2. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF GRID COMPUTING
NEED FOR GRID COMPUTING
METHODS OF GRID COMPUTING
GRID ARCHITECTURE MODEL
EXISTING WORKS OF GRID COMPUTING
GRID COMPUTING IN FUTURE
REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
Grid computing is applying the resources of many
computers in a network to a single problem, also
at the same time to a scientific or technical problem
that requires a great number of computer
processing cycles or access to large amounts of
data.
Grid Computing enables virtual organizations
to share geographically distributed resources
as they pursue common goals, assuming the
absence of central location, central control,
omniscience, and an existing trust relationship.”
– Globus Alliance
5. TYPES OF GRID COMPUTING
Computational grid : This grid is used to allocate
resources specifically for computing power .
Scavenging grids : It is use to find and harvest
machine cycles from idle servers and desktop
computers for use in resource-intensive tasks.
Data grids : It provide a unified interface for all data
repositories in an organization, and through which
data can be queried, managed and secured
6. GRID CHARACTERISTICS
Resources that
are connected via a network
are geographically distributed
may consist of heterogeneous hardware and/or software
are managed transparently for performance and fault
tolerance
Creates the illusion of virtual organizations and
projects without the presence of
a central authority, or
a central control
Explicit trust relationships between users and
resources
A system that scales in space and time
7. TYPES OF RESOURCES
Computation
utilization of computing cycles found on processors of the machines
on the grid
Storage
to increase capacity, performance, sharing, and reliability of data
Communication
to increase capacity, performance, and reliability of data
communication
Collaboration tools
to facilitate collaboration through conferencing, visualization, and
data sharing
Software and Licenses
to share site-specific software and/or licenses
Special equipment, capacities, architectures, and policies
printers, imaging, sensors, or other local specialty resources
9. GRID TOPOLOGIES
Departmental Grids
localized to a specific group of people
generally, same hardware and software
designed for high throughput and high performance over a
dedicated network
Enterprise Grids
service to numerous groups within a single company or campus
resource heterogeneity increases
company-wide local area network
Extraprise Grids
service to multiple companies, partners, and customers within a
particular domain
domain based private network
Global Grids
established over the public-Internet
10. RESOURCE-BASED GRIDS
Compute Grids
desktop nodes
server nodes
high-performance computing clusters
Data Grids
performance-based distributed storage
replication for fault-tolerance
Collaboration Grids
support for video-conferencing, visualization and data sharing
Utility Grids
maintained and managed by a commercial service provider
compute resources acquired on a per-need basis
application resources that are purchased on a per-use or per-
minute basis
11. NEED FOR GRID COMPUTING
Current distributed computing technologies, Internet technologies address
communication and information exchange among computers but do not
support coordinated use of resources at multiple sites for computation.
Enterprise distributed computing technologies such as CORBA and
Enterprise Java enable resource sharing within a single organization
The concept that underlies the Grid is coordinated resource sharing and
problem solving in multi-institutional virtual organizations.
The sharing that we are concerned with is not primarily file exchange but
direct access to computers, software, data and other resources.
This sharing is, necessarily, highly controlled, with resource providers and
consumers defining clearly and carefully just what is shared, who is
allowed to share, and the conditions under which sharing occurs.
13. CONTINUE..
Distributed Supercomputing
Combining multiple high-capacity resources on a computational grid into a
single, virtual distributed supercomputer.
Tackle problems that cannot be solved on a single system.
High-Throughput Computing
Uses the grid to schedule large numbers of loosely coupled or independent
tasks, with the goal of putting unused processor cycles to work
On-Demand Computing
Uses grid capabilities to meet short-term requirements for resources that are
not locally accessible.
Models real-time computing demands.
Data-Intensive Computing
14. CONTINUE..
The focus is on synthesizing new information from data that is maintained in
geographically distributed repositories, digital libraries, and databases.
Particularly useful for distributed data mining.
Collaborative Computing
Concerned primarily with enabling and enhancing human-to-human
interactions.
Applications are often structured in terms of a virtual shared space.
Logistical Networking
Global scheduling and optimization of data movement.
Contrasts with traditional networking, which does not explicitly model storage
resources in the network.
Called "logistical" because of the analogy it bears with the systems of
warehouses, depots, and distribution channels.
15. GRID ARCHITECTURE MODEL
(THE GLOBUS VIEW)
Software stack
consisting of
Standards
Protocols
APIs and SDKs
Loosely based on
the Internet model
16. A DETAILED VIEW…
Fabric – protocols and
interfaces to resource being
shared
Connectivity – protocols for
grid-specific network
transactions (IP, DNS,
WSDL); Security
implementation (GSI)
Resource – protocols to
initiate and control sharing of
local resources (GRAM,
GridFTP, GRIS)
Collective – protocols for
system-wide deployment
(versus local)
Application – protocols
targeted at a specific
application or class of
applications
17. GRID PROTOCOLS
Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI)
Grid Resource Allocation and Management
(GRAM)
Grid File Transfer Protocol (GridFTP)
Grid Information Services (GIS)
18. GRID SECURITY INFRASTRUCTURE
Extended from SSL/TLS and X.509 protocols
Utilizes PKI for Certificate Authority
Primary objective is “Authorization”
Generates primary credential
Generates temporary proxy credential
Certificate Authority
Positively identify entities requesting certificates
Issuing, removing, and archiving certificates
Protecting the Certificate Authority server
Maintaining a namespace of unique names for certificate
owners
Serve signed certificates to those needing to authenticate
entities
Logging activity
19. PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE
1. User A encrypts message with his
private key
2. Obtains User B’s public key from CA
3. Encrypts message with B’s public key
4. Sends message
1. User B decrypts message with his
private key
2. Obtains User A’s public key from CA
3. Decrypts A’s message with public key
4. B knows message is from A
Publi
c
Priva
te
Priva
te
Publi
c
Public
Keys
“A” “B”
Certificate
Authority
B’s public
key
A’s public
key
Authentication
Credential
21. GRID RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND
MANAGEMENT
Allows programs to be started on remote resources
Resource Specification Language (RSL)
Resource requirements
machine type, number of nodes, memory, etc…
Job configuration
directory, executable, arguments, environment
Communication protocols
HTTP-base RPC (early protocol)
Web-services (WSDL, SOAP)
“create 5-10 instances of myprog, each on a machine with at least 64MB
memory that is available to me for 4 hours, or 10 instances, on a machine with
at least 32MB of memory”
22. GRID FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL
Providing high-speed and reliable transfer of large
volume data (petabytes)
Extension of standard FTP to include
striped/parallel data channels
partial files
automatic and manual TCP buffer size settings
progress monitoring
extended restart functionality
23. GRID INFORMATION SERVICES
Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS)
provides resource specific information
Grid Resource Registration (GRR)
updates GRIS about resource status
Grid Index Information Service (GIIS)
an aggregate directory service
provides a collection of information that has been
gathered from multiple GRIS servers
Grid Resource Inquiry (GRI)
queries GRIS server for resource information
queries GIIS server for information
24. OPEN GRID SERVICES ARCHITECTURE
Marriage of grid protocols with web service
protocols
Specifications for
How Grid Services are created and discovered
How Grid Service instances are named and referenced
Interfaces that define any Grid Service
Initial release with GT 3.0 mid-2003; GT 4.0 Jan
2005
26. SETI@HOME PROJECT
SETI is an acronym for the Search for Extra-
Terrestrial Intelligence.
is an internet-based public volunteer computing
project
One of the most famous cycle-scavenging
networks, which was using more than 3 million
computers to achieve 23.37 sustained teraflops
27. ENABLING GRIDS FOR E-SCIENCE
is a series of projects funded by the European
Commission
It connects more than 70 institutions in 27
European countries to construct a multi-science
computing Grid infrastructure for the European
Research Area, allowing researchers to share
computing resources.
28. BEINGRID (BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS IN
GRID)
is a research project partly funded by the European
Commission
Started on June 1 2006, the project was run 42
months, till December 2009
their mission is "to establish effective routes to
foster the adoption of Grid Computing across the
EU and to stimulate research into innovative
business models using Grid technologies."
29. DISTRIBUTED.NET
Also known as Distributed Computing
Technologies, Inc. or DCTI
started in 1997
is a worldwide distributed computing effort that is
attempting to solve large scale problems using
otherwise idle CPU
30. WORLD COMMUNITY GRID
mission is to create the largest public computing
grid that benefits humanity
This work is built on belief that technological
innovation combined with visionary scientific
research and large-scale volunteerism can change
our world for the better.
32. SEMANTIC GRID
Grid Service + Ontology + Knowledge Driven
Services
The semantic web is an extension of the current
Web.
# information is given a well-defined
meaning, better enabling computers
and people to work in cooperation
33. Semantic Grid has the idea of having data on the
Web defined and linked in a way that can be used
for
1. more effective discovery,
2. automation,
3.integration and
4.reuse across various applications.
o The web can reach its full potential if it becomes a
place where data can be processed by automated
tools as well as people.
34. AUTONOMIC GRID
The increasing system complexity is reach a level
beyond human ability to design, manage and
secure
Programming environments and infrastructure are
becoming unmanageable, brittle and insecure
One solution is Autonomic Grid application which
are context aware and capable of self-configuring,
self-composing, self-optimizing and self-adapting.
35. REFERENCES
[1] http://www.google.com
[2] http://www.gridcomputing.com
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org
[4] ] Ihssan Alkadi, Grid Computing: The Trend
Of The Millenium
