Presentation by Florence Bernard at ICRAF side event on REDD+ and agroforestry at the UN climate talks (Paris COP21)

1. COP 21, Paris
11th December 2015
Florence Bernard
Associate Scien5st, ASB Partnership for the
Tropical Forest Margins, ICRAF
f.bernard@cgiar.org

2. • DRC: Increases in deforesta5on from 11% between 1990-2000 to 22%
between 2000-2005 (Ernest et al. 2013)
• Sixth for countries with the greatest annual tree cover loss between
2001-2013
Deforesta>on and Forest Degrada>on in the Kinshasa Woodfuel
Supply Basin
• About 933,935 hectares, “hotspot” of
deforesta5on
• Woodfuel is the main energy source for 87%
of households and numerous businesses. The
Kinshasa basin supplies 77% of the city’s
woodfuel demand
• Main DD: slash-and-burn agriculture and
woodfuel produc5on for charcoal and
firewood
• In 2010, total woodfuel demand = 4.8 million
m3 with only 2-3% being harvested
sustainably (Schure et al. 2014).
Kinshasa Woodfuel Supply Basin:

3. • Agroforestry: one of the 30 principle themes iden5fied in the Na5onal
Framework REDD+ Strategy; agroforestry was among the top 4 most
commonly cited themes included in 9 out of the 12 REDD+ projects and
ini5a5ves included in the DRC Na5onal Forest Monitoring System inventory
• Poten>al of six smallholder Acacia-cassava-based AF systems to sequester
carbon, generate income and produce energy in the Kinshasa woodfuel
supply basin and comparison with two baseline scenarios over a 30-year
period.
Agroforestry : one prac>ce iden>fied by DRC to address these DD,
mi>gate CC and improve livelihoods through REDD+
Species/ac>vity Role in system
Acacia (A) Acacia auriculiformis Carbon; Charcoal
(A8); N-fixing (A2)
Limba (L) Terminalia superba Carbon; Timber
Safou (Saf) Dacryodes edulis Carbon; Fruit
Cassava (Cas) Manihot esculenta Food crop
Maize (Mz) Zea mays Food crop
Sorgum (Sor) Sorghum bicolor Food crop
Bee keeping (H) Honey
Agroforestry Scenarios
A8 x Cas
A8 x Cas x Mz x Saf x H
A8 x Cas x Sor x L
A2 x Cas
A2 x Cas x Saf x H
A2 x Cas x Mz x L
Baselines
Cas
Cas x Mz

4. Agroforestry Scenarios tCO2e yr-1 t charcoal yr-1
A8 x Cas 1,108 134,842
A8 x Cas x Mz x Saf x H 2,292 120,819
A8 x Cas x Sor x L 1,457 120,819
A2 x Cas 262 170,018
A2 x Cas x Saf x H 1,532 150,976
A2 x Cas x Mz x L 996 150,976
Baselines
Cas N/A N/A
Cas x Mz N/A N/A
• A8 systems can sequester the most carbon compared to A2 systems
• If these AF A8 systems were adopted in the current fallow plots of the Kinshasa
woodfuel supply basin, 11 to 99 million tons carbon dioxide equivalent over 30
years could be sequestered . This would also generate between 7-9% of the
woodfuel supplied within the supply basin area.
• A2 systems technically can produce more charcoal than A8 systems, but it is
not profitable due to the shorter growing period in A2 systems. Growing Acacia
on longer growing cycles (A8 systems) enable to produce charcoal profitably
Contribu>ons to carbon sequestra>on (tCO2e) and woodfuel
produc>on (t charcoal) (In average amounts per year over the 30-year period)

5. tCO2eSequesteredOver30Years
05001000150020002500
Agroforestry Scenarios (5 ha)
1108 (37)
2292 (76)
1457 (49)
262 (9)
1532 (51)
996 (33)
A8 x Cas A8 x Cas x Saf A8 x Cas x L A2 x Cas A2 x Cas x Saf A2 x Cas x L
Carbon sequestered over 30 years in a 5 ha area based upon the
different scenarios

6. Agroforestry Scenarios Average income
yr-1 ha-1
30 year NPV
ha-1 (12%)
A8 x Cas 128 1,086
A8 x Cas x Mz x Saf x H 2,599 12,754
A8 x Cas x Sor x L 237 1,590
A2 x Cas 263 2,076
A2 x Cas x Saf x H 2,583 12,813
A2 x Cas x Mz x L 929 7,103
Baselines
Cas 549 3,882
Cas x Mz 1,674 12,946
• A8 systems not always as economically compe55ve compared to A2 and
baselines
• A2 x Cas and A8 x Cas, generate the least amount of income.
• All scenarios result in a posi5ve NPV: Maize creates large short term gains,
followed by Safou-based scenarios
Average income per year and 30-year NPV values with discount rates
of 12%

7. IncomeinUSD(1000's)Over30Years
Agroforestry Scenarios (5 ha)
0255075100125150375400
8231 (274)
25110 (837)
19168 (639)
389921 (12997)
35580 (1186)
39480 (1316)
387482 (12916)
139294 (4643)
Cas Cas x Mz A8 x Cas
A8 x Cas x
Mz x Saf x H
A8 x Cas x
Sor x L
A2 x Cas
A2 x Cas
x Saf x H
A2 x Cas
x Mz x L
Income Activity
Charcoal
Carbon 5−MRV
Cassava
Maize
Sorgum
Honey
Limba
Safou
• Sale of safou fruit generates by far the largest profits; Honey and intercrops
(maize and sorgum) provide significant contribu5ons but on a much lower scale;
Limba, charcoal and the sale of C credits are more limited in their contribu5ons
• Diversifica5on of ac5vi5es is key to increase income in A8 systems and provide
incen5ves to produce sustainably sourced charcoal
Poten>al cumula>ve income for each different scenario over the 30-
year period broken down by income-genera>ng ac>vity in USD

8. Opportuni>es and barriers for the integra>on of AF systems within in
a REDD+ framework in the Kinshasa woodfuel supply basin
• Poten>al barriers for adop>on: upfront costs, REDD+ projects not favorable for
small-scale famer ac5vi5es, insecure or unclear land tenure
• REDD+ as an enabling framework for the adop>on of AF: providing financial,
poli5cal and technical support, but carbon finance alone not enough
• Incen>vizing smallholder adop>on of AF: coopera5ves / contract farming,
strengthening land tenure or land use rights, developing supply chains,
increasing access to the market, providing extension services and increasing
access to finance
• Diversified AF systems can address all REDD+
objec>ves such as CC mi>ga>on, poverty
reduc>on and reduced deforesta>on if designed
appropriately
• From a technical standpoint, agroforestry
systems can be included under a REDD+
framework in the DRC.

9. Florence Bernard
Associate Scien5st, ICRAF
f.bernard@cgiar.org
Research study conducted by: Olivia Freeman, Peter A. Minang,
Claude Akalakou Mayimba, Apollinaire Biloso