut tak bermyelin Nuclei – sekelompok badan sel dalam substansia alba di sistem saraf pusat Ganglia – gabungan dari badan sel di luar sistem saraf pusat
Klasifikasi fungsional neuron SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron Sensorik (afferent) Carry impulses from the sensory receptors Cutaneous sense organs Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension Neuron Motorik (efferent) Carry impulses from the central nervous system
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interneuron (neuron penghubung) Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system Menghubungkan antara neuron sensorik dan motorik Klasifikasi fungsional neuron
Slide 7.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6 Klasifikasi fungsional neuron
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron Multipolar – banyak penonjolan dari badan selnya Figure 7.8a Klasifikasi struktural neuron
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron Bipolar – satu akson dan satu dendrit Figure 7.8b Klasifikasi struktural neuron
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron Unipolar – memiliki penonjolan prosesus tunggal dan pendek Figure 7.8c Klasifikasi struktural neuron
How Neurons Function (Physiology) Slide 7.17Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Irritability – ability to respond to stimuli Conductivity – ability to transmit an impulse The plasma membrane at rest is polarized Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell
Starting a Nerve Impulse Slide 7.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Depolarization – a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane A deploarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron Figure 7.9a–c
The Action Potential Slide 7.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the entire axon Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration This action requires ATP
Nerve Impulse Propagation Slide 7.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The impulse continues to move toward the cell body Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath Figure 7.9c–e
Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons Slide 7.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter An action potential is started in the dendrite
How Neurons Communicate at Synapses Slide 7.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.10
The Reflex Arc Slide 7.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector Figure 7.11a
Simple Reflex Arc Slide 7.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11b, c
Types of Reflexes and Regulation Slide 7.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Autonomic reflexes Smooth muscle regulation Heart and blood pressure regulation Regulation of glands Digestive system regulation Somatic reflexes Activation of skeletal muscles
Sistem Saraf Pusat (SSP) / Central Nervous System (CNS) Slide 7.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SSP berkembang dari neural tube embrionik The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles Four chambers within the brain Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Sistem saraf pusat
Regio Otak Slide 7.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemisfer Cerebri Diencephalon Batang otak (medulla oblongata) Cerebellum Figure 7.12
Hemisfer cerebri (Cerebrum) SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sepasang (kanan dan kiri) bagian superior otak Include more than half of the brain mass Figure 7.13a
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Girus = bagian yang menonjol Sulcus = saluran antara 2 girus Figure 7.13a Hemisfer cerebri (Cerebrum)
Lobus pada Cerebrum SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fisura (saluran yang lebih dalam dari sulcus) membagi cerebrum jadi lobus Lobus di permukaan cerebrum Lobus Frontalis Lobus Parietalis Lobus Occipitalis Lobus Temporalis
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
Area khusus pada Cerebrum Slide 7.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Area sensori somatik – menerima impuls dari reseptor sensorik tubuh Area motorik primer – mengirimkan impuls ke otot skeleton Area Broca’s area – terlibat dalam kemampuan berbicara
Area motorik dan sensorik otak Slide 7.31Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.14
Area khusus dalam Cerebrum SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Area otak yang terlibat dalam indera khusus Area Gustatorius: pengecap Area Visual Area Auditorius Area Olfactorius
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Area untuk interpretasi di otak Area bahasa/bicara Area asosiasi bahasa  lebih komprehensif Area asosiasi umum Area khusus dalam Cerebrum
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.13c Area khusus dalam Cerebrum
Lapisan otak SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Substansia grisea Lapisan luar Terdiri atas badan sel neuron Figure 7.13a
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Substansia alba Traktus fibrosa Contoh: corpus callosum yang menghubungkan kedua hemisfer cerebri Figure 7.13a Lapisan otak
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nuklei basalis – kumpulan substansia grisea interna Mengatur motorik volunter dengan modifikasi informasi ke korteks motoris Permasalahan = tidak mampu mengkontrol otot, spastic, jerky Terlibat dalam Huntington’s dan Parkinson’s Disease Figure 7.13a Lapisan otak
Diencephalon SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Berada di batang otak bagian atas stem Tertutupi oleh hemisfer cerebri Tersusun atas: Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
Diencephalon SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15
Thalamus Slide 7.35Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dikelilingi oleh ventrikel ketiga The relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impuls ke korteks terkait untuk lokalisasi dan interpretasi
Hypothalamus SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Berada di bawah thalamus Pusat sistem saraf autonom yang penting Membantu regulasi suhu tubuh Kontrol keseimbangan cairan Regulasi metabolisme
Hypothalamus SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian penting dalam sistem limbik (emosi) Glandula pituitari melekat pada hypothalamus
Epithalamus Slide 7.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Membentuk atap ventrikel ketiga Tempat corpus pinealis (sejenis glandula endokrin) Meliputi juga plexus choroideus – pembentuk cairan cerebrospinal
Batang otak SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Melekat pada medulla spinalis Pembentuk batang otak: Otak tengah Pons Medulla oblongata
Batang Otak SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
Otak tengah Slide 7.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terdiri atas traktus serabut saraf Pusat refleks penglihatan dan pendengaran Terdapat aquaductus cerebri – ventrikel 3rd- 4th
Pons Slide 7.40Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian yang menonjol di tengah pada batang otak Sebagian besar terdiri atas traktus fibrosa Meliputi nuclei yang terlibat dalam kontrol pernafasan
Medulla Oblongata Slide 7.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian paling rendah dari batang otak Akan berlanjut dengan medulla spinalis Includes important fiber tracts Berisi pusat: Kontrol denyut jantung Regulasi tekanan darah Pernafasan Menelan Muntah
Cerebellum SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terdiri atas dua hemisfer Pusat koordinasi gerakan tubuh involunter
Cerebellum SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. CNS: Physical Support Figure 9.2a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. CNS: Physical Support Figure 9.2b
Cavitas cranialis
Cavitas cranialis basis cranii
Proteksi SSP SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SCALP dan kulit Cranium dan columna vertebralis Meninges Figure 7.16a
Proteksi SSP SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cairan serebrospinalis Blood brain barrier Figure 7.16a
Meninges SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dura mater Lapisan penutup eksterna dua lapis Periosteum – melekat pada permukaan cranium Lamina Meningealis – penutup luar otak Melipat ke dalam pada beberapa tempat
Meninges SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arachnoid layer Lapisan tengah Web-like Pia mater Lapisan interna Langsung melekat pada permukaan otak
Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide 7.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Komposisi menyerupai plasma darah Dibentuk oleh pleksus choroideus Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain Bersirkulasi di spatium arachnoideus, ventrikel, dan canalis centralis medulla spinalis
Ventrikel dan Lokasi cairan serebrospinalis SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17a
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17b Ventrikel dan Lokasi cairan serebrospinalis
Blood Brain Barrier Slide 7.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tersusun oleh kapiler yang dilengkapi kemampuan penyaringan khusus Molekul berbahaya sukar menerobos Molekul ini mampu menerobos: Substansi larut lemak Gas respirasi Alkohol Nikotin Anesthesia
Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) Slide 7.49Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concussion Slight or mild brain injury Bleeding & tearing of nerve fibers happened Recovery likely with some memory loss Contusion A more severe TBI Nervous tissue destruction occurs Nervous tissue does not regenerate Cerebral edema Swelling from the inflammatory response May compress and kill brain tissue
• Cerebral edema – Swelling from the inflammatory response – May compress and kill brain tissue • Subdural hematoma – Collection of blood below the dura • Standards for these conditions were revised in 2004. Please check out TBIs at Mayoclinic.com for more current information on diagnostic terminology.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Slide 7.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Commonly called a stroke The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies Loss of some functions or death may result
Alzheimer’s Disease Slide 7.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Progressive degenerative brain disease Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death
Medulla spinalis Slide 7.52Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Memanjang dari medulla oblongata hingga setinggi T12 Di bawah T12 adalah cauda equina (sekumpulan serabut saraf spinalis) Pelebaran terjadi di regio cervicalis dan lumbaris Figure 7.18
Anatomi medulla spinalis SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian eksterior adalah substansia alba – traktus konduksi Figure 7.19
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian interna adalah substansia gracia – badan sel Cornu Dorsalis (posterior) Cornu Anterior (ventralis) Figure 7.19 Anatomi medulla spinalis
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Canalis centralis berisi cairan cerebrospinalis Figure 7.19 Anatomi medulla spinalis
Slide 7.54Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Meninges menutupi medulla spinalis Nervus keluar dari setiap foramen vertebra Radiks Dorsalis Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system Radiks Ventralis Anatomi medulla spinalis
Sistem saraf perifer Slide 7.55Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervus dan ganglia di luar sistem saraf pusat Nervus = sekumpulan serabut saraf Serabut saraf disatukan oleh jaringan ikat
Struktur Saraf Slide 7.56Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endoneurium melingkupi setiap serabut Sekelompok serabut saraf diikat menjadi fasikulus oleh perineurium Fasikulus dikumpulkan oleh by epineurium Figure 7.20
Klasifikasi Saraf Slide 7.57Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervus campuran – memiliki serabut saraf sendorik dan motorik Nervus Afferent (sensorik) – membawa impuls ke sistem saraf pusat Nervus Efferent (motorik) – membawa impuls dari sistem saraf pusat
Nervus Spinalis Slide 7.63Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terdapat 31 pasang nervus spinalis yang keluar dari vertebra.
Slide 7.64Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22a Nervus Spinalis
Sistem Saraf Autonom Slide 7.67Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Merupakan cabang involunter dari sistem saraf Hanya terdiri dari serabut motorik Dibagi menjadi dua divisi: Divisi simpatis Divisi parasimpatis
Perbandingan Antara Saraf Somatic dan Autonom Slide 7.69Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24
Anatomi Sistem Saraf Autonom Slide 7.73Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.25
Fungsi Autonomik SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simpatis– “fight-or-flight” Respons pada stimulus unusual Takes over to increase activities Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parasimpatis – housekeeping activites Konservasi energi Menjaga fungsi tubuh sehari-hari Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis Fungsi Autonomik
Development Aspects of the Nervous System SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop
Development Aspects of the Nervous System SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings No more neurons are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continues for several years (new evidence!) The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult However, we can always grow dendrites!
Pelindung Protektif (Meninges) • Dura mater jaringan ikat padat • Arachnoid jaringan ikat nonvaskuler • Pia mater sangat kaya pembuluh darah Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord and invaginates along cortical surface to form perivascular spaces
Cairan Cerebrospinalis • Dibentuk oleh plexus choroideus • Reabsorbsi menuju sinus saggittalis oleh villi arachnoideus • Proteksi otak dari trauma concussive • Membuang sampah metabolisme
Foramen of Monro
NERVUS CRANIALIS
NERVUS CRANIALIS
Nervus Cranialis • I: Olfactorius • II: Opticus • III: Oculomotorius • IV: Trochlearis • V: Trigeminalis • VI: Abducens • VII: Facialis • VIII:Vestibulocochlearis – Acousticicus • IX: Glossopharyngealis • X: Vagus • XI: Accessorius • XII: Hypoglossalis http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/cra nial.htm
Nervus Olfactorius Mukosa Olfactorius (SVA)→ Cribriform foramina → Bulbus Olfactory
CN I: OLFACTORIUS • Nervus cranialis I • Fungsi : – penghidu • Clinical test for damage: – determine whether a person can smell something aromatic
Nervus Opticus Sel Ganglion (SSA) → canalis Opticus → Corpus geniculatum lateral
CN II: OPTICUS • Nervus cranialis II • Fungsi: – Vision/penglihatan • Clinical test for damage: – tests peripheral vision and visual acuity • Kerusakan : – kebutaan
Nervus Oculomotorius • Components – General somatic efferent fibers (GSE) – General visceral efferent fibers (GVE) • Main action supplies – Superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris – Sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscle • Ciliary ganglion: lies between optic nerve and lateral rectus Oculomotor nerve
CN III: OCULOMOTORIUS • Nervus cranialis III • Fungsi: – Gerakan mata, membuka kelopak mata, konstriksi pupil, focusing, propriosepsi • Clinical tests for injury: – differences in pupil size; pupillary response to light; eye tracking • Efek kerusakan – dropping eyelid, dilasi pupil, double vision
CN IV: TROCHLEARIS • Nervus cranialis IV • Fungsi: gerakan mata dan propriosepsi • Clinical test for injury: ability to rotate eye inferolaterally • Efek kerusakan – double vision, patient tilts head toward affected side
Nervus Trigeminus
CN V: TRIGEMINUS • Nervus cranialis V • Fungsi: nervus sensoris pada wajah • Clinical test for injury: – corneal reflex; sense of touch, pain, and temperature; clench teeth; move mandible side to side • Efek kerusakan: – Kehilangan sensasi dan gangguan pengunyahan
Nervus Abducens
CN VI: ABDUCENS • Nervus cranialis VI • Fungsi: gerakan mata • Clinical test: lateral eye movement • Kerusakan : tidak mampu memutar bola mata ke samping; pada istirahat – mata rotadi ke arah medial karena aktivitas otot antagonis
Lesi nervus abducens
Nervus Facialis
CN VII: FACIALIS • Nervus cranialis VII • Fungsi: ekspresi wajah; perasa di lidah (sensorik) • Clinical test: motor functions – close eyes, smile, whistle, frown, raise eyebrows; taste • Efek kerusakan: ketidakmampuan mengontrol otot wajah; gangguan perasa di lidah
Nervus Vestibulocochlearis Vestibular ganglion(SSA) ↘ ↗ Vestibular nuclei Internal acoustic meatus Cochlear ganglion (SSA) ↗ ↘ Cochlear nuclei
CN VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS • Nervus cranialis VIII • Fungsi: pendengaran dan equilibrium (keseimbangan) • Clinical tests: test hearing, balance, and ability to walk a straight line • Efek kerusakan: tuli, pusing, mual, kehilangan keseimbangan dan nystagmus
CN IX: GLOSSOPHARINGEUS • Nervus cranial IX • Fungsi: menelan, salivasi, muntah; sensasi nyeri, tekanan dan rasa di lidah; sensasi nyeri pada faring dan telinga eksterna • Clinical tests: gag reflex, swallowing, and coughing • Efek kerusakan: kesulitan menelan
CN X: VAGUS • Nervus cranialis X • Fungsi: menelan, merasakan makanan, berbicara, respirasi, cardiovaskuler, regulasi saluran gastrointestinal; sensai lapar, kenyag dan fungsi intestinal discomfort • Clinical tests: test with cranial nerve IX • Efek kerusakan: suara serak atau menghilang; gangguan menelan dan motilitas pencernaan
Superior laryngeal nerve External branch Internal branch NERVUS VAGUS
CN XI: ACCESSORIUS • Nervus cranialis XI • Fungsi: menelan; gerakan kepala, leher dan bahu • Clinical tests: rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance • Efek kerusakan: gangguan gerak kepala, leher dan bahu; paralysis m. sternocleidomastoid
Nervus Hipoglossus Hypoglossal nerve
CN XII: HIPOGLOSSUS • Nervus cranialis XII • Fungsi: gerakan lidah ketika berbicara, manipulasi makanan, dan menelan • Clinical test: tongue function • Efek kerusakan: gangguan bicara dan menelan; atrofi lidah; lidah tidak bisa menjulur keluar (protrusi)
SISTEM INDERA
Eye Anatomy http://everlastingelephants.blogspot.com/2009/08/what-is-eye-cataract.html
Eye Anatomy • Conjunctiva (Conj): – Thin, clear layer of skin – Covering of the front of eye – Covers the sclera and the inside of the eyelids – Function: • Keeps bacteria and foreign material from getting behind eye http://www.images.missionforvisionusa.org/anatomy/2005/11/conjunctiva-answers.html
Eye Anatomy • Sclera (S): – “White of the eye” – Tough, opaque tissue that extends around the eye – Surrounds the eye and gives the eye its shape – The sclera is attached to the extraocular muscles http://www.thirdeyehealth.com/sclera.html
Eye Anatomy • Extraocular Muscles – 6 extraocular muscles that are attached to each eye – Help move the eye left, right, up, down and diagonally – These 6 muscles are: • Superior rectus • Inferior rectus • Medial rectus • Lateral rectus http://media.photobucket.com/image/introduction%20to%20eye%20anatomy/trimurtulu/Eye.jpg
Overview of the anatomy of the external ear, middle ear and internal ear
Gross Anatomy of the Middle Ear
Gross Anatomy of the Inner Ear
Anatomy of the Cochlea

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Human Anatomy & Physiology Nervous System Overview

  • 1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb ANATOMI SISTEM SARAF Dr. ANNISA SITI ROHIMA
  • 2.
  • 3. Anatomi Otak • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Diencephalon – Thalamus – Hyothalamus • Batang Otak – Midbrain – Pons – Medulla oblongata
  • 4. Fungsi Sistem Saraf 1. Input sensoris – mengumpulkan informasi  memonitor stimulus perubahan dari dalam dan luar tubuh 2. Integrasi – menyatukan informasi  memproses dan menginterpretasikan input sensoris dan memutuskan aksi output yang akan dilakukan 3. Output motorik  Respons terhadap stimulus yang terintegrasi  Respons dengan aktivasi otot atau kelenjar
  • 5. Klasifikasi Struktural Sistem saraf • Sistem saraf pusat  otak  medulla spinalis • Sistem saraf perifer  saraf yang berada di luar otak dan medulla spinalis
  • 6. Klasifikasi fungsional dari Sistem Saraf Perifer Slide 7.3aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divisi Sensorik (afferent) Serabut saraf yang bertugas membawa infosmasi KE sistem saraf pusat Figure 7.1
  • 7. Slide 7.3bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divisi Motorik (efferent) Serabut saraf yang membawa impuls DARI sistem saraf pusat Figure 7.1 Klasifikasi fungsional dari Sistem Saraf Perifer
  • 8. Slide 7.3cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divisi Motorik (efferent) Dua subdivisi Sistem saraf somatik = volunter Sistem saraf autonom = involunter Figure 7.1 Klasifikasi fungsional dari Sistem Saraf Perifer
  • 9. Organisasi Sistem Saraf Slide 7.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2
  • 10. Jaringan saraf : sel penunjang (Neuroglia atau Glia) Slide 7.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Astrosit Melimpah, sel berbentuk bintang Brace neurons Membentuk barrier antara kapiler dan neuron Mengontrol lingkungan kimiawi dari otak) Figure 7.3a
  • 11. Slide 7.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microglia (CNS) Fagosit, Spider-like Membuang debris debris Sel Ependymal (CNS) Membatasi rongga dalam otak dan medulla spinalis Mengatur sirkulasi cairan serebrospinalis Figure 7.3b, c Jaringan saraf : sel penunjang (Neuroglia atau Glia)
  • 12. Slide 7.7aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oligodendrosit (CNS) Produksi selubung myelin disekitar serabut saraf di sistem saraf pusat Figure 7.3d Jaringan saraf : sel penunjang (Neuroglia atau Glia)
  • 13. Neuroglia vs. Neuron • Neuroglia bisa membelah diri. • Neuron tidak mampu membelah diri • Sebagian besar tumor otak adalah “gliomas” yang tumbuh dari neuroglia • Sebagian besar tumor otak melibatkan sel neuroglia , bukan neuron. • Consider the role of cell division in cancer!
  • 14. Sel penunjang dari sistem saraf perifer Slide 7.7bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sel satelit Proteksi badan sel neuron Sel Schwann Membentuk selubung myelin pada sistem saraf perifer Figure 7.3e
  • 15. Jaringan saraf: Neuron Slide 7.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron = sel saraf Sel khusus untuk transmisi pesan impuls Regio mayor dari neuron Badan sel – nucleus dan pusat metabolisme sel Processus – serabut yang menonjol dari badan sel (disebut dendrit dan akson)
  • 16. Slide 7.9bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Badan sel Nucleus Large nucleolus Figure 7.4a Anatomi Neuron
  • 17. Anatomi Neuron Slide 7.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prosesus Dendrit – konduksi impuls menuju badan sel Akson – konduksi impuls dari badan sel ke tempat lain (only 1!) Figure 7.4a
  • 18. Axons dan impuls saraf Slide 7.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Axons end in axonal terminals Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent neurons Synapse – junction between nerves
  • 19.
  • 20. Penutup serabut saraf Slide 7.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sel Schwann – produksi selubung myelin in jelly-roll like fashion Nodus Ranvier – gaps in myelin sheath along the axon Figure 7.5
  • 21. Application • In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath is destroyed. • The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called the scleroses. • This is considered an autoimmune disease. • Why does MS appear to affect the muscles?
  • 22. Lokasi badan sel neuron Slide 7.13Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sebagian besar terdapat di sistem saraf pusat Substansia grisea – badan sel dan serabut tak bermyelin Nuclei – sekelompok badan sel dalam substansia alba di sistem saraf pusat Ganglia – gabungan dari badan sel di luar sistem saraf pusat
  • 23. Klasifikasi fungsional neuron SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron Sensorik (afferent) Carry impulses from the sensory receptors Cutaneous sense organs Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension Neuron Motorik (efferent) Carry impulses from the central nervous system
  • 24. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interneuron (neuron penghubung) Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system Menghubungkan antara neuron sensorik dan motorik Klasifikasi fungsional neuron
  • 25. Slide 7.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6 Klasifikasi fungsional neuron
  • 26. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron Multipolar – banyak penonjolan dari badan selnya Figure 7.8a Klasifikasi struktural neuron
  • 27. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron Bipolar – satu akson dan satu dendrit Figure 7.8b Klasifikasi struktural neuron
  • 28. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron Unipolar – memiliki penonjolan prosesus tunggal dan pendek Figure 7.8c Klasifikasi struktural neuron
  • 29. How Neurons Function (Physiology) Slide 7.17Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Irritability – ability to respond to stimuli Conductivity – ability to transmit an impulse The plasma membrane at rest is polarized Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell
  • 30. Starting a Nerve Impulse Slide 7.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Depolarization – a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane A deploarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron Figure 7.9a–c
  • 31. The Action Potential Slide 7.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the entire axon Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration This action requires ATP
  • 32. Nerve Impulse Propagation Slide 7.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The impulse continues to move toward the cell body Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath Figure 7.9c–e
  • 33. Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons Slide 7.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter An action potential is started in the dendrite
  • 34. How Neurons Communicate at Synapses Slide 7.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.10
  • 35. The Reflex Arc Slide 7.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector Figure 7.11a
  • 36. Simple Reflex Arc Slide 7.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11b, c
  • 37. Types of Reflexes and Regulation Slide 7.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Autonomic reflexes Smooth muscle regulation Heart and blood pressure regulation Regulation of glands Digestive system regulation Somatic reflexes Activation of skeletal muscles
  • 38. Sistem Saraf Pusat (SSP) / Central Nervous System (CNS) Slide 7.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SSP berkembang dari neural tube embrionik The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles Four chambers within the brain Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
  • 40. Regio Otak Slide 7.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemisfer Cerebri Diencephalon Batang otak (medulla oblongata) Cerebellum Figure 7.12
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43. Hemisfer cerebri (Cerebrum) SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sepasang (kanan dan kiri) bagian superior otak Include more than half of the brain mass Figure 7.13a
  • 44. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Girus = bagian yang menonjol Sulcus = saluran antara 2 girus Figure 7.13a Hemisfer cerebri (Cerebrum)
  • 45. Lobus pada Cerebrum SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fisura (saluran yang lebih dalam dari sulcus) membagi cerebrum jadi lobus Lobus di permukaan cerebrum Lobus Frontalis Lobus Parietalis Lobus Occipitalis Lobus Temporalis
  • 46. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
  • 47. Area khusus pada Cerebrum Slide 7.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Area sensori somatik – menerima impuls dari reseptor sensorik tubuh Area motorik primer – mengirimkan impuls ke otot skeleton Area Broca’s area – terlibat dalam kemampuan berbicara
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50. Area motorik dan sensorik otak Slide 7.31Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.14
  • 51. Area khusus dalam Cerebrum SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Area otak yang terlibat dalam indera khusus Area Gustatorius: pengecap Area Visual Area Auditorius Area Olfactorius
  • 52. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Area untuk interpretasi di otak Area bahasa/bicara Area asosiasi bahasa  lebih komprehensif Area asosiasi umum Area khusus dalam Cerebrum
  • 53. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.13c Area khusus dalam Cerebrum
  • 54. Lapisan otak SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Substansia grisea Lapisan luar Terdiri atas badan sel neuron Figure 7.13a
  • 55. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Substansia alba Traktus fibrosa Contoh: corpus callosum yang menghubungkan kedua hemisfer cerebri Figure 7.13a Lapisan otak
  • 56. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nuklei basalis – kumpulan substansia grisea interna Mengatur motorik volunter dengan modifikasi informasi ke korteks motoris Permasalahan = tidak mampu mengkontrol otot, spastic, jerky Terlibat dalam Huntington’s dan Parkinson’s Disease Figure 7.13a Lapisan otak
  • 57. Diencephalon SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Berada di batang otak bagian atas stem Tertutupi oleh hemisfer cerebri Tersusun atas: Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
  • 58. Diencephalon SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15
  • 59. Thalamus Slide 7.35Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dikelilingi oleh ventrikel ketiga The relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impuls ke korteks terkait untuk lokalisasi dan interpretasi
  • 60. Hypothalamus SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Berada di bawah thalamus Pusat sistem saraf autonom yang penting Membantu regulasi suhu tubuh Kontrol keseimbangan cairan Regulasi metabolisme
  • 61. Hypothalamus SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian penting dalam sistem limbik (emosi) Glandula pituitari melekat pada hypothalamus
  • 62. Epithalamus Slide 7.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Membentuk atap ventrikel ketiga Tempat corpus pinealis (sejenis glandula endokrin) Meliputi juga plexus choroideus – pembentuk cairan cerebrospinal
  • 63. Batang otak SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Melekat pada medulla spinalis Pembentuk batang otak: Otak tengah Pons Medulla oblongata
  • 64. Batang Otak SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
  • 65. Otak tengah Slide 7.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terdiri atas traktus serabut saraf Pusat refleks penglihatan dan pendengaran Terdapat aquaductus cerebri – ventrikel 3rd- 4th
  • 66.
  • 67. Pons Slide 7.40Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian yang menonjol di tengah pada batang otak Sebagian besar terdiri atas traktus fibrosa Meliputi nuclei yang terlibat dalam kontrol pernafasan
  • 68. Medulla Oblongata Slide 7.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian paling rendah dari batang otak Akan berlanjut dengan medulla spinalis Includes important fiber tracts Berisi pusat: Kontrol denyut jantung Regulasi tekanan darah Pernafasan Menelan Muntah
  • 69. Cerebellum SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terdiri atas dua hemisfer Pusat koordinasi gerakan tubuh involunter
  • 70. Cerebellum SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
  • 71. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. CNS: Physical Support Figure 9.2a
  • 72. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. CNS: Physical Support Figure 9.2b
  • 75. Proteksi SSP SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SCALP dan kulit Cranium dan columna vertebralis Meninges Figure 7.16a
  • 76. Proteksi SSP SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cairan serebrospinalis Blood brain barrier Figure 7.16a
  • 77.
  • 78. Meninges SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dura mater Lapisan penutup eksterna dua lapis Periosteum – melekat pada permukaan cranium Lamina Meningealis – penutup luar otak Melipat ke dalam pada beberapa tempat
  • 79. Meninges SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arachnoid layer Lapisan tengah Web-like Pia mater Lapisan interna Langsung melekat pada permukaan otak
  • 80. Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide 7.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Komposisi menyerupai plasma darah Dibentuk oleh pleksus choroideus Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain Bersirkulasi di spatium arachnoideus, ventrikel, dan canalis centralis medulla spinalis
  • 81. Ventrikel dan Lokasi cairan serebrospinalis SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17a
  • 82. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17b Ventrikel dan Lokasi cairan serebrospinalis
  • 83. Blood Brain Barrier Slide 7.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tersusun oleh kapiler yang dilengkapi kemampuan penyaringan khusus Molekul berbahaya sukar menerobos Molekul ini mampu menerobos: Substansi larut lemak Gas respirasi Alkohol Nikotin Anesthesia
  • 84. Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) Slide 7.49Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concussion Slight or mild brain injury Bleeding & tearing of nerve fibers happened Recovery likely with some memory loss Contusion A more severe TBI Nervous tissue destruction occurs Nervous tissue does not regenerate Cerebral edema Swelling from the inflammatory response May compress and kill brain tissue
  • 85. • Cerebral edema – Swelling from the inflammatory response – May compress and kill brain tissue • Subdural hematoma – Collection of blood below the dura • Standards for these conditions were revised in 2004. Please check out TBIs at Mayoclinic.com for more current information on diagnostic terminology.
  • 86. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Slide 7.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Commonly called a stroke The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies Loss of some functions or death may result
  • 87. Alzheimer’s Disease Slide 7.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Progressive degenerative brain disease Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death
  • 88. Medulla spinalis Slide 7.52Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Memanjang dari medulla oblongata hingga setinggi T12 Di bawah T12 adalah cauda equina (sekumpulan serabut saraf spinalis) Pelebaran terjadi di regio cervicalis dan lumbaris Figure 7.18
  • 89. Anatomi medulla spinalis SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian eksterior adalah substansia alba – traktus konduksi Figure 7.19
  • 90. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bagian interna adalah substansia gracia – badan sel Cornu Dorsalis (posterior) Cornu Anterior (ventralis) Figure 7.19 Anatomi medulla spinalis
  • 91. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Canalis centralis berisi cairan cerebrospinalis Figure 7.19 Anatomi medulla spinalis
  • 92. Slide 7.54Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Meninges menutupi medulla spinalis Nervus keluar dari setiap foramen vertebra Radiks Dorsalis Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system Radiks Ventralis Anatomi medulla spinalis
  • 93. Sistem saraf perifer Slide 7.55Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervus dan ganglia di luar sistem saraf pusat Nervus = sekumpulan serabut saraf Serabut saraf disatukan oleh jaringan ikat
  • 94. Struktur Saraf Slide 7.56Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endoneurium melingkupi setiap serabut Sekelompok serabut saraf diikat menjadi fasikulus oleh perineurium Fasikulus dikumpulkan oleh by epineurium Figure 7.20
  • 95. Klasifikasi Saraf Slide 7.57Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervus campuran – memiliki serabut saraf sendorik dan motorik Nervus Afferent (sensorik) – membawa impuls ke sistem saraf pusat Nervus Efferent (motorik) – membawa impuls dari sistem saraf pusat
  • 96. Nervus Spinalis Slide 7.63Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terdapat 31 pasang nervus spinalis yang keluar dari vertebra.
  • 97. Slide 7.64Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22a Nervus Spinalis
  • 98. Sistem Saraf Autonom Slide 7.67Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Merupakan cabang involunter dari sistem saraf Hanya terdiri dari serabut motorik Dibagi menjadi dua divisi: Divisi simpatis Divisi parasimpatis
  • 99. Perbandingan Antara Saraf Somatic dan Autonom Slide 7.69Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24
  • 100. Anatomi Sistem Saraf Autonom Slide 7.73Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.25
  • 101. Fungsi Autonomik SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simpatis– “fight-or-flight” Respons pada stimulus unusual Takes over to increase activities Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
  • 102. SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parasimpatis – housekeeping activites Konservasi energi Menjaga fungsi tubuh sehari-hari Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis Fungsi Autonomik
  • 103. Development Aspects of the Nervous System SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop
  • 104. Development Aspects of the Nervous System SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings No more neurons are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continues for several years (new evidence!) The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult However, we can always grow dendrites!
  • 105.
  • 106. Pelindung Protektif (Meninges) • Dura mater jaringan ikat padat • Arachnoid jaringan ikat nonvaskuler • Pia mater sangat kaya pembuluh darah Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord and invaginates along cortical surface to form perivascular spaces
  • 107.
  • 108.
  • 109. Cairan Cerebrospinalis • Dibentuk oleh plexus choroideus • Reabsorbsi menuju sinus saggittalis oleh villi arachnoideus • Proteksi otak dari trauma concussive • Membuang sampah metabolisme
  • 113.
  • 114.
  • 115.
  • 116.
  • 117. Nervus Cranialis • I: Olfactorius • II: Opticus • III: Oculomotorius • IV: Trochlearis • V: Trigeminalis • VI: Abducens • VII: Facialis • VIII:Vestibulocochlearis – Acousticicus • IX: Glossopharyngealis • X: Vagus • XI: Accessorius • XII: Hypoglossalis http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/cra nial.htm
  • 118. Nervus Olfactorius Mukosa Olfactorius (SVA)→ Cribriform foramina → Bulbus Olfactory
  • 119. CN I: OLFACTORIUS • Nervus cranialis I • Fungsi : – penghidu • Clinical test for damage: – determine whether a person can smell something aromatic
  • 120. Nervus Opticus Sel Ganglion (SSA) → canalis Opticus → Corpus geniculatum lateral
  • 121. CN II: OPTICUS • Nervus cranialis II • Fungsi: – Vision/penglihatan • Clinical test for damage: – tests peripheral vision and visual acuity • Kerusakan : – kebutaan
  • 122. Nervus Oculomotorius • Components – General somatic efferent fibers (GSE) – General visceral efferent fibers (GVE) • Main action supplies – Superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris – Sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscle • Ciliary ganglion: lies between optic nerve and lateral rectus Oculomotor nerve
  • 123. CN III: OCULOMOTORIUS • Nervus cranialis III • Fungsi: – Gerakan mata, membuka kelopak mata, konstriksi pupil, focusing, propriosepsi • Clinical tests for injury: – differences in pupil size; pupillary response to light; eye tracking • Efek kerusakan – dropping eyelid, dilasi pupil, double vision
  • 124. CN IV: TROCHLEARIS • Nervus cranialis IV • Fungsi: gerakan mata dan propriosepsi • Clinical test for injury: ability to rotate eye inferolaterally • Efek kerusakan – double vision, patient tilts head toward affected side
  • 126. CN V: TRIGEMINUS • Nervus cranialis V • Fungsi: nervus sensoris pada wajah • Clinical test for injury: – corneal reflex; sense of touch, pain, and temperature; clench teeth; move mandible side to side • Efek kerusakan: – Kehilangan sensasi dan gangguan pengunyahan
  • 128. CN VI: ABDUCENS • Nervus cranialis VI • Fungsi: gerakan mata • Clinical test: lateral eye movement • Kerusakan : tidak mampu memutar bola mata ke samping; pada istirahat – mata rotadi ke arah medial karena aktivitas otot antagonis
  • 131. CN VII: FACIALIS • Nervus cranialis VII • Fungsi: ekspresi wajah; perasa di lidah (sensorik) • Clinical test: motor functions – close eyes, smile, whistle, frown, raise eyebrows; taste • Efek kerusakan: ketidakmampuan mengontrol otot wajah; gangguan perasa di lidah
  • 132. Nervus Vestibulocochlearis Vestibular ganglion(SSA) ↘ ↗ Vestibular nuclei Internal acoustic meatus Cochlear ganglion (SSA) ↗ ↘ Cochlear nuclei
  • 133. CN VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS • Nervus cranialis VIII • Fungsi: pendengaran dan equilibrium (keseimbangan) • Clinical tests: test hearing, balance, and ability to walk a straight line • Efek kerusakan: tuli, pusing, mual, kehilangan keseimbangan dan nystagmus
  • 134. CN IX: GLOSSOPHARINGEUS • Nervus cranial IX • Fungsi: menelan, salivasi, muntah; sensasi nyeri, tekanan dan rasa di lidah; sensasi nyeri pada faring dan telinga eksterna • Clinical tests: gag reflex, swallowing, and coughing • Efek kerusakan: kesulitan menelan
  • 135.
  • 136.
  • 137. CN X: VAGUS • Nervus cranialis X • Fungsi: menelan, merasakan makanan, berbicara, respirasi, cardiovaskuler, regulasi saluran gastrointestinal; sensai lapar, kenyag dan fungsi intestinal discomfort • Clinical tests: test with cranial nerve IX • Efek kerusakan: suara serak atau menghilang; gangguan menelan dan motilitas pencernaan
  • 138. Superior laryngeal nerve External branch Internal branch NERVUS VAGUS
  • 139. CN XI: ACCESSORIUS • Nervus cranialis XI • Fungsi: menelan; gerakan kepala, leher dan bahu • Clinical tests: rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance • Efek kerusakan: gangguan gerak kepala, leher dan bahu; paralysis m. sternocleidomastoid
  • 141. CN XII: HIPOGLOSSUS • Nervus cranialis XII • Fungsi: gerakan lidah ketika berbicara, manipulasi makanan, dan menelan • Clinical test: tongue function • Efek kerusakan: gangguan bicara dan menelan; atrofi lidah; lidah tidak bisa menjulur keluar (protrusi)
  • 144. Eye Anatomy • Conjunctiva (Conj): – Thin, clear layer of skin – Covering of the front of eye – Covers the sclera and the inside of the eyelids – Function: • Keeps bacteria and foreign material from getting behind eye http://www.images.missionforvisionusa.org/anatomy/2005/11/conjunctiva-answers.html
  • 145. Eye Anatomy • Sclera (S): – “White of the eye” – Tough, opaque tissue that extends around the eye – Surrounds the eye and gives the eye its shape – The sclera is attached to the extraocular muscles http://www.thirdeyehealth.com/sclera.html
  • 146. Eye Anatomy • Extraocular Muscles – 6 extraocular muscles that are attached to each eye – Help move the eye left, right, up, down and diagonally – These 6 muscles are: • Superior rectus • Inferior rectus • Medial rectus • Lateral rectus http://media.photobucket.com/image/introduction%20to%20eye%20anatomy/trimurtulu/Eye.jpg
  • 147. Overview of the anatomy of the external ear, middle ear and internal ear
  • 148. Gross Anatomy of the Middle Ear
  • 149. Gross Anatomy of the Inner Ear
  • 150. Anatomy of the Cochlea