1. Links between adaptation, mitigation and low carbon, or ‘climate compatible’ development Fatima Denton The Climate Change Adaptation in Africa Program - Team Leader

2. Outline Messages - Key messages and assumptions Definitions - What do we mean by climate resilient development? Adaptation & Mitigation -What are the intersections between adaptation and mitigation?

3. Outline 4. Transitions - Vulnerability to resilience - adaptation to adaptation and mitigation - piecemeal adaptation – to a transformational process adaptation and mitigation within a sustainable development context 5.Questions– Key Questions 6.Conclusion – Concluding Remarks

4. Key Messages Climate is a key ‘resource’ and a key ‘hazard’ -– but it is 1 exacerbating factor within a complex mix of current vulnerabilities Poverty reduction is still the overriding challenge for most countries in Africa

5. Key Messages Processes that are necessary to build both adaptive and mitigative capacity are strongly correlated with sustainable development Responses to CC will continue in many parts of Africa to be un-cordinated – a process of ‘muddling through’ Making the transition from planned incremental responses to a transformative process of social change takes time

7. Sustainability element – climate risk management as important for the enhancement of sustainable development practices

9. 1st Transition - Vulnerability to Resilience Human vulnerability and food insecurity – rainfall and economy in Sub-Saharan Africa. For Sub-Saharan Africa, patterns in economic growth follow precipitation patterns closely. As rainfall has decreased over the last 30 years, so has economic development. Rainfed agriculture represents a major share of the economy of countries in Africa as well as for domestic food supply. Improved water resources management and a wider resource base are critical to the stability and security that is required for economic development – Sources Barrios, Salvador, LuisitoBertinelli & Eric Strobl. 2003. Dry Times in Africa: Rainfall and Africa's Growth Performance, 2008.

11. Food needs / Soil fertility Food insecurity in Africa remains unacceptably high (27%); agricultural production has to increase by at least 4 to 6%yrs to meet growing food needs of the continent This will require urgent increase of soil fertility of cropland, reduction of deforestation and grassland conversion 10

14. 2nd Transition Adaptation to Adaptation and Mitigation Carbon sequestration / Biomass improvement Reforestation  Increasing of plant litter  carbon sequestration and increasing of soil organic matter;

16. yield oil seed for decades after planting

17. used as a medicinal plant

18. used as a living hedge to prevent soil erosion

19. associated with rainfed agricultural system

20. used traditionally by women to make soap

21. Source of energyMFC 14 MFC

22. Landavailability FAO study based on soils and climate (2000) 15 HIGH POTENTIAL FOR BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

23. 2nd Transition Adaptation – Adaptation and Mitigation Water Sector - Reduction in water supplies in the large rivers in Sahel will affect agriculture and energy production 1. Conservation tillage = increase soil water retention in drought conditions whilst also sequestering carbon below ground 2. Irrigation potential - Small scale irrigation facilities can conserve water in and also increase crop productivity and soil carbon

24. 59 transboundary river basins And 38 transboundary aquifers Transboundary waters in Africa Africa counts:

25. Energy resource of Africa Energy Sector Diverse and good share of global fossil and renewable energy resources 6.2% of coal 7.7% of oil 7.2% of Natural Gas Few Geothermal sources Large potential of biomass, hydro, solar and wind Nearly all the resources are under exploited 18

29. Wind Pumps = crop processing, irrigation, water pumps– mitigative = decrease in dependence on biomass, avoidance of CO2

30. Biogas Plant -= production of sludge for fertilisers Adaptive benefits = adaptation to soil erosion, aridity and environmental degradation Mitigative benefits = avoided emissions

31. 3rd Transition – piecemeal adaptation to transformational process Adaptive management¨= a viable option for for climate resilience development The development of alternative hypotheses, identifying knowledge gaps Assessing the usefulness of knowledge prioritizing research questions. Resource stakeholders must (1) be fully engaged in developing management strategies as a means of building a constituency for the resource management problem, (2) agree upon and fully understand the consequences of making decisions, and (3) agree upon the processes for making decisions in a context of deliberative democracy (Brown 2002).

32. 3rd Transition – piecemeal adaptation to a transformative process of SD. Adaptive management is essential to building socio-ecological resilience Innovations – Using ISFM as an entry point - Zimbabwe Social learning - establish learning centres as a platform for co-learning and testing ideas and technologies (Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Malawi, Benin) Improved agricultural practices using learning centres saw a sharp rise in the production of key staples - production of maize and groundnuts to support HIV/AIDS home based programmes in Zambia Understanding what works – What crop species do farmer prefer? (long duration sorghum varieties in Zimbabwe How do farmers make decisions? – less than 25% farmers have access to seasonal weather information – rely on IK

33. 3rd Transition -small scale adaptation to SD - transformational Zimbabwe Using planning – action- reflection cycles in PAR to build weak local food security systems in Zimbabwe Using PAR to strengthen community cohesion for collection action Building consensus amongst different stakeholder and building consensus amongst social groups Creating learning centres and learning hubs as a platform for increased and effective adaptation Using ISFM technologies soil and water conservation techniques and improved crops and varieties as a way of revitalising local safety nets

34. 3rd Transition – continued Building low-lyingearthdams to improve water availability for agriculture in Senegal Promoting drip irrigation technology for water conservation in Morocco’s Saiss Basin Developing resistant cover crops as Mucuna or Zai/trenches to protect soils moisture in Benin Develop tools for early prediction of and prevent malaria epidemics in East African Highlands

35. 3rd Transition Institutional Strengthening Institutions are the lubricant that keeps society moving Institutions acting as custodian for knowledge generation, development and sharing Institutions that are able to intersect climate needs and development priorities Institutions cultures, values and norms guide behaviour within organisations and mediated environmental policies Adaptation cannot operate in an institutional vacuum Institutions define roles and provide a social context for action

37. 3rd Transition - Continued Knowledge sharing as a strong foundation for building adaptive capacity Expanding research communities to farmers – Benin; Senegal multi-stakeholders committees playing a key role in sharing met data and forecasts in Tanzania and Benin Local committee were linked to national committee that could channel met information and alerts from the national met. Agency - Benin Knowledge sharing mechanisms can bring together key stakeholders, and both channel information and support the development of adaptation options – Tanzania; Malawi; Benin ; Senegal Social learning processes - sources of learning, innovation and interaction – Malawi

38. 3rd Transition – Bridging the research to policy interface Using information to build consensus with policy makers and met. officials - Infoclim Project (Senegal), Nganyi project (Kenya) Consensus forecast meetings in Kenya is receiving institutional support from local civil servants Local management Units were given mandates by local authorities Including policy makers in diagnosing the research problem have deepened their understanding of climate change – Morocco Using climate information to develop an appropiate water management in the Berg River – South Africa Integrating climate information to guide policy making for fisheries management in Senegal; Guinea; Gambia and Cape Verde

40. Separate and or additional caveat

41. Burden sharing approach = viable way to go amongst regional institutions with similar problems

42. Funds needed to strengthen the delivery mechanism of African institution to strengthen response capacities

44. Conclusion Poverty reduction remains a nagging problem A&M can be pursued in parallel with adaptation work and based on perceived risk, stakes and interests and opportunities for development A&M need to be done with vulnerable communities = respecting their need for growth, equity and security It is about understanding the factors that exacerbate social vulnerability and putting in place measures that will resonate with communities and their aspirations Building networks of reciprocity – alliances an creating safety nets