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Chap02: The database Development process
1.
© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice Hall 11 Chapter 2:Chapter 2: The Database DevelopmentThe Database Development ProcessProcess Modern Database ManagementModern Database Management 88thth EditionEdition Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott,Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott, Fred R. McFaddenFred R. McFadden
2.
2© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 ObjectivesObjectives Definition of termsDefinition of terms Describe system development life cycleDescribe system development life cycle Explain prototyping approachExplain prototyping approach Explain roles of individualsExplain roles of individuals Explain three-schema approachExplain three-schema approach Explain role of packaged data modelsExplain role of packaged data models Explain three-tiered architecturesExplain three-tiered architectures Explain scope of database design projectsExplain scope of database design projects Draw simple data modelsDraw simple data models
3.
3© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Enterprise Data ModelEnterprise Data Model First step in database developmentFirst step in database development Specifies scope and general contentSpecifies scope and general content Overall picture of organizational data at highOverall picture of organizational data at high level of abstractionlevel of abstraction Entity-relationship diagramEntity-relationship diagram Descriptions of entity typesDescriptions of entity types Relationships between entitiesRelationships between entities Business rulesBusiness rules
4.
4© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Figure 2-1 Segment from enterprise data model Enterprise data model describes the high- level entities in an organization and the relationship between these entities
5.
5© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Information Systems ArchitectureInformation Systems Architecture (ISA)(ISA) Conceptual blueprint for organization’s desiredConceptual blueprint for organization’s desired information systems structureinformation systems structure Consists of:Consists of: Data (e.g. Enterprise Data ModelData (e.g. Enterprise Data Model––simplified ERsimplified ER Diagram)Diagram) ProcessesProcesses––data flow diagrams, processdata flow diagrams, process decomposition, etc.decomposition, etc. Data NetworkData Network––topology diagram (like Fig 1-9)topology diagram (like Fig 1-9) PeoplePeople––people management using projectpeople management using project management tools (Gantt charts, etc.)management tools (Gantt charts, etc.) Events and points in time (when processes areEvents and points in time (when processes are performed)performed) Reasons for events and rules (e.g., decision tables)Reasons for events and rules (e.g., decision tables)
6.
6© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Information EngineeringInformation Engineering A data-oriented methodology to create andA data-oriented methodology to create and maintain information systemsmaintain information systems Top-down planning–a generic IS planningTop-down planning–a generic IS planning methodology for obtaining a broadmethodology for obtaining a broad understanding of the IS needed by the entireunderstanding of the IS needed by the entire organizationorganization Four steps to Top-Down planning:Four steps to Top-Down planning: PlanningPlanning AnalysisAnalysis DesignDesign ImplementationImplementation
7.
7© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Information Systems PlanningInformation Systems Planning (Table 2-1)(Table 2-1) PurposePurpose––align information technologyalign information technology with organization’s business strategieswith organization’s business strategies Three steps:Three steps: 1.1. Identify strategic planning factorsIdentify strategic planning factors 2.2. Identify corporate planning objectsIdentify corporate planning objects 3.3. Develop enterprise modelDevelop enterprise model
8.
8© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Identify Strategic PlanningIdentify Strategic Planning Factors (Table 2-2)Factors (Table 2-2) Organization goals–what we hope toOrganization goals–what we hope to accomplishaccomplish Critical success factors–what MUST workCritical success factors–what MUST work in order for us to survivein order for us to survive Problem areas–weaknesses we now haveProblem areas–weaknesses we now have
9.
9© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Identify Corporate PlanningIdentify Corporate Planning Objects (Table 2-3)Objects (Table 2-3) Organizational units–departmentsOrganizational units–departments Organizational locationsOrganizational locations Business functions–groups of businessBusiness functions–groups of business processesprocesses Entity types–the things we are trying toEntity types–the things we are trying to model for the databasemodel for the database Information systems–application programsInformation systems–application programs
10.
10© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Develop Enterprise ModelDevelop Enterprise Model Functional decompositionFunctional decomposition Iterative process breaking system descriptionIterative process breaking system description into finer and finer detailinto finer and finer detail Enterprise data modelEnterprise data model Planning matrixesPlanning matrixes Describe interrelationshipsDescribe interrelationships between planning objectsbetween planning objects
11.
11© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Figure 2-2 Example of process decomposition of an order fulfillment function (Pine Valley Furniture) Decomposition = breaking large tasks into smaller tasks in a hierarchical structure chart
12.
12© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Planning MatrixesPlanning Matrixes Describe relationships between planningDescribe relationships between planning objects in the organizationobjects in the organization Types of matrixes:Types of matrixes: Function-to-data entityFunction-to-data entity Location-to-functionLocation-to-function Unit-to-functionUnit-to-function IS-to-data entityIS-to-data entity Supporting function-to-data entitySupporting function-to-data entity IS-to-business objectiveIS-to-business objective
13.
13© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Example business function-to-Example business function-to- data entity matrix (Fig. 2-3)data entity matrix (Fig. 2-3)
14.
14© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Two Approaches to DatabaseTwo Approaches to Database and IS Developmentand IS Development SDLCSDLC System Development Life CycleSystem Development Life Cycle Detailed, well-planned development processDetailed, well-planned development process Time-consuming, but comprehensiveTime-consuming, but comprehensive Long development cycleLong development cycle PrototypingPrototyping Rapid application development (RAD)Rapid application development (RAD) Cursory attempt at conceptual data modelingCursory attempt at conceptual data modeling Define database during development of initialDefine database during development of initial prototypeprototype Repeat implementation and maintenance activitiesRepeat implementation and maintenance activities with new prototype versionswith new prototype versions
15.
15© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Systems Development Life CycleSystems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5)(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) Planning Analysis Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Logical Design
16.
16© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Systems Development Life CycleSystems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.) Planning Analysis Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Logical Design Planning Purpose––preliminary understanding Deliverable––request for study Database activity–– enterprise modeling and early conceptual data modeling
17.
17© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Systems Development Life CycleSystems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.) Planning Analysis Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Logical Design Analysis Purpose–thorough requirements analysis and structuring Deliverable–functional system specifications Database activity–Thorough and integrated conceptual data modeling
18.
18© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Systems Development Life CycleSystems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.) Planning Analysis Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Logical DesignLogical Design Purpose–information requirements elicitation and structure Deliverable–detailed design specifications Database activity– logical database design (transactions, forms, displays, views, data integrity and security)
19.
19© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Systems Development Life CycleSystems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.) Planning Analysis Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Logical Design Physical Design Purpose–develop technology and organizational specifications Deliverable–program/data structures, technology purchases, organization redesigns Database activity– physical database design (define database to DBMS, physical data organization, database processing programs)
20.
20© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Systems Development Life CycleSystems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.) Planning Analysis Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Logical Design Implementation Purpose–programming, testing, training, installation, documenting Deliverable–operational programs, documentation, training materials Database activity– database implementation, including coded programs, documentation, installation and conversion
21.
21© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Systems Development Life CycleSystems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.) Planning Analysis Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Logical Design Maintenance Purpose–monitor, repair, enhance Deliverable–periodic audits Database activity– database maintenance, performance analysis and tuning, error corrections
22.
22© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Prototyping Database MethodologyPrototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6)(Figure 2.6)
23.
23© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Prototyping Database MethodologyPrototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6)(Figure 2.6) (cont.)(cont.)
24.
24© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Prototyping Database MethodologyPrototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6)(Figure 2.6) (cont.)(cont.)
25.
25© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Prototyping Database MethodologyPrototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6)(Figure 2.6) (cont.)(cont.)
26.
26© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Prototyping Database MethodologyPrototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6)(Figure 2.6) (cont.)(cont.)
27.
27© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 CASECASE Computer-Aided Software EngineeringComputer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)–software tools providing automated(CASE)–software tools providing automated support for systems developmentsupport for systems development Three database features:Three database features: Data modeling–drawing entity-relationshipData modeling–drawing entity-relationship diagramsdiagrams Code generation–SQL code for table creationCode generation–SQL code for table creation Repositories–knowledge base of enterpriseRepositories–knowledge base of enterprise informationinformation
28.
28© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Packaged Data ModelsPackaged Data Models Model components that can be purchased,Model components that can be purchased, customized, and assembled into full-scale datacustomized, and assembled into full-scale data modelsmodels AdvantagesAdvantages Reduced development timeReduced development time Higher model quality and reliabilityHigher model quality and reliability Two types:Two types: Universal data modelsUniversal data models Industry-specific data modelsIndustry-specific data models
29.
29© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Managing ProjectsManaging Projects Project–a planned undertaking of relatedProject–a planned undertaking of related activities to reach an objective that has aactivities to reach an objective that has a beginning and an endbeginning and an end Involves use of review points for:Involves use of review points for: Validation of satisfactory progressValidation of satisfactory progress Step back from detail to overall viewStep back from detail to overall view Renew commitment of stakeholdersRenew commitment of stakeholders Incremental commitment–review ofIncremental commitment–review of systems development project after eachsystems development project after each development phase with rejustificationdevelopment phase with rejustification after each phaseafter each phase
30.
30© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Managing Projects: PeopleManaging Projects: People InvolvedInvolved Business analystsBusiness analysts Systems analystsSystems analysts Database analysts and data modelersDatabase analysts and data modelers UsersUsers ProgrammersProgrammers Database architectsDatabase architects Data administratorsData administrators Project managersProject managers Other technical expertsOther technical experts
31.
31© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Database SchemaDatabase Schema Physical SchemaPhysical Schema Physical structures–covered in Chapters 5 and 6Physical structures–covered in Chapters 5 and 6 Conceptual SchemaConceptual Schema E-R models–covered in Chapters 3 and 4E-R models–covered in Chapters 3 and 4 External SchemaExternal Schema User ViewsUser Views Subsets of Conceptual SchemaSubsets of Conceptual Schema Can be determined from business-function/dataCan be determined from business-function/data entity matricesentity matrices DBA determines schema for different usersDBA determines schema for different users
32.
32© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Different people have different views of the database…these are the external schema The internal schema is the underlying design and implementation Figure 2-7 Three-schema architecture
33.
33© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Figure 2-8 Developing the three-tiered architecture
34.
34© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Figure 2-9 Three-tiered client/server database architecture
35.
35© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Pine Valley FurniturePine Valley Furniture Segment of project data model (Figure 2-11)
36.
36© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Figure 2-12 Four relations (Pine Valley Furniture)
37.
37© 2007 by
Prentice Hall© 2007 by Prentice HallChapter 2 Figure 2-12 Four relations (Pine Valley Furniture) (cont.)
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