1.
Data Manipulation on R
Factor Manipulations,subset,sorting and Reshape
Abhik Seal
Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing(dsdht.wikispaces.com)

2.
Basic Manipulating Data
So far , we've covered how to read in data from various ways like from files, internet and databases and
reading various formats of files. This session we are interested to manipulate data after reading in the file for
easy data processing.
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3.
Sorting and Ordering data
sort(x,decreasing=FALSE) : 'sort (or order) a vector or factor (partially) into ascending or descending
order.' order(...,decreasing=FALSE):'returns a permutation which rearranges its first argument into
ascending or descending order, breaking ties by further arguments.'
x <- c(1,5,7,8,3,12,34,2)
sort(x)
## [1] 1 2 3 5 7 8 12 34
order(x)
## [1] 1 8 5 2 3 4 6 7
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4.
Some examples of sorting and ordering
# sort by mpg
newdata <- mtcars[order(mpg),]
head(newdata,3)
## mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
## Cadillac Fleetwood 10.4 8 472 205 2.93 5.250 17.98 0 0 3 4
## Lincoln Continental 10.4 8 460 215 3.00 5.424 17.82 0 0 3 4
## Camaro Z28 13.3 8 350 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4
# sort by mpg and cyl
newdata <- mtcars[order(mpg, cyl),]
head(newdata,3)
## mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
## Cadillac Fleetwood 10.4 8 472 205 2.93 5.250 17.98 0 0 3 4
## Lincoln Continental 10.4 8 460 215 3.00 5.424 17.82 0 0 3 4
## Camaro Z28 13.3 8 350 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4
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5.
Ordering with plyr
library(plyr)
head(arrange(mtcars,mpg),3)
## mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
## 1 10.4 8 472 205 2.93 5.250 17.98 0 0 3 4
## 2 10.4 8 460 215 3.00 5.424 17.82 0 0 3 4
## 3 13.3 8 350 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4
head(arrange(mtcars,desc(mpg)),3)
## mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
## 1 33.9 4 71.1 65 4.22 1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1
## 2 32.4 4 78.7 66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1 1 4 1
## 3 30.4 4 75.7 52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1 1 4 2
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6.
Subsetting data
set.seed(12345)
#create a dataframe
X<-data.frame("A"=sample(1:10),"B"=sample(11:20),"C"=sample(21:30))
# Add NA VALUES
X<-X[sample(1:10),];X$B[c(1,6,10)]=NA
head(X)
## A B C
## 8 4 NA 27
## 1 8 11 25
## 2 10 12 23
## 5 3 13 24
## 3 7 16 28
## 10 5 NA 26
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7.
Basic data subsetting
# Accessing only first row
X[1,]
## A B C
## 8 4 NA 27
# accessing only first column
X[,1]
## [1] 4 8 10 3 7 5 9 1 2 6
# accessing first row and first column
X[1,1]
## [1] 4
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8.
And/OR's
head(X[(X$A <=6 & X$C > 24),],3)
## A B C
## 8 4 NA 27
## 10 5 NA 26
## 7 2 19 29
head(X[(X$A <=6 | X$C > 24),],3)
## A B C
## 8 4 NA 27
## 1 8 11 25
## 5 3 13 24
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9.
select Non NA values Data Frame
# select the dataframe without NA values in B column
head(X[which(X$B!='NA'),],4)
## A B C
## 1 8 11 25
## 2 10 12 23
## 5 3 13 24
## 3 7 16 28
# select those which have values > 14
head(X[which(X$B>11),],4)
## A B C
## 2 10 12 23
## 5 3 13 24
## 3 7 16 28
## 4 9 20 30
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10.
# creating a data frame with 2 variables
data <- data.frame(x1=c(2,3,4,5,6),x2=c(5,6,7,8,1))
list_data<-list(dat=data,vec.obj=c(1,2,3))
list_data
## $dat
## x1 x2
## 1 2 5
## 2 3 6
## 3 4 7
## 4 5 8
## 5 6 1
##
## $vec.obj
## [1] 1 2 3
# accessing second element of the list_obj objects
list_data[[2]]
## [1] 1 2 3
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11.
Factors
Factors are used to represent categorical data, and can also be used for ordinal data (ie categories have an
intrinsic ordering) Note that R reads in character strings as factors by default in functions like read.table()'The
function factor is used to encode a vector as a factor (the terms 'category' and 'enumerated type' are also used
for factors). If argument ordered is TRUE, the factor levels are assumed to be ordered. For compatibility with S
there is also a function ordered.'is.factor, is.ordered, as.factor and as.ordered are the membership and
coercion functions for these classes.
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12.
Factors
Suppose we have a vector of case-control status
cc=factor(c("case","case","case","control","control","control"))
cc
## [1] case case case control control control
## Levels: case control
levels(cc)=c("control","case")
cc
## [1] control control control case case case
## Levels: control case
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13.
Factors
Factors can be converted to numericor charactervery easily
x=factor(c("case","case","case","control","control","control"),levels=c("control","case"))
as.character(x)
## [1] "case" "case" "case" "control" "control" "control"
as.numeric(x)
## [1] 2 2 2 1 1 1
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14.
Cut
Now that we know more about factors, cut()will make more sense:
x=1:100
cx=cut(x,breaks=c(0,10,25,50,100))
head(cx)
## [1] (0,10] (0,10] (0,10] (0,10] (0,10] (0,10]
## Levels: (0,10] (10,25] (25,50] (50,100]
table(cx)
## cx
## (0,10] (10,25] (25,50] (50,100]
## 10 15 25 50
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15.
Cut
We can also leave off the labels
cx=cut(x,breaks=c(0,10,25,50,100),labels=FALSE)
head(cx)
## [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1
table(cx)
## cx
## 1 2 3 4
## 10 15 25 50
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16.
Cut
cx=cut(x,breaks=c(10,25,50),labels=FALSE)
head(cx)
## [1] NA NA NA NA NA NA
table(cx)
## cx
## 1 2
## 15 25
table(cx,useNA="ifany")
## cx
## 1 2 <NA>
## 15 25 60
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17.
Adding to data frames
m1=matrix(1:9,nrow=3,ncol=3,byrow=FALSE)
m1
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 4 7
## [2,] 2 5 8
## [3,] 3 6 9
m2=matrix(1:9,nrow=3,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)
m2
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 3
## [2,] 4 5 6
## [3,] 7 8 9
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18.
Adding using cbind
You can add columns (or another matrix/data frame) to a data frame or matrix using cbind()('column bind').
You can also add rows (or another matrix/data frame) using rbind()('row bind'). Note that the vector you are
adding has to have the same length as the number of rows (for cbind()) or the number of columns (rbind())
cbind(m1,m2)
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,] 1 4 7 1 2 3
## [2,] 2 5 8 4 5 6
## [3,] 3 6 9 7 8 9
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19.
Reshape data
Datasets layout could be long or wide. In long-layout, multiple rows represent a single subject's record,
whereas in wide-layout, a single row represents a single subject's record. In doing some statistical analysis
sometimes we require wide data and sometimes long data, so that we can easily reshape the data to meet the
requirements of statistical analysis. Data reshaping is just a rearrangement of the form of the data—it does not
change the content of the dataset. This section mainly focuses the melt and cast paradigm of reshaping
datasets, which is implemented in the reshape contributed package. Later on, this same package is
reimplemented with a new name, reshape2, which is much more time and memory efficient (the Reshaping
Data with the reshape Package paper, by Wickham, which can be found at
(http://www.jstatsoft.org/v21/i12/paper))
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20.
Wide data has a column for each variable. For example, this is wide-format data:
# ozone wind temp
# 1 23.62 11.623 65.55
# 2 29.44 10.267 79.10
# 3 59.12 8.942 83.90
# 4 59.96 8.794 83.97
Data in long format
# variable value
# 1 ozone 23.615
# 2 ozone 29.444
# 3 ozone 59.115
# 4 ozone 59.962
# 5 wind 11.623
# 6 wind 10.267
# 7 wind 8.942
# 8 wind 8.794
# 9 temp 65.548
# 10 temp 79.100
# 11 temp 83.903
# 12 temp 83.968
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21.
reshape 2 Package
"In reality, you need long-format data much more commonly than wide-format data. For example, ggplot2
requires long-format data plyr requires long-format data, and most modelling functions (such as lm(), glm(),
and gam()) require long-format data. But people often find it easier to record their data in wide format."
reshape2 is based around two key functions: melt and cast: melt takes wide-format data and melts it into
long-format data. cast takes long-format data and casts it into wide-format data.
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22.
Melt
library(reshape2)
head(airquality,2)
## ozone solar.r wind temp month day
## 1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
## 2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
aql <- melt(airquality) # [a]ir [q]uality [l]ong format
head(aql,5)
## variable value
## 1 ozone 41
## 2 ozone 36
## 3 ozone 12
## 4 ozone 18
## 5 ozone NA
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23.
By default, melt has assumed that all columns with numeric values are variables with values. Maybe here we
want to know the values of ozone, solar.r, wind, and temp for each month and day. We can do that with melt
by telling it that we want month and day to be “ID variables”. ID variables are the variables that identify
individual rows of data.
m <- melt(airquality, id.vars = c("month", "day"))
head(m,4)
## month day variable value
## 1 5 1 ozone 41
## 2 5 2 ozone 36
## 3 5 3 ozone 12
## 4 5 4 ozone 18
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24.
Melt also allow us to control the column names in long data format
m <- melt(airquality, id.vars = c("month", "day"),
variable.name = "climate_variable",
value.name = "climate_value")
head(m)
## month day climate_variable climate_value
## 1 5 1 ozone 41
## 2 5 2 ozone 36
## 3 5 3 ozone 12
## 4 5 4 ozone 18
## 5 5 5 ozone NA
## 6 5 6 ozone 28
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25.
Long- to wide-format data: the cast functions
In reshape2 there are multiple cast functions. Since you will most commonly work with data.frame objects,
we’ll explore the dcast function. (There is also acast to return a vector, matrix, or array.) dcast uses a formula
to describe the shape of the data.
m <- melt(airquality, id.vars = c("month", "day"))
aqw <- dcast(m, month + day ~ variable)
head(aqw)
## month day ozone solar.r wind temp
## 1 5 1 41 190 7.4 67
## 2 5 2 36 118 8.0 72
## 3 5 3 12 149 12.6 74
## 4 5 4 18 313 11.5 62
## 5 5 5 NA NA 14.3 56
## 6 5 6 28 NA 14.9 66
Here, we need to tell dcast that month and day are the ID variables.
Besides re-arranging the columns, we’ve recovered our original data.
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26.
Data Manipulation Using plyr
For large-scale data, we can split the dataset, perform the manipulation or analysis, and then combine it into a
single output again. This type of split using default R is not much efficient, and to overcome this limitation,
Wickham, in 2011, developed an R package called plyr in which he efficiently implemented the split-apply-combine
strategy. We can compare this strategy to map-reduce strategy for processing large amount of data.
In the coming slides i will give example of the split-apply-combine strategy using
·
Without Loops
·
With Loops
·
Using plyr package
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27.
Without loops
I am using the iris dataset here
1. Split the iris dataset into three parts.
2. Remove the species name variable from the data.
3. Calculate the mean of each variable for the three different parts separately.
4. Combine the output into a single data frame.
iris.set <- iris[iris$Species=="setosa",-5]
iris.versi <- iris[iris$Species=="versicolor",-5]
iris.virg <- iris[iris$Species=="virginica",-5]
# calculating mean for each piece (The apply step)
mean.set <- colMeans(iris.set)
mean.versi <- colMeans(iris.versi)
mean.virg <- colMeans(iris.virg)
# combining the output (The combine step)
mean.iris <- rbind(mean.set,mean.versi,mean.virg)
# giving row names so that the output could be easily understood
rownames(mean.iris) <- c("setosa","versicolor","virginica")
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28.
With Loops
mean.iris.loop <- NULL
for(species in unique(iris$Species))
{
iris_sub <- iris[iris$Species==species,]
column_means <- colMeans(iris_sub[,-5])
mean.iris.loop <- rbind(mean.iris.loop,column_means)
}
# giving row names so that the output could be easily understood
rownames(mean.iris.loop) <- unique(iris$Species)
NB: In the split-apply-combine strategy is that each piece should be independent of the other. The strategy
wont work if one piece is dependent upon one another.
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29.
Using plyr
library (plyr)
ddply(iris,~Species,function(x) colMeans(x[,-
which(colnames(x)=="Species")]))
## Species Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## 1 setosa 5.006 3.428 1.462 0.246
## 2 versicolor 5.936 2.770 4.260 1.326
## 3 virginica 6.588 2.974 5.552 2.026
mean.iris.loop
## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## setosa 5.006 3.428 1.462 0.246
## versicolor 5.936 2.770 4.260 1.326
## virginica 6.588 2.974 5.552 2.026
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30.
Merging data frames
# Make a data frame mapping story numbers to titles
stories <- read.table(header=T, text='
storyid title
1 lions
2 tigers
3 bears
')
# Make another data frame with the data and story numbers (no titles)
data <- read.table(header=T, text='
subject storyid rating
1 1 6.7
1 2 4.5
1 3 3.7
2 2 3.3
2 3 4.1
2 1 5.2
')
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31.
Merge the two data frames
merge(stories, data, "storyid")
## storyid title subject rating
## 1 1 lions 1 6.7
## 2 1 lions 2 5.2
## 3 2 tigers 1 4.5
## 4 2 tigers 2 3.3
## 5 3 bears 1 3.7
## 6 3 bears 2 4.1
If the two data frames have different names for the columns you want to match on, the names can be
specified:
# In this case, the column is named 'id' instead of storyid
stories2 <- read.table(header=T, text='
id title
1 lions
2 tigers
3 bears ')
merge(x=stories2, y=data, by.x="id", by.y="storyid")
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32.
Resources and Materials used
·
Data Manipulation with R by Phil Spector
·
Getting and Cleaning data Coursera Course
·
plyr by Hadley Wickham
·
Andrew Jaffe Notes
·
R cookbok
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