Fourth Generation Mobile Technology

1. A SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by
Abhaya Nanda Shukla
Roll- 2007-1026

2. OBJECTIVE
 4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for
Fourth Generation, is a term used to describe the
next complete evolution in wireless communications.
 A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive
IP solution where voice, data and streamed
multimedia can be given to users on an "Anytime,
Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than
previous generations.
 The term 4G is used broadly to include several types
of broadband wireless access communication
systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of
the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile
multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility
support, integrated wireless solution, and
customized personal service.

3. What is 4G?
 Fourth Generation Technology
 Faster and more reliable
 Lower cost than previous generations
 Multi-standard wireless system
–Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x)
 Ad Hoc Networking
 IPv6 Core
 OFDM used instead of CDMA
 Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n
–Most information is proprietary

4. KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
Communications Architecture
 Broadcast layer: fix access points, (i.e.
cell tower) connected by fiber,
microwave, or satellite (ISP)
 Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer: wireless LANs
 Personal Layer Gateway: devices that
connect to upper layers; cell phone,
fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players,
PDAs
 Info-Sensor layer: environmental
sensors
 Fiber-optic wire layer: high speed
subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic
cables and repeaters

5. Ad Hoc Networks
 Spontaneous self organization of networks of
devices
 Not necessarily connected to internet
 4G will create hybrid wireless networks usingAd
Hoc networks
 Form of mesh networking –Very reliable

6. Smart Antennas
 Beam radio signals directly at a user to follow
the user as they move
 Allow the same radio frequency to be used for
other users without worry of interference
 Can’t keep up transmission speeds while device
is moving fast (i.e. in a car)
 –Only 32Mb/s at 62mph (vs100Mb/s)
 Seamless handoff between towers/access points
 One transmit antenna, two receive antennas
 –Allows connection to two access points at once

8. MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE –OUTPUT
 MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple
transmitting antennas (space multiplex) and time or
frequency.
 It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process
independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform
is correctly designed for the channel.
 This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing. The
signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n
antennas.
 Processing of the received signals may deliver several
performance improvements: range, quality of received
signal and spectrum efficiency.
 In principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple
path signals are received.
 The performance in cellular deployments is still subject to
research and simulations . However, it is generally
admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is directly
related to the minimum number of antennas in the link.

9. SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from today’s high
processing power to develop multi-band, multi-standard
base stations and terminals.
 Although in future the terminals will adapt the air interface
to the available radio access technology, at present this is
done by the infrastructure.
 Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For
example, to increase network capacity at a specific time (e.g.
during a sports event),an operator will reconfigure its
network adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver
Station (BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy.
 In the context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler
for the aggregation of multi-standard pico/micro cells. For a
manufacturer, this can be a powerful aid to providing multi-
standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development
effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel
processing.

10. Mobile IPv6
 More addresses than current version of IP
protocol (Version 4)
 each device can have own IP
 Keep IP address even if you change access point
 Presently translate IP with each change
because not enough IP addresses to go around
 IP Core-everything can talk to each other if
they speak the same “language” (protocol)
IPV6 PACKET

11. OFDM
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
 Allows for transfer of more data than other
forms of multiplexing (time, frequency, code,
etc)
 Simplifies the design of the transmitter &
receiver
 Allows for use of almost the entire frequency
band
–No gaps to prevent interference needed
 Currently used in WiMax(802.16) and Wi-
Fi(802.11a/g)

12. How OFDM Works
Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The phase of
the sin wave changes to represent a different bit.

13. How OFDM works
Frequency of the previous wave

14. How OFDM works
 The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do
not interfere with each other (no cross talk)
 Parallel Data Transmission -Allows for the sending
of multiple signals simultaneously from the same
antenna (or wire) to one device
 Parallel Data Transmission -Allows for the sending
of multiple signals simultaneously from the same
antenna (or wire) to one device
–Each transmission has a different stream of bits

15. FUTURE SCOPE OF 4G
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have
been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single
global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a
standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key
concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to
support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of
resources among multiple users. There must be a low
complexity of implementation and an efficient means of
negotiation between the end users and the wireless
infrastructure.
The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC
(personal computing and communication)—a vision that
affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless
network.

16. APPLICATIONS
 VIRTUAL PRESENCE: This means that 4G provides user services at all times,
even if the user is off-site.
 VIRTUAL NAVIGATION: 4G provides users with virtual navigation through
which a user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc.
 TELE-GEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS: This is a combination of
GIS(Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which
a user can get the location by querying.
 TELE-MEDICINE AND EDUCATION: 4G will support remote health
monitoring of patients. For people who are interested in life long education, 4G
provides a good opportunity.
 CRISIS MANAGEMENT: Natural disasters can cause break down in
communication systems. In today’s world it might take days or 7 weeks to restore the
system. But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours.
 8.6 MULTIMEDIA – VIDEO SERVICES
4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient multimedia services at very high
data rates.
-Basically there are two types of video services: bursting and streaming video services.
-Streaming is performed when a user requires real-time video services, in which the
server delivers data continuously at a playback rate.
-Bursting is basically file downloading using a buffer and this is done at the highest
data rate taking advantage of the whole available bandwidth.

17. Socio-Economic Impact
 More affordable communication services
 One device can communicate with all vs. many devices
communicating with some devices
 TV, internet, phone, radio, home environment sensors
all reachable through one device (the cell phone)
–Streaming HD video
 Too connected?
–Increase in social networking, invasion of privacy,
security concerns
–Increase in regulation likely (i.e. no driving and using
a cell phone)