1. Saint Leo University
Graduate Business Studies
HCM590
Health Policy, Politics, and Reform
Course Description:
This course explores and analyzes health policy, legislative
process, and health reform in the United States. Specifically,
the course (a) examines key issues in the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act and other major areas of health policy such
as Medicare, Medicaid, dual eligibles, disparities, medical
liability, and international comparisons, (b) assesses legislative
processes and partisan politics, (c) evaluates emerging and
evolving organizational structures and payment reform
approaches, (d) critiques current policy and proposed reforms,
and (e) prepares students to advocate for health reform and
needed change.
Prerequisite:
HCM520, HCM530, HCM540, HCM550
Textbook:
Weissert, W. G. & Weissert, C. S. (2012). Governing health:
The politics of health policy (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press. ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-0621-3
Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. Analyze legislative processes and partisan politics in health
policymaking.
2. Summarize and explain provisions and implications of the
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and other key areas
of the health policy landscape.
3. Evaluate options in the design of new organizational
structures and payment reform approaches.

2. 4. Critique current policy and proposed reforms.
5. Advocate for health reform and needed change.
6. Apply the Saint Leo University core values of community,
responsible stewardship, and integrity.
Core Value:
Community: Saint Leo University develops hospitable Christian
learning communities everywhere we serve. We foster a spirit of
belonging, unity, and interdependence based on mutual trust and
respect to create socially responsible environments that
challenge all of us to listen, to learn, to change, and to serve.
Responsible Stewardship: Our Creator blesses us with an
abundance of resources. We foster a spirit of service to employ
our resources to university and community development. We
must be resourceful. We must optimize and apply all of the
resources of our community to fulfill Saint Leo University's
mission and goals.
Integrity: The commitment of Saint Leo University to
excellence demands that its members live its mission and
deliver on its promise. The faculty, staff, and students pledge to
be honest, just, and consistent in word and deed.
Evaluation:
course grade
-Point Module Assignments: 4 totaling 60 points, 30% of
course grade
o Essay on Political Strategy and Political Process (Module 1,
15 points)
o Policy Summary and Assessment Paper (Module 2, 15 points)
o Policy Memo (Module 3, 15 points)
2
o Advocacy Letter to a State Legislator (Module 7, 15 points)
-Point Module Assignments: 2 totaling 40 points, 20% of
course grade

3. o Policy Critique (Module 5, 20 points)
o Advocacy Paper (Module 6, 20 points)
o Midterm Exam: Medicare Reform Recommendations
Presentation (Narrated PowerPoint) (Module 4, 25 points)
o Final Exam: Policy Paper (Module 8, 35 points)
Grading Scale:
Grade Score (%)
A 95-100
A- 90-94
B+ 86-89
B 83-85
B- 80-82
C 75-79
F Below 75
Competency Areas and Levels:
HCM 590 develops the following professional competency areas
from the curriculum-wide competency model (next section):
Health Leadership Competency Model of the National Center
for Healthcare Leadership
Professional Competency Development to Level 5 (create,
formulate)
Critical and Analytical Thinking
Strategic Orientation
Systems Thinking
Professional Competency Development to Level 4 (evaluate,
advocate)
Affective Domain
Professional Competency Development to Level 2 (apply,
demonstrate)
Information Seeking
Written and Oral Communication
Change Leadership
Ethics in Management

4. Professionalism
Saint Leo University core values of community, responsible
stewardship,
and integrity
Levels of Competency Mastery
Level 1: Comprehend (e.g., define, describe, explain,
summarize)
Level 2: Apply (e.g., use, demonstrate, illustrate, calculate)
Level 3: Analyze (e.g., examine, distinguish, compare, contrast)
Level 4: Evaluate (e.g., weigh, recommend, conclude, justify,
advocate)
Level 5: Create (e.g., propose, design, formulate, plan)
Glossary of Professional Competency Development Areas:
Health Care Management Professional Competency
Development Areas
(based on the Health Leadership Competency Model of the
National Center for Healthcare Leadership, NCHL) 3
Transformation Domain
Visioning, energizing, and stimulating a change process that
coalesces communities, patients, and professionals around new
models of healthcare and wellness (NCHL). Competencies
include:
1. Critical and Analytical Thinking: The ability to quickly and
accurately discern and understand information, a situation, or
problem in order to suggest or take the best possible action
(American Medical Association). This competency area aligns
with the Saint Leo University Quality Enhancement Plan (QEP)
for developing critical thinking skills and operationalizing
Critical Thinking + Core Values = Decision Making
2. Community Orientation: The ability to align one’s own and
the organization’s priorities with the needs and values of the
community, including its cultural and ethnocentric values and to
move health forward in line with population-based wellness
needs and national health agenda (NCHL).
3. Financial Skills: The ability to understand and explain

5. financial and accounting information, prepare and manage
budgets, and make sound long-term investment decisions
(NCHL).
4. Information Seeking: An underlying curiosity and desire to
know more about things, people, or issues, including the desire
for knowledge and staying current with health, organizational,
industry, and professional trends and developments (NCHL).
5. Strategic Orientation: The ability to draw implications and
conclusions in light of the business, economic, demographic,
ethno-cultural, political, and regulatory trends and
developments, and to use these insights to develop an evolving
vision for the organization and the health industry that results in
long-term success and viability (NCHL).
6. Systems Thinking: The ability to approach, examine, and
understand structures, processes, and outcomes from a
perspective of complex networks of interactions and
interdependencies (Program-specific).
Execution Domain
Translating vision and strategy into optimal organizational
performance (NCHL). Competencies include:
7. Change Leadership: The ability to energize stakeholders and
sustain their commitment to changes in approaches, processes,
and strategies (NCHL).
8. Collaboration: The ability to work cooperatively with others
as part of a team or group, including demonstrating positive
attitudes about the team, its members, and its ability to get its
mission accomplished (NCHL).
9. Communication: The ability to speak and write in a clear,
logical, and grammatical manner in formal and informal
situations, to prepare cogent business presentations, and to
facilitate a group (NCHL).
10. Ethics in Management: The ability to exemplify, develop,
and lead a values-based organizational culture that consistently
practices high standards of integrity and ethics in day-to-day
work and decision-making in response to ethical issues,
conflicts, and challenges (Program-specific).

6. 11. Information Technology Management: The ability to see the
potential in and understand the use of administrative and
clinical information technology and decision-support tools in
process and performance improvement. Actively sponsors their
utilization and the continuous upgrading of information
management capabilities (NCHL).
12. Performance Measurement: The ability to understand and
use statistical and financial methods and metrics to set goals
and measure clinical as well as organizational performance;
commitment to and employment of evidence-based techniques
(NCHL). 4
13. Process Management and Organizational Design: The ability
to analyze and design or improve an organizational process,
including incorporating the principles of quality management as
well as customer satisfaction (NCHL).
14. Project Management: The ability to plan, execute, and
oversee a multi-year, large-scale project involving significant
resources, scope, and impact (NCHL).
People Domain
Creating an organizational climate that values employees from
all backgrounds and provides an energizing environment for
them. Also includes the leader’s responsibility to understand his
or her impact on others and to improve his or her capabilities,
as well as the capabilities of others (NCHL). Competencies
include:
15. Human Resources Management: The ability to implement
staff development and other management practices that
represent contemporary best practices, comply with legal and
regulatory requirements, and optimize the performance of the
workforce, including performance assessments, alternative
compensation and benefit methods, and the alignment of human
resource practices and processes to meet the strategic goals of
the organization (NCHL).
16. Professionalism: The demonstration of ethics and
professional practices, as well as stimulating social

7. accountability and community stewardship. The desire to act in
a way that is consistent with one’s values and what one says is
important (NCHL).
17. Relationship Building: The ability to establish, build, and
sustain professional contacts for the purpose of building
networks of people with similar goals and that support similar
interests (NCHL).
18. Team Leadership: The ability to see oneself as a leader of
others, from forming a top team that possesses balanced
capabilities to setting the mission, values, and norms, as well as
holding the team members accountable individually and as a
group for results (NCHL).
19. Affective Domain
In health care management education, teaching and learning in
the affective domain emphasize self-reflection and development
of student interests, attitudes, values, feelings, behaviors,
motivation, respect, concern, responsibility, and commitment
(Program-specific).
20. Saint Leo University Core Values: Excellence, Community,
Respect, Personal Development, Responsible Stewardship,
Integrity (Program-specific)
Attendance Policy:
Students are expected to view the course modules in the week
they are offered and to log on to the course often enough to
remain abreast of any communications from the instructor. It is
the student’s responsibility to be aware of what is happening in
the class online.
Late Policy:
All work must be submitted on time. Exceptions must be
documented and acceptance is at the discretion of the faculty
member.
Students with Disabilities:
Saint Leo University is committed to a policy which provides an
equal opportunity for full participation of all qualified
individuals with disabilities in accordance with the Americans
with Disabilities Act. Appropriate academic accommodations

8. and services are coordinated through the Office of Disability
Services. Students with disabilities who require accommodation
should contact the office as soon as possible via email:
[email protected] or telephone: (352) 588-8464. For additional
information, students may access the Policy and Procedure
Manual through the Saint Leo website. 5
Academic Honor Code:
The Academic Honor Code is published in its entirety in the
Saint Leo University Catalog. The first paragraph is quoted
below:
Saint Leo University holds all students to the highest standards
of honesty and personal integrity in every phase of their
academic life. All students have a responsibility to uphold the
Academic Honor Code by refraining from any form of academic
misconduct, presenting only work that is genuinely their own,
and reporting any observed instance of academic dishonesty to a
faculty member.
It is the responsibility of every member of the faculty and
student body to cooperate in supporting the Honor Code.
Academic misconduct includes but is not limited to the
following categories:
Cheating
student without the permission of the instructor/professor.
Plagiarism
one's own or using the work of another without crediting the
source whether that source is authored by a professional or a
peer.

9. the internet as one’s own.
-titling another student's paper and handing it
in as one’s own.
ntionally or unintentionally failing to cite a source.
Complicity
dishonesty.
Misrepresentation
assignment without the written consent of the current
instructor(s).
quizzes, or exams.
Please refer to the Saint Leo University Academic Catalog for
more information on the Honor Code and procedures for
adjudication.
Protection of the Academic Environment:
Disruption of academic process is the act or words of a student
in a classroom or online environment which in the reasonable
estimation of a faculty member (a) directs attention away from
the academic matters at hand, such as distractions, persistent,
disrespectful or abusive interruptions of academic discussions,
or (b) presents a danger to the health, safety or well-being of
the faculty member or students. Education is a cooperative
endeavor, one that takes place within a context of basic
interpersonal respect. We must therefore make the learning
environment conducive to the purpose for which we are here.
Disruption, intentional and unintentional, is an obstacle to that
aim. We can all aid in creating the proper environment, in small
ways and in more fundamental ways. So, when we speak in
class, we can disagree without attacking each other and no one

10. speaks in a manner or of off-topic content that disrupts the
class. Any violation of this policy may result in disciplinary
action. Please refer to the Student Handbook for further details.
Cannon Memorial Library Resources for Online Learning
Courses: 6
Cannon Memorial Library
Librarians are available during reference hours to assist you. To
contact the librarian on duty, please call 1.800.359.5945 or
email [email protected]
Reference Hours**
Monday to Thursday 9 AM—10 PM
Friday 9 AM—5 PM
Saturday/Sunday 10 AM—6 PM
**Subject to change. Click the Ask a Librarian link on the
Cannon Memorial Library homepage for current information.
Web Address (URL)
http://www.saintleo.edu/Academics/Library
Online Catalog (All Books, eBooks, and Media)
SLU students, faculty and staff may borrow books from Cannon
Memorial Library through the online catalog. Use the Library
Catalog link under Find Info on the library’s homepage to
access the catalog. Books you can check-out have
Location=Cannon Library, Second Floor and Status=Available.
Use the Interlibrary Loan link under Services on the library’s
homepage to place your request.
Online Library Resources (Articles and eBooks)
Saint Leo provides an array of online article databases and
eBook collections that support your classes. Use the Databases
link under Find Info on the Cannon Memorial Library homepage
to access the online resources.
CQ Researcher………………..…..….. (In-depth topical analysis
by Congressional Quarterly)
Dissertations and Theses……..…..…. (A database of published
Dissertations and Theses, including
those from Saint Leo University)

11. EBSCO ………………………………… (Comprehensive all-
subject database, includes Business Source
Premier, Academic Source Premier, ERIC, ATLA)
Literature Resource Center……..….... (Comprehensive source
for literary topics, includes Twayne
Authors)
Newsbank: America’s Newspapers…. (625 U.S. newspapers)
ProQuest……………………………….. (Comprehensive all-
subject database, includes ABI/Inform Global)
PsycINFO………………………………. (APA abstracts and
indexing for psychology subjects)
Westlaw………………………………… (Comprehensive legal
resource)
Wilson…………………………………... (Includes Education,
Science, Humanities, & Business indexes)
Supplemental Library Resources
Saint Leo encourages students to obtain a public library
borrowing card at their earliest convenience. Many state
libraries grant public library cardholders free remote access to
multiple online databases containing full-text articles. For
further information, contact your local public library. To find
updated links to all state libraries, as well as public libraries,
law libraries, and college libraries in your area, go to
http://www.publiclibraries.com/.
Library Tutorial
The University strongly encourages all students to review the
instructional tools. These tools can be accessed by clicking the
links under Get Help. By learning to become more proficient
researchers, students will also enhance their academic success.
Please review the Library Tutorial by clicking the link under
Get Help on the library’s homepage and complete the online test
which will prepare you for utilizing the library's resources and
services. A score of 70 or higher is necessary to pass. Please
allow yourself 15-20 minutes to take the test.
Additional Assistance: 7

12. MBA program questions/concerns should be addressed to
[email protected] Technical questions concerning the course
should be addressed to the eCollege Help Desk by clicking the
Tech Support button in the upper right corner of the Course
Home page. 8
Course Schedule:
Module 1 Legislative and Political Processes
Objectives At the conclusion of this module, students will be
able to:
strategies, and partisanism in the health policy realm.
Items to be Completed:
Due No Later Than:
Post an introduction to the class
Thursday 11:59 PM EST/EDT
Read:
—Weissert & Weissert. Chapters 1 & 2
—Congressional Digest.
—Beaussier.
—Frakes.
View the Audio Visual Presentation (AVP)
Post an initial response to the discussion topic
Thursday 11:59 PM EST/EDT
Post responses to at least two classmates
Sunday 11:59 PM EST/EDT
Submit the Political Strategy Essay
Sunday 11:59 PM EST/EDT
Initials
Surname
Student number
1 Degree for which student is registered

13. Indicate by way of a cross in the appropriate block.
M
PhD
2 Name of supervisors/promoters
Initials and surnames
3 Proposed title or Thesis Statement
Research Title/ Thesis statement
Transportation Planning For Proper Urban Development4
Problem statement and substantiation
For the human being to live on safely in the world the
issue of proper urban development is very crucial.
Transportation planning has important impact on the proper
urban development. Lack of strategic transportation system will
hamper the process of developing proper urban development.
So, it is very important to know about the transportation
planning, importance of strategic transporation system for
proper urban development, several approch for urban planning,
and rhe roles of Transport Planners in the proper transportation
system.5 Research aims and objectives
A research is mainly conducted with the consideration
some specific research’s aims and objectives. So, it is crucial to
identify the main aim and objective of this study. The key
objective of this study is as follows.
· To understand the concept of urban developmnet.
· To understand the concept of tranporation planning.
· To understand the role of tranporation planning on strategic
urban developmnet.
· To understand the several approaches of tranporation
planning.
· To understand the best tranporation planning for strategic
urban developmnet.6 Method of investigation
6.1 Literature study
Transportation Planning

14. Transportation planning involves elevation, design, and
assessment of transport facilities which include highways, bike
lanes, public transport lines and streets. Transportation planning
has from history followed a rational planning model in defining
objectives and goals, identifying the problems, generating the
alternatives, evaluating and analyzing the alternatives and
finally developing plans.
The modern origin of transportation planning lies in urban
reform movement which arose as a response against the
ineffectiveness of industrial city in mid 19th century. By
applying the transportation planning techniques to the existing
cities and urban centers suffering from decline, transportation
planning enables urban renewal. In the 20th century, sustainable
development has been included as the core goal for
transportation planning.
Emprical Studies on Transportation Planning
Hanson analyzes the approaches linked to urban geography. In
his book, he defines the first approach as involving the study of
hindrances that relate to spatial distribution of urban centers
and the critical patterns of movement linkages and flows
binding them in space. This approach mostly concerns with the
study of the city system. The second approach concerns with
study of patterns involved in distribution and interaction in
cities, especially the study of inner structure. This approach
concerns with the study of the city as the system. (Hanson
1995)
The book written by Robin S Liggett; William H Jepson; (1993)
describes and analyzes models that predict environmental
stresses linked to urban development and the related changes in
human activities and land use under alternative economic,
environmental, and demographic and policy scenarios. The book
analyzes how the main urban actors that are represented in the
models as objects that correspond to developers, businesses,

15. household and governments make decisions on land
development and location of activities. Robin and Jepson
discuss three environmental factors which include resource use,
land conversions and emissions.
The book by Yoram Shiftan; Kenneth John Button; Peter
Nijkamp; (2007) provides an overview and summarizes the
basic principles applied in transportation planning. Button and
Shiftan describe the conventional transport planning that
focuses on motor vehicles traffic conditions. They also analyze
the newer methods for enhanced evaluation and planning in
transport sector.
Weiner provides an overview of around 40 years of urban
planning transportation history. The book begins with the
developments made in highway planning in 1930s and with a
shift to decentralization of the decision-making agency in the
1990s. The book explains how the planning procedures and
processes have evolved in the years and the new concerns and
issues raised and the changes in priorities and attitudes that
have occurred over the years.( Weiner; 1999)
Alan provides an introduction to the United States geography
together with a discussion of various economic and population
trends and their impact on transportation. The main modes of
transportation which include motor carriers, water carriers,
airlines and rail road’s are discussed under the current trends
and problems of transportation in U.S. The regulations in
transportation in U.S by independent agencies are discussed by
Alan and along with some commentary on recent trends towards
deregulation. (Alan Black; 1995)
The effect of information technology on transport planning is
examined in the book. Banister first examines the general
context of global changes and outlines the growth of a
knowledge-based economy, breakdown of various trade barriers

16. and development of enhanced patterns of travel. The book
covers briefly the traditional views, and a case made for long-
term, more direct and indirect influence of technological
innovations on transport. (Banister 2007)
The book The Four Pillars of Sustainable Urban
Transportation by Christopher Kennedy, Eric Miller, Amer
Shalaby, Heather Maclean & Jesse Coleman; (2006) analyzes
four pillars essential in achieving a more sustainable
transportation. The four pillars include: effective governance in
land use as well as transportation; fair, efficient and stable
funding; strategic investments in infrastructure; and paying
attention to the neighborhood design. The book provides an
overview of the four pillars and how they can be effectively
integrated in transportation planning.
Lambert and Matthew focus on emerging scenarios of
environment, economy, and technology on transportation
planning involving the federal funding. This book develops a
practical method of scenario-based plan within the multi-criteria
decision in analyzing the comparison between transportation
policies across different state, local or regional agencies.(
Chroeder & Lambert 2010)
The book Shih-Lung Shaw; (2010) by discusses the
geographical information systems (GIS) while reviewing on the
critical transportation elements and issues identified by US
Transportation Research Board. Shaw presents the geographical
information systems from three perspectives by use of spatial
database, using the GIS-T as the modeling and analysis
environment, and using the GIS-T as the communication tool.
Zhang & Chenfeng focus on how various states are
applying modern transportation planning models in order to
meet the travel demands both at regional and provincial levels.
The book analyzes the transportation planning models

17. developed and applied involving advanced four steps and an
integrated micro-simulation method. The main emphasis of the
book is on data requirements and model applications on
modeling methods as applies in transportation planning. (Xiong
& Zhang 2011)
The 21st Century Approach to Transportation Planning
Planners are increasingly mandated to adopt and apply a multi-
disciplinary approach in transportation planning especially
because of the rising need of environmentalism.
The role of transport planner is gradually shifting from a
technical analysis approach to promoting sustainability by
application of integrated transport policies. For example,
application of behavioral psychology in persuading people to
leave their cars and instead use public transport.
Integration aspects of Transportation Planning
In the current era, the “predict and provide” approach
is applied in formulating transportation planning policies.
The approach entails predicting the future demand in transport
and providing a network for it. The policies involve integrating
with emphasis on: integrating between and within various
modes of transport; integrating with the land use planning;
integrating with policies for health, education and wealth
creation.
Role of Transport Planners
The key role of transport planning involves planning,
designing, delivering, managing and reviewing transportation
through balancing the society’s needs, the environment and
economy.

18. Transport planners roles includes designing the essential
transport projects, services and systems, understanding and
creating transport policies, compiling plans and strategies which
contribute to meeting the economic, social and environmental
needs. They are required to know and understand the
commercial elements of operating the transport systems through
applying the essential tools and techniques.
Application of Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) in
U.S
The U.S transportation planning process includes the
MPO which considers environmental issues and air quality,
looking at the planning questions in a fiscally constrained way
while involving the public.
The first stage of MPO is the pre-analysis where issues and
problems the region faces are and what objectives and goals can
be set to assist in addressing those issues. The MPO collects
data in a wide range of regional characteristics, and then
develops sets of various alternatives which will be looked upon
as part of planning process while creating a number of
measurable outcomes which will form a basis of checking
whether the objectives and goals have been achieved.
6.2 Research Design
Research design prescribes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of data for research
purpose. There are wide ranges of research design methods
including case studies, experimental design, descriptive design,
cross sectional design, exploratory design etc. Our research
design is mainly case descrptive analyis in nature. Descriptive
research refers to a kind of research which tries for providing
the answers to the questions of who, what, when, where, and
how associated with a particular research problem (Cooper and

19. Schindler, 2006). This type of research is usually conducted to
obtain information concerning the current status of the
phenomena. In this reeasrch as a part of understanding proper
transportation system for strategic urban planning we will gotry
to explore what is strategic urban planning, what is
tranportation planning, importance of proper transporation
system for proper urban development, several approch for urban
planning, consideration of several aspects of transportation
planning, role of Transport Planners in the proper transportation
system etc.
This research will follow the structure as below:
Chapter 1: Thischapterthrows light on theresearch project
background and the reasons for the study as well as aims and
objectives of the study.
Chapter 2: This chapter will present the literature review of the
research regarding transportatio
Chapter 3: This part is the amin body of the research. This part
will make study, alayze, and dicuss the about the research issue.
Chapter 4: This part will conclude the study or research finding
along with mentioning the scope of futuure research.7
Provisional Chapter Division
TITLE PAGE
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.1
Introduction

20. 1.2
Problem statement
1.3
Objectives of the study
1.3.1
Primary objective
1.3.2
Secondary objectives
1.4
Scope of the study
1.5
Research methodology
1.6
Limitations of the study
1.7
Layout of the study
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW OF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Definition of strategic urban planning
2.3 Theme of strategic urban planning
2.4 Past studies on strategic urban planning

21. 2.5
Summary
CHAPTER 3: STUDY, ANALYSIS, and DISCUSSION
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Overview of the urban development
3.3 Definition of transportation planning
3.4 Consideration of several aspects of transportation
planning
3.5 Several aspects of transportation planning
3.6
Summary
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Conclusions
4.3
Recommendations for future research
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURES
8 Literature References
Amer Shalaby, C. K. (2006). The Four Pillars of Sustainable
Urban Transportation. Department of Civil Engineering,

22. University Toronto, Canada.
Banister, D. (2010). Impact of Information and Communications
technology on transport . OTB Research Institute for Housing,
Urban and Mobility Studies .
Banister, D. (2007). Impact of Information and Communications
technology on transport. OTB Research Institute for Housing,
Urban and Mobility Studies.
Black, A. (1995). Urban Mass Transportation Planning. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Chenfeng Xiong, L. Z. (2011). Deciding whether and how to
improve statewide travel demand models based on
transportation planning application needs. Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, USA.
Hanson, S. (1997). The Geography of Urban Planning. New
York: Guilford Press.
Lambert, M. J. (2010). Scenario-based multiple criteria analysis
for infrastructure policy impacts and planning. Center for Risk
Management of Engineering Systems, and Department of
Systems and Information Engineering , University of Virginia,
Charolottesville, VA, USA.
Robin S Liggett, W. H. (1993). An Integrated Environment for
Urban Simulation. Graduate School of Architecture and Urban
Planning, University of Carlifornia , 34-45.
Shaw, S.-L. (2010). Geographical information systems for
transportation: from a static past to a dynamic future.
University of Tennessee, TN, USA.
Weiner, E. (1999). Urban Transportation Planning in the United
States: An Historical Overview. Washinton: National
Transportation Liabrary.
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23. Student Supervisors/Promoters
Research Director Date