1. The Black Death
The Crusades
Great Schism
Hundred Years War
With a partner, make a list of 5 things you remember.
2. Black Death The Crusades
With the death of a third Many noblemen died w/o
of Europe’s population, the heirs
labor and skills of the Property went to the king
survivors were in great
Broke down the power of
demand
feudal nobility and gave
Former serfs could become more power to kings
skilled laborers and
New products from
merchants
Middle East, India, and
China
Created trade and
strengthened merchant
class
3. Great Schism Hundred Years War
Two popes weakened National Pride
the authority of the Increased power of the
Catholic Church. kings of France and
Kings gained more England
power over their own So many people died
territories during the war,
survivors found new
opportunities (serfs
could become
merchants and skilled
laborers)
6. Began in Italy-large urban centers, wealthy merchants
(patrons), and the were closest to the heritage of
Greece and Rome
Rebirth of interest in learning and art (classical Greece
and Rome)
7. Began with movement called humanism
Medieval scholars studied classical Greece and Rome
Tried to make everything fit with Christian teachings
1300s-Italian scholars focused on classical literature
Wanted to learn from Greeks and Romans about moral
and virtuous behavior
8. Studied grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry using
classical works
These studies are called the humanities and the
scholars who studied them, humanists
Interested in the beauty and opportunity on earth-
taught that people should live a full life and enjoy new
experiences
9. Looked for Greek and Roman manuscripts
Sometimes found more than one copy-critical attitude
needed to compare and decide which manuscript was
“most” correct
10. Translated manuscripts into the vernacular-their
native language rather than Latin
Generally wrote on non-religious subjects
Many humanists began to write their own works
instead of just translating-this began the actual
Renaissance!
11. “I disagree very much with those who are unwilling
that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be
read by the uneducated…as if the strength of the
Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it.”
Erasmus
12. “I disagree very much with those (people) who are
unwilling that Holy Scripture (Bible), translated into the
vernacular (spoken language such as English or French
or Italian instead of Latin which was known only to
the clergy and nobility), be read by the uneducated
(common people)…as if the strength of the Christian
religion (being a member of the Church) consisted in
the ignorance (not understanding it) of it.”
Erasmus
Now re-write this quote in your own words…
13. Write your quote on your paper, leaving a space behind
any words you don’t know (you will put a definition or
synonym in this space).
Read your quote several times and look up any words
you don’t know.
Now, re-write the quote in your own words and be
prepared to share it with the class.
14. Based on the quote that you read and those read by
your classmates, write down THREE things that you
learned about the humanists.
This is your ticket out of class!!!
15. Francesco Petrarch-poems in Italian to a woman
named Laura
Giovanni Boccaccio-wrote The Decameron, a
collection of stories told by a group of people fleeing
to the countryside during The Plague
Niccolo Machiavelli-wrote The Prince-the end justifies
the means
16. In the North, humanists tended to focus on social
problems and reform in the Church
Desiderius Erasmus(Netherlands)-most famous work is
In the Praise of Folly-exposed inappropriate behavior of
people, including the clergy. Also translated Bible to
Latin from Greek (found many errors)
Sir Thomas More(England)-criticized the society of his
day by describing an ideal imaginary community
17. William Shakespeare(England)-poet and playwright
(comedies, tragedies, and historical tragedies)
Francois Rabelais(France)-Gargantua and Pantagruel-
about the travels of two gentle giants-through these
characters he offered opinions on religion, education,
and other subjects
20. Books in the Middle Ages were rare-very rich and the
Church
Copied by hand on animal skins (300)
Paper and printing press changed EVERYTHING!
Johann Gutenberg-more people could buy books and
learn to read
Bible, scientific discoveries, writings of the Humanists,
and the works of ancient Greeks and Romans
21. Roman Catholic Church-Vatican in Rome
St. Peter’s Basilica most important church in Rome
1506-Pope Julius II wanted new basilica, but how to
pay for it???
The sale of indulgences (paid for forgiveness of sins)
Johann Tetzel-sold indulgences in Germany
“As soon as a coin in the coffer rings/the soul from
Purgatory springs”
22. Martin Luther (German monk)-objected to the sale of
indulgences and other practices within the Church
Wrote his 95 Theses-posted on the church door in
Wittenberg, Germany, hoping to start a discussion
Translated from Latin into German-printed and
distributed throughout northern Germany
Caused a decrease in the sale of indulgences
Luther was excommunicated
Lutheran Church was begun
23. Luther believed:
That the Bible was sole authority to give people salvation
Priests were unnecessary
Common people and aristocracy sided with Luther
Beginning of the Protestant Reformation
Protestant=Protest
Reformation=Reform
24. John Calvin-Geneva, England-King Henry VIII
Switzerland Married to Catherine of
Calvinists- Aragon-wanted divorce (no
Predestination-when male heir)
people are born, their Pope would not annul the
course in life has already marriage
been determined Henry removed England
Ministers had 4 functions from the Catholic Church
Preach and made himself head of
Instruct members of the the Church of England
Church about the beliefs
of the church Organized much like the
Provide discipline
Catholic church, but with
Care for poor and needy
new ideas from the
Reformation
25. In response to the Reformation
Led by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)-founded by Ignatius
Loyola (Spanish soldier)
Jesuits were well-educated, strictly disciplined, and
devoted to their work
First goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism
1545-Council of Trent confirmed Catholic beliefs
Pope was the supreme head of the Church
The Vulgate (Latin Bible) was ONLY Bible to be used
Index (forbidden books) was created
The Inquisition-system of church courts intended to discover
and punish heretics-used torture in many cases to gain a
confession
26. Political
Europe is now politically fragmented along religious
lines
Spain and France-Catholic
England-Protestant
Holy Roman Empire-Catholic and Protestant Principalities
Holy Roman Empire weakened
Henry VIII makes himself head of the Anglican Church-
Act of Supremacy
The state (Kings) begins to become more powerful
than the Church!
27. Intellectual
Lutheranism expanded educational opportunities for
men and women
Printing press spreads ideas to different parts of Europe
Rising sense of individualism as people try to create a
better life
Artistic
Protestant emphasis on the individual’s personal
relationship with God was reflected in the number of
common people and day-to-day scenes depicted in art
28. Religious
Unity in Europe as a Christian society was shattered
Wars between Catholics and Protestants
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Vernacular translations of the Bible led many people to
read and interpret the Bible for themselves
Protestant focus on coming to God without the
intervention of a priest
Persecution, Inquisition, and banned books
