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SCI – A Pathway to Food Security  - Experiences from HP and UKD - PEOPLE’S SCIENCE INSTITUTE, DEHRADUN
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Western Himalayan Region
Uttarakhand: Trends in Rice & Wheat Production Source: Department of Agriculture, Uttarakhand, 2009 Total Geographical Area (lakh ha) Total Population (lakh) Average Rainfall (mm) Net Sown Area  (lakh ha) Area under Paddy (lakh ha) Total Rice Production (lakh tonnes) Average Yield of Rice (t/ha) Area under Wheat (lakh ha) Total Wheat Production (lakh tonnes) Average Yield of Wheat (t/ha) 53.49 85 1547 7.66 2.76 5.50 1.9 3.92 8.15 2.1
Uttarakhand : A Food Deficit State Source: Uttarakhand at a Glance, 2008
Himachal Pradesh: Trends in Rice & Wheat Production Source: Department of Agriculture, HP, 2009 Total Geographical Area (lakh ha) Total Population (lakh) Average Rainfall (mm) Net Sown Area  (lakh ha) Area under Paddy (lakh ha) Total Rice Production (lakh tonnes) Average Yield of Rice (t/ha) Area under Wheat (lakh ha) Total Wheat Production (lakh tonnes) Average Yield of Wheat (t/ha) 55.67 60.78 1469 5.60 0.8 1.07 1.34 3.27 5.44 1.66
Himachal Pradesh : A  Food  Deficit State Source: Statistical Outline of H.P., 2008
SRI : Practices and Principles  SRI’s package of practices involving sustainable management of plants, soil, water and nutrients  resulting in higher production with reduced external inputs could be extrapolated to other crops RECOMMENDED  PRACTICES PRINCIPLES 1 Transplanting of young seedlings Utilizing early vigour of young seedlings 2 Wider spacing Reducing competition for light and nutrients 3 Single seedling per hill Reducing external inputs in form of seeds, water, etc 4 Alternate wetting and drying with shallow irrigation Keeping soil from becoming anoxic 5 Inter-cultivation with weeder Promoting healthy root growth 6 Addition of organic matter Increasing soil microbial activity and enhancing soil organic matter
Wheat Finger Millet Kidney Bean
Adaptations for Wheat, Finger Millet & Kidney Bean ,[object Object],Practice Wheat Finger Millet (Mandwa) Kidney Bean (Rajma) Young  Seedlings Direct seed sowing in line / Transplanting of 10-25 days old seedlings Direct seed sowing in line / Transplanting of 15-20 days old  seedlings Direct seed  sowing  in line Wider  Spacing P  to P  : 15/20cm R to R  : 15/20 cm P  to P : 20 cm  R to R : 20 cm P  to P : 25 cm R to R : 30 cm Single  Seedling / hill 1-2 seed/seedling per hill Line sowing or 1 seedling/hill  1-2 seed/ hill Inter  Culture 2+ (manual weeding/ weeder/ rake)  2+ (manual weeding)  2+ (manual weeding)  Organic  Matter Compost + PAM Compost + PAM Compost + PAM
Results of Trials on Other Crops (2006-08) The average percent increase in grain yield was more than 60 per cent 2006 2007 2008 Crop No. of Farmers (Area in Ha) Conv. Grain Yield (Q/ha) SCI Grain Yield (Q/ha) % Incr. No. of Farmers (Area in Ha) Conv. Grain Yield (Q/ha) SCI Grain Yield (Q/ha) % Incr. No. of Farmers (Area in Ha) Conv. Grain Yield (Q/ha) SCI Grain Yield (Q/ha) % Incr. Wheat (I) Research Farm (5.0 Ha) 16 22 (38%) 30 (0.224 Ha) 23.5 42.5 (81%) 557 (14.5 ha) 24.4 48 (97%) Wheat (UI) - - - 19 (0.086 Ha) 15.5 25 (61%) 491 (6.7 Ha) 17.7 32.1 (81%) Mandwa - - - 5 (0.40 Ha) 18 24 (33%) 43 (0.80 Ha) 15 24 (60%) Rajma - - - 5 (0.40 Ha) 14 20 (43%) 113 (2.26 Ha) 18 30 (67%)
Coverage under SRI during Kharif 2009 ,[object Object],[object Object],% Rainfall Departure during 2009 Source: Indian Meteorological Department, 2009 Field Condition Farmers Area (ha) Target Achievement Target Achievement Irrigated - 3,161 - 104.24 Rainfed - 10,313 - 447.30 Total 16,000 13,474 (84%) 897 551.54 (61%) State June July August September Uttarakhand -58% -46% -52% +31% Himachal Pradesh -59% -25% -37% + 6%
Alterations in Practices - SRI  Recommended  Practices Normal Year Drought Year (2009) Young Seedling 8-12 days 10-25 days Wider Spacing 25 x 25 cm P to P : 15-25cm R to R : 15-20cm Single Seedling / hill 1 / hill 1-3/ hill Alternative  Wetting & Drying   Not under control Inter Cultivation 2+ (mechanical weeding) 1+ (mechanical/ manual weeding) Organic Matter PAM PAM
Comparative Crop Cutting Results of 2009 The grain yields of conventional crop decreased by 31% as compared to reduction of only 13% in SRI crop. In the drought year while non-SRI yields stood close to 25 quintals per ha, the SRI yields were about 48 quintals per ha (average increase of  92 %).  S. No. Particulars Normal Year (2006-2008) Drought Year (2009) Conventional SRI Conventional SRI 1 Average no. of effective tillers/ Plant 7 21 5 18 2 Average Plant Height (cm) 99 122 88 102 3 Average Panicle Length (cm) 18 24 19 25 4 Average No. of Grains/Panicle 93 177 90 174 5 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 36 55 25 48 6 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 111 145 51 85
Adaptations for Other Kharif Crops Practice Conventional SCI Maize SCI Black Gram SCI Soyabean Young  Seedling Direct seed  Sowing  Direct seed  sowing in line Direct seed  sowing in line Direct seed  sowing in line Spacing Broadcasting P  to P : 30/40 cm R to R : 30/40 cm P to P : 25 cm R to R : 30cm P  to P : 30 cm R to R : 30 cm Single Seedling/hill - 1-2 seed/hill 1-2 seed/ hill 1-2 seed/hill Inter- Culture 1+  (manual weeding) 3+ (manual weeding)  2+  (manual weeding)  2+ (manual weeding)  Organic matter Compost Compost, PAM Compost, PAM Compost, PAM
Adaptations for Other Rabi Crops Practice Conventional SCI Mustard SCI Peas SCI Lentil SCI Gram Young  Seedling Direct seed  Sowing  Direct seed  sowing in line Direct seed  sowing in line Direct seed  sowing in line Direct seed  sowing in line Spacing Broadcasting R to R : 15/20 cm P to P: 20 cm R to R: 30 cm P  to P : 15 cm R to R : 15 cm P  to P : 15-20 cm R to R : 30-45 cm Single Seedling/hill - 1-2 seed/hill 1-2 seed/ hill 1-2 seed/hill 1-2 seed/hill Inter- Culture 1+  (manual weeding) 2+ (manual weeding)  2+  (manual weeding)  2+ (manual weeding)  2+ (manual weeding)  Organic matter Compost Compost, PAM Compost, PAM Compost, PAM Compost, PAM
Coverage under SCI (2009 -10) Kharif  Rabi Name of crop Total Farmers Area (in Ha) Name of crop Total  Farmers Area (in Ha) Maize 183 10.34 Wheat 4151 84.03 Finger Millet ( Mandwa ) 340 8.04 Mustard 68 1.74 Kidney bean ( Rajma ) 679 14.01 Peas 215 3.92 Black gram ( Urad ) 314 2.00 Gram 48 2.68 Soyabean 77 2.47 Lentil 31 1.88 Others  111 5.12 Others 82 1.46 1,704 41.98 4,595 95.71
Crop Performance of SCI-Coarse Cereals of Kharif 2009 Particulars Finger Millet Maize Conven. SCI Conven. SCI Avg. no. of ears/plant  (in maize: cob/plant) 3 5 2 3 Average Plant Height (cm)  69 87 142 177 Average no. of grains /ear  (in maize: corns/cob) 310 493 230 380 Grain Yield (T/ha)  1.2 2.2 1.7 2.3 % Inc. in Grain Yield  - 83 - 35
Crop Performance of SCI- Pulses of Kharif 2009 Particulars Black Gram Soyabean Kidney Bean Conven. SCI Conven. SCI Conven. SCI Avg. no. of pods /plant  46 79 35 56 36 55 Average Plant Height (cm)  42 56 47 66 160 210 Average no. of grains /pod  4 5 3 4 5 7 Grain Yield (T/ha)  1.1 1.8 2.8 3.6 1.3 1.9 % Inc. in Grain Yield  - 64 - 29 - 46
Crop Performance of SWI crop cuttings (Rabi 2009) Particulars Con. SWI Average no. of effective tillers/ hill 2 10 Average Plant Height (cm)  83 105 Average Panicle Length (cm)  9 13 Average no. of grains /Panicle  39 60 Grain Yield (Q/ha)  28 51 Straw Yield (Q/ha)  48 85 % Inc. in Grain Yield  82 % Inc. in Straw Yield 77
Crop Performance of SCI- Other Crops of Rabi 2009 Particulars Mustard Pea (Vegetable) Gram  Conv. SCI Conv. SCI Conv. SCI Average Plant Height (cm)  105 150 53 61 33 40 Avg. no. of siliquae/pods per plant  150 275 19 27 9 14 Average no. of seed/siliquae or  grains /pod  10 15 3 5 1 2 Grain Yield (T/ha)  1.4 2.0 21.3 30.2 0.9 1.3 % Inc. in Grain Yield  42 - 42 - 44
Coverage & Crop Performance under SCI (2010-11) Rabi 2010:  Wheat : 8267 farmers (358.84 ha) Other Crops: 745 farmers (34.46 ha)  Name of  Kharif crops Total Farmers Area (in Ha) Conventional Grain Yield  (T/ha) SCI Grain Yield  (T/ha) % Inc. Maize 682 63.61 2.3 4.7 104 Finger Millet ( Mandwa ) 747 15.66 0.9 1.8 100 Kidney bean ( Rajma ) 624 12.65 1.2 1.8 50 Black gram ( Urad ) 147  4.66 0.6 1.0 67 Soyabean 307 7.56 1.5 2.9 93 Others  160 6.67 - - 2,667 110.81
Research on SCI  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Results of Trials conducted on directly seeded SWI crop  Dharamshala Block, Kangra  Jhandutta Block, Bilaspur Variety: HS 295 Variety: HS 277 Parameter Conv. LS SWI -1 SWI-2 Conv. LS SWI-1 SWI-2 Line Distance (cm) 25 25 x 25 20 x 20 22.5 20 x 20 15 x 15 Seed Distance (cm) 25 x 25 20 x 20 20 x 20 15 x 15  No. of seed/hill 2 1 2 1 2 1 No. of  Tillers/Plant 2 10 13 7 12 7 2 14 10 Avg. Plant Height  (in cm) 73 70 72 80 85 76 73 84 85 82 Avg. Ear Length (in cm) 7.5 11 9.5 8.0 9.5 9 11 9.3 13 13 Avg. No .of grain/Ear 31 58 46 41 49 55 64 82 92 87 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 15 25 20 17 22 25 30 43 60 33 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 24 30 40 28 30 35 62 70 83 65
Results of Trials conducted on directly seeded SWI crop  Karsog Block, Mandi Variety: HPW 249 Parameter Conv. LS-Drill LS-Plough SWI -1 SWI-2 Line Distance (cm) 25 25 25 x 25 20 x 20 Seed Distance (cm) 25 x 25 20 x 20 No. of seed/hill 2 1 2 1 No. of  Tillers/Plant 2 4 1 11 9 8 11 Avg. Plant Height  (in cm) 63 66 67 67 71 67 68 Avg. Ear Length (in cm) 8.8 9.2 8.4 11 11.2 10.8 11.8 Avg. No .of grain/Ear 45 49 48 59 62 53 65 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 20 35 30 42 44 50 53 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 30 48 38 67 80 67 80
Results of Trials on SWI Crop Performance under Direct Seed Sowing (Dehradun) Maximum grain and straw yield was obtained under line to line and seed to seed spacing of 20cm Variety: PBW 502 Plot Size: 25 sq.m. T -1 T -2 T-3 T-4 T-5 Parameter Conv. SWI SWI SWI SWI SWI Line Distance (in cm) 10 15 20 25 20 Plant Distance (in cm) 10 15 20 25 15 No. of seed/hill 2 seeds 2 seeds 2 seeds 2 seeds 2 seeds Total No.  Of  Productive Tillers/Hill 5 12 14 20 15 19 Average Plant Height  (in cm) 69 76 83 82 74 81 Average Ear Length  (in cm) 15 16.7 18.2 20.5 18.6 17.6 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 29 43 49 54 33 49 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 46 59 66 70 49 65
Results of Trials conducted on Transplanted SWI crop  41 to 87 per cent increase in grain yield was obtained under transplanted SWI Dharamshala Block, Kangra  Jhandutta Block, Bilaspur Variety: HS 295 Variety: HS 277 Parameter Conv. SWI-1 SWI -2 SWI-3 Conv. SWI-1 SWI-2 SWI-2 Line Distance (cm) 25 x 25 20 x 20 15 x 15 20 x 20 20 x 20 15 x 15 Seed Distance (cm) 25 x 25 20 x 20 15 x 15 15 x 15 20 x 20 15 x 15  No. of seed/hill 2 2 2 1 1 1 No. of  Tillers/Plant 2 13 7 5 2 14 12 9 Avg. Plant Height  (in cm) 73 85 78 82 73 84 84 84 Avg. Ear Length  (in cm) 7.5 11 9 9 11 14.4 12 9 Avg. No .of grain/Ear 29 44 35 37 41 58 49 35 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 9 13 15 10 30 63 55 50 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 16 20 24 16 62 90 75 70
Results of SWI trials conducted on inter cropping with pulses Treatment -1 Treatment -2 Treatment-3 Parameter Wheat (HS 277) + Lentil /Masur (HPL 5) Wheat (HS 277) + Gram (HPG 17) Wheat (HS 277) +  Masur (HPL 5) +  Gram (HPG 17) Line Distance (cm) 25 x 25 25 x 25 25 x 25 Crop Production Wheat – 18.3 Q/ha Wheat - 18.7 Q/ha Wheat – 9.5 Q/ha Crop Production Masur – 12.3 Q/ha Gram - 23.3 Q/ha Masur – 3 Q/ha Crop Production Gram – 7.5 Q/ha
Results of Trials on Maize with Different Spacing (cm) Results of Trials on Maize with Different No. of  Seeds Parameters Average Plant Height (cm) Average  Grains/Cob Average Cob Length (cm) Grain Yield (T/Ha) 50-50 X 50-05 (T-1) 185 322 25 5.7 40-40 X 40-40  (T-2) 192 356 29 6.5 30-30 X 30-30 (T-3) 187 297 23 5.8 Line sowing ( T-4) 193 255 20 4.8 Farmers’ Practice (T-5) 155 191 17 2.3 Note: Line to Line, 30cm  Parameters Average Plant  Height (cm) Average Grains/Cob Average Cob  Length (cm) Grain Yield (T/Ha) One seed (T-1) 227 341 28 6.1 Two Seed (T-2) 188 309 25 5.3 Farmers' Practice (T-3) 171 215 20 2.8 Note: Line to Line 40cm , Plant to Plant 40 cm.
Cost Benefit Analysis for SCI Crops and Conventional method of Cultivation B:C Ratio is more than 2:1 for most SCI crops S.  No. Method Conventional SCI Total Expen-diture (Rs./ha) Gross Income (Rs./ha) Net Profit (Rs./ha) C-B Ratio Total Expen-diture (Rs./ha) Gross Income (Rs./ha) Net Profit (Rs./ha) C-B Ratio 1 Direct seed sowing  (Wheat) 22,720 30,600 7,880 1:1.3 25,850 51,600 25,750 1:2.0 2 Finger Millet (Mandwa) 14,920 25,900 10,980 1:1.7 15,640 34,400 18,760 1:2.2 3 Kidney Bean (Rajma) 28,250 56,000 27,775 1:2.0 30,250 80,000 49,750 1:2.6 4 Mustard  21,630 32,000 10,370 1:1.4 17,500 48,000 30,500 1:2.7
Upscaling Strategy Saturate villages where SRI has been successfully demonstrated by increasing the number of households and area coverage per household. Av. Family Size : 5-6 members/hhold Av. Landholding: 0.3-0.4 ha/hhold; 0.1ha irrigated (5 nalis) Adoption of SCI in 3.25 lakh ha (45% of NSA) in UKD and in 1.31 lakh ha (23% of NSA) in HP can lead to states’ foodgrain security Daily Requirement (gm/p/d) Total Annual  HH Req.  (T) Average SCI  Production (T/ha/season) Target  Area Coverage (Ha/ HH) Cereals 420 0.85-1.00 3 = 120 kg/nali/yr 0.14 = 7 nalis Pulses  40 0.08-0.09 1.5 =  60 kg/nali/yr 0.03 = 1.5 nalis
Critical Areas for Upscaling SCI ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Farmers should be provided flexibility for adoption of different principles under  SCI
252, Vasant Vihar, Phase I Dehra Doon - 248 006 Uttarakhand INDIA Web : www.peoplesscienceinstitute.com  Mail  : cpwdpsi@gmail.com Phone : +91 135  2763649,  2773849 Fax  : +91 135  2763186 Thank You
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Crop Production System in W.  Himalayas Introduction of SRI in 2006
Field Support Activities Field Marking Seed Sowing Line Sowing Weeding
SCI – A Boon for Mountain Farmers   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],POTENTIAL TO ADDRESS THE FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOOD NEEDS OF SMALL AND MARGINAL FARMERS
SCI- Farmers’ Perceived Benefits & Constraints ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cost Benefit Analysis for SWI Crop and Conventional method of Cultivation B:C Ratio is more than 2:1 for SWI crop Expenditure (in Rs./ha) Method Plough- ing Seed  Seed  Sowing Manure Weeding Insect  & Pest Control  Harvesting & Threshing Others Total Conven-tional 10,000 2,500 4,062 2,400 1,200 850 4,100 2,000 27,112 SWI 10,000 500 6,250 3,450 5,400 500 4,800 2,500 33,400 Avg. Crop Yields (Q/ha) Value of Grain and Straw (Rs.) Net Profit (Rs/ha) Benefit- Cost Ratio Grain  Straw Grain  Straw Total Conven-tional 28 48 30,800 9,600 40,400 13,288 1.5 :1 SWI 50 85 55,000 17,000 72,000 38,600 2.2:1
Impact of SWI crop on Soil Nutrient Status  Nitrogen Phosphorus Organic Carbon Treatment BS AH %  Red. BS AH %  Red. BS AH %  Inc. Conv. Method 3.78 3.39 10 6.76 4.11 39 0.90 1.51 68 10 cm x 10 cm 10 cm x 10 cm 6.33 1.74 73 6.37 3.26 49 1.05 1.85 77 15 cm x 15 cm 15 cm x 15 cm 2.91 2.17 25 6.46 2.89 55 0.74 2.04 175 20 cm x 20 cm 20 cm x 20 cm 4.26 2.75 35 4.73 2.48 47 1.01 1.73 72 25 cm x 25 cm 25 cm x 25 cm 4.40 1.81 59 6.95 3.64 48 1.04 1.66 60 20 cm x 20 cm 15 cm x 15 cm 2.41 1.84 24 6.15 3.79 38 0.91 1.83 102 SWI  Method 4.06 2.06 49 6.13 3.21 48 0.95 1.82 92

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PSI's SCI Experiences

  • 1. SCI – A Pathway to Food Security - Experiences from HP and UKD - PEOPLE’S SCIENCE INSTITUTE, DEHRADUN
  • 2.
  • 3. Uttarakhand: Trends in Rice & Wheat Production Source: Department of Agriculture, Uttarakhand, 2009 Total Geographical Area (lakh ha) Total Population (lakh) Average Rainfall (mm) Net Sown Area (lakh ha) Area under Paddy (lakh ha) Total Rice Production (lakh tonnes) Average Yield of Rice (t/ha) Area under Wheat (lakh ha) Total Wheat Production (lakh tonnes) Average Yield of Wheat (t/ha) 53.49 85 1547 7.66 2.76 5.50 1.9 3.92 8.15 2.1
  • 4. Uttarakhand : A Food Deficit State Source: Uttarakhand at a Glance, 2008
  • 5. Himachal Pradesh: Trends in Rice & Wheat Production Source: Department of Agriculture, HP, 2009 Total Geographical Area (lakh ha) Total Population (lakh) Average Rainfall (mm) Net Sown Area (lakh ha) Area under Paddy (lakh ha) Total Rice Production (lakh tonnes) Average Yield of Rice (t/ha) Area under Wheat (lakh ha) Total Wheat Production (lakh tonnes) Average Yield of Wheat (t/ha) 55.67 60.78 1469 5.60 0.8 1.07 1.34 3.27 5.44 1.66
  • 6. Himachal Pradesh : A Food Deficit State Source: Statistical Outline of H.P., 2008
  • 7. SRI : Practices and Principles SRI’s package of practices involving sustainable management of plants, soil, water and nutrients resulting in higher production with reduced external inputs could be extrapolated to other crops RECOMMENDED PRACTICES PRINCIPLES 1 Transplanting of young seedlings Utilizing early vigour of young seedlings 2 Wider spacing Reducing competition for light and nutrients 3 Single seedling per hill Reducing external inputs in form of seeds, water, etc 4 Alternate wetting and drying with shallow irrigation Keeping soil from becoming anoxic 5 Inter-cultivation with weeder Promoting healthy root growth 6 Addition of organic matter Increasing soil microbial activity and enhancing soil organic matter
  • 8. Wheat Finger Millet Kidney Bean
  • 9.
  • 10. Results of Trials on Other Crops (2006-08) The average percent increase in grain yield was more than 60 per cent 2006 2007 2008 Crop No. of Farmers (Area in Ha) Conv. Grain Yield (Q/ha) SCI Grain Yield (Q/ha) % Incr. No. of Farmers (Area in Ha) Conv. Grain Yield (Q/ha) SCI Grain Yield (Q/ha) % Incr. No. of Farmers (Area in Ha) Conv. Grain Yield (Q/ha) SCI Grain Yield (Q/ha) % Incr. Wheat (I) Research Farm (5.0 Ha) 16 22 (38%) 30 (0.224 Ha) 23.5 42.5 (81%) 557 (14.5 ha) 24.4 48 (97%) Wheat (UI) - - - 19 (0.086 Ha) 15.5 25 (61%) 491 (6.7 Ha) 17.7 32.1 (81%) Mandwa - - - 5 (0.40 Ha) 18 24 (33%) 43 (0.80 Ha) 15 24 (60%) Rajma - - - 5 (0.40 Ha) 14 20 (43%) 113 (2.26 Ha) 18 30 (67%)
  • 11.
  • 12. Alterations in Practices - SRI Recommended Practices Normal Year Drought Year (2009) Young Seedling 8-12 days 10-25 days Wider Spacing 25 x 25 cm P to P : 15-25cm R to R : 15-20cm Single Seedling / hill 1 / hill 1-3/ hill Alternative Wetting & Drying  Not under control Inter Cultivation 2+ (mechanical weeding) 1+ (mechanical/ manual weeding) Organic Matter PAM PAM
  • 13. Comparative Crop Cutting Results of 2009 The grain yields of conventional crop decreased by 31% as compared to reduction of only 13% in SRI crop. In the drought year while non-SRI yields stood close to 25 quintals per ha, the SRI yields were about 48 quintals per ha (average increase of 92 %). S. No. Particulars Normal Year (2006-2008) Drought Year (2009) Conventional SRI Conventional SRI 1 Average no. of effective tillers/ Plant 7 21 5 18 2 Average Plant Height (cm) 99 122 88 102 3 Average Panicle Length (cm) 18 24 19 25 4 Average No. of Grains/Panicle 93 177 90 174 5 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 36 55 25 48 6 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 111 145 51 85
  • 14. Adaptations for Other Kharif Crops Practice Conventional SCI Maize SCI Black Gram SCI Soyabean Young Seedling Direct seed Sowing Direct seed sowing in line Direct seed sowing in line Direct seed sowing in line Spacing Broadcasting P to P : 30/40 cm R to R : 30/40 cm P to P : 25 cm R to R : 30cm P to P : 30 cm R to R : 30 cm Single Seedling/hill - 1-2 seed/hill 1-2 seed/ hill 1-2 seed/hill Inter- Culture 1+ (manual weeding) 3+ (manual weeding) 2+ (manual weeding) 2+ (manual weeding) Organic matter Compost Compost, PAM Compost, PAM Compost, PAM
  • 15. Adaptations for Other Rabi Crops Practice Conventional SCI Mustard SCI Peas SCI Lentil SCI Gram Young Seedling Direct seed Sowing Direct seed sowing in line Direct seed sowing in line Direct seed sowing in line Direct seed sowing in line Spacing Broadcasting R to R : 15/20 cm P to P: 20 cm R to R: 30 cm P to P : 15 cm R to R : 15 cm P to P : 15-20 cm R to R : 30-45 cm Single Seedling/hill - 1-2 seed/hill 1-2 seed/ hill 1-2 seed/hill 1-2 seed/hill Inter- Culture 1+ (manual weeding) 2+ (manual weeding) 2+ (manual weeding) 2+ (manual weeding) 2+ (manual weeding) Organic matter Compost Compost, PAM Compost, PAM Compost, PAM Compost, PAM
  • 16. Coverage under SCI (2009 -10) Kharif Rabi Name of crop Total Farmers Area (in Ha) Name of crop Total Farmers Area (in Ha) Maize 183 10.34 Wheat 4151 84.03 Finger Millet ( Mandwa ) 340 8.04 Mustard 68 1.74 Kidney bean ( Rajma ) 679 14.01 Peas 215 3.92 Black gram ( Urad ) 314 2.00 Gram 48 2.68 Soyabean 77 2.47 Lentil 31 1.88 Others 111 5.12 Others 82 1.46 1,704 41.98 4,595 95.71
  • 17. Crop Performance of SCI-Coarse Cereals of Kharif 2009 Particulars Finger Millet Maize Conven. SCI Conven. SCI Avg. no. of ears/plant (in maize: cob/plant) 3 5 2 3 Average Plant Height (cm) 69 87 142 177 Average no. of grains /ear (in maize: corns/cob) 310 493 230 380 Grain Yield (T/ha) 1.2 2.2 1.7 2.3 % Inc. in Grain Yield - 83 - 35
  • 18. Crop Performance of SCI- Pulses of Kharif 2009 Particulars Black Gram Soyabean Kidney Bean Conven. SCI Conven. SCI Conven. SCI Avg. no. of pods /plant 46 79 35 56 36 55 Average Plant Height (cm) 42 56 47 66 160 210 Average no. of grains /pod 4 5 3 4 5 7 Grain Yield (T/ha) 1.1 1.8 2.8 3.6 1.3 1.9 % Inc. in Grain Yield - 64 - 29 - 46
  • 19. Crop Performance of SWI crop cuttings (Rabi 2009) Particulars Con. SWI Average no. of effective tillers/ hill 2 10 Average Plant Height (cm) 83 105 Average Panicle Length (cm) 9 13 Average no. of grains /Panicle 39 60 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 28 51 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 48 85 % Inc. in Grain Yield 82 % Inc. in Straw Yield 77
  • 20. Crop Performance of SCI- Other Crops of Rabi 2009 Particulars Mustard Pea (Vegetable) Gram Conv. SCI Conv. SCI Conv. SCI Average Plant Height (cm) 105 150 53 61 33 40 Avg. no. of siliquae/pods per plant 150 275 19 27 9 14 Average no. of seed/siliquae or grains /pod 10 15 3 5 1 2 Grain Yield (T/ha) 1.4 2.0 21.3 30.2 0.9 1.3 % Inc. in Grain Yield 42 - 42 - 44
  • 21. Coverage & Crop Performance under SCI (2010-11) Rabi 2010: Wheat : 8267 farmers (358.84 ha) Other Crops: 745 farmers (34.46 ha) Name of Kharif crops Total Farmers Area (in Ha) Conventional Grain Yield (T/ha) SCI Grain Yield (T/ha) % Inc. Maize 682 63.61 2.3 4.7 104 Finger Millet ( Mandwa ) 747 15.66 0.9 1.8 100 Kidney bean ( Rajma ) 624 12.65 1.2 1.8 50 Black gram ( Urad ) 147 4.66 0.6 1.0 67 Soyabean 307 7.56 1.5 2.9 93 Others 160 6.67 - - 2,667 110.81
  • 22.
  • 23. Results of Trials conducted on directly seeded SWI crop Dharamshala Block, Kangra Jhandutta Block, Bilaspur Variety: HS 295 Variety: HS 277 Parameter Conv. LS SWI -1 SWI-2 Conv. LS SWI-1 SWI-2 Line Distance (cm) 25 25 x 25 20 x 20 22.5 20 x 20 15 x 15 Seed Distance (cm) 25 x 25 20 x 20 20 x 20 15 x 15 No. of seed/hill 2 1 2 1 2 1 No. of Tillers/Plant 2 10 13 7 12 7 2 14 10 Avg. Plant Height (in cm) 73 70 72 80 85 76 73 84 85 82 Avg. Ear Length (in cm) 7.5 11 9.5 8.0 9.5 9 11 9.3 13 13 Avg. No .of grain/Ear 31 58 46 41 49 55 64 82 92 87 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 15 25 20 17 22 25 30 43 60 33 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 24 30 40 28 30 35 62 70 83 65
  • 24. Results of Trials conducted on directly seeded SWI crop Karsog Block, Mandi Variety: HPW 249 Parameter Conv. LS-Drill LS-Plough SWI -1 SWI-2 Line Distance (cm) 25 25 25 x 25 20 x 20 Seed Distance (cm) 25 x 25 20 x 20 No. of seed/hill 2 1 2 1 No. of Tillers/Plant 2 4 1 11 9 8 11 Avg. Plant Height (in cm) 63 66 67 67 71 67 68 Avg. Ear Length (in cm) 8.8 9.2 8.4 11 11.2 10.8 11.8 Avg. No .of grain/Ear 45 49 48 59 62 53 65 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 20 35 30 42 44 50 53 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 30 48 38 67 80 67 80
  • 25. Results of Trials on SWI Crop Performance under Direct Seed Sowing (Dehradun) Maximum grain and straw yield was obtained under line to line and seed to seed spacing of 20cm Variety: PBW 502 Plot Size: 25 sq.m. T -1 T -2 T-3 T-4 T-5 Parameter Conv. SWI SWI SWI SWI SWI Line Distance (in cm) 10 15 20 25 20 Plant Distance (in cm) 10 15 20 25 15 No. of seed/hill 2 seeds 2 seeds 2 seeds 2 seeds 2 seeds Total No. Of Productive Tillers/Hill 5 12 14 20 15 19 Average Plant Height (in cm) 69 76 83 82 74 81 Average Ear Length (in cm) 15 16.7 18.2 20.5 18.6 17.6 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 29 43 49 54 33 49 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 46 59 66 70 49 65
  • 26. Results of Trials conducted on Transplanted SWI crop 41 to 87 per cent increase in grain yield was obtained under transplanted SWI Dharamshala Block, Kangra Jhandutta Block, Bilaspur Variety: HS 295 Variety: HS 277 Parameter Conv. SWI-1 SWI -2 SWI-3 Conv. SWI-1 SWI-2 SWI-2 Line Distance (cm) 25 x 25 20 x 20 15 x 15 20 x 20 20 x 20 15 x 15 Seed Distance (cm) 25 x 25 20 x 20 15 x 15 15 x 15 20 x 20 15 x 15 No. of seed/hill 2 2 2 1 1 1 No. of Tillers/Plant 2 13 7 5 2 14 12 9 Avg. Plant Height (in cm) 73 85 78 82 73 84 84 84 Avg. Ear Length (in cm) 7.5 11 9 9 11 14.4 12 9 Avg. No .of grain/Ear 29 44 35 37 41 58 49 35 Grain Yield (Q/ha) 9 13 15 10 30 63 55 50 Straw Yield (Q/ha) 16 20 24 16 62 90 75 70
  • 27. Results of SWI trials conducted on inter cropping with pulses Treatment -1 Treatment -2 Treatment-3 Parameter Wheat (HS 277) + Lentil /Masur (HPL 5) Wheat (HS 277) + Gram (HPG 17) Wheat (HS 277) + Masur (HPL 5) + Gram (HPG 17) Line Distance (cm) 25 x 25 25 x 25 25 x 25 Crop Production Wheat – 18.3 Q/ha Wheat - 18.7 Q/ha Wheat – 9.5 Q/ha Crop Production Masur – 12.3 Q/ha Gram - 23.3 Q/ha Masur – 3 Q/ha Crop Production Gram – 7.5 Q/ha
  • 28. Results of Trials on Maize with Different Spacing (cm) Results of Trials on Maize with Different No. of Seeds Parameters Average Plant Height (cm) Average Grains/Cob Average Cob Length (cm) Grain Yield (T/Ha) 50-50 X 50-05 (T-1) 185 322 25 5.7 40-40 X 40-40 (T-2) 192 356 29 6.5 30-30 X 30-30 (T-3) 187 297 23 5.8 Line sowing ( T-4) 193 255 20 4.8 Farmers’ Practice (T-5) 155 191 17 2.3 Note: Line to Line, 30cm Parameters Average Plant Height (cm) Average Grains/Cob Average Cob Length (cm) Grain Yield (T/Ha) One seed (T-1) 227 341 28 6.1 Two Seed (T-2) 188 309 25 5.3 Farmers' Practice (T-3) 171 215 20 2.8 Note: Line to Line 40cm , Plant to Plant 40 cm.
  • 29. Cost Benefit Analysis for SCI Crops and Conventional method of Cultivation B:C Ratio is more than 2:1 for most SCI crops S. No. Method Conventional SCI Total Expen-diture (Rs./ha) Gross Income (Rs./ha) Net Profit (Rs./ha) C-B Ratio Total Expen-diture (Rs./ha) Gross Income (Rs./ha) Net Profit (Rs./ha) C-B Ratio 1 Direct seed sowing (Wheat) 22,720 30,600 7,880 1:1.3 25,850 51,600 25,750 1:2.0 2 Finger Millet (Mandwa) 14,920 25,900 10,980 1:1.7 15,640 34,400 18,760 1:2.2 3 Kidney Bean (Rajma) 28,250 56,000 27,775 1:2.0 30,250 80,000 49,750 1:2.6 4 Mustard 21,630 32,000 10,370 1:1.4 17,500 48,000 30,500 1:2.7
  • 30. Upscaling Strategy Saturate villages where SRI has been successfully demonstrated by increasing the number of households and area coverage per household. Av. Family Size : 5-6 members/hhold Av. Landholding: 0.3-0.4 ha/hhold; 0.1ha irrigated (5 nalis) Adoption of SCI in 3.25 lakh ha (45% of NSA) in UKD and in 1.31 lakh ha (23% of NSA) in HP can lead to states’ foodgrain security Daily Requirement (gm/p/d) Total Annual HH Req. (T) Average SCI Production (T/ha/season) Target Area Coverage (Ha/ HH) Cereals 420 0.85-1.00 3 = 120 kg/nali/yr 0.14 = 7 nalis Pulses 40 0.08-0.09 1.5 = 60 kg/nali/yr 0.03 = 1.5 nalis
  • 31.
  • 32. 252, Vasant Vihar, Phase I Dehra Doon - 248 006 Uttarakhand INDIA Web : www.peoplesscienceinstitute.com Mail : cpwdpsi@gmail.com Phone : +91 135 2763649, 2773849 Fax : +91 135 2763186 Thank You
  • 33.
  • 34. Field Support Activities Field Marking Seed Sowing Line Sowing Weeding
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37. Cost Benefit Analysis for SWI Crop and Conventional method of Cultivation B:C Ratio is more than 2:1 for SWI crop Expenditure (in Rs./ha) Method Plough- ing Seed Seed Sowing Manure Weeding Insect & Pest Control Harvesting & Threshing Others Total Conven-tional 10,000 2,500 4,062 2,400 1,200 850 4,100 2,000 27,112 SWI 10,000 500 6,250 3,450 5,400 500 4,800 2,500 33,400 Avg. Crop Yields (Q/ha) Value of Grain and Straw (Rs.) Net Profit (Rs/ha) Benefit- Cost Ratio Grain Straw Grain Straw Total Conven-tional 28 48 30,800 9,600 40,400 13,288 1.5 :1 SWI 50 85 55,000 17,000 72,000 38,600 2.2:1
  • 38. Impact of SWI crop on Soil Nutrient Status Nitrogen Phosphorus Organic Carbon Treatment BS AH % Red. BS AH % Red. BS AH % Inc. Conv. Method 3.78 3.39 10 6.76 4.11 39 0.90 1.51 68 10 cm x 10 cm 10 cm x 10 cm 6.33 1.74 73 6.37 3.26 49 1.05 1.85 77 15 cm x 15 cm 15 cm x 15 cm 2.91 2.17 25 6.46 2.89 55 0.74 2.04 175 20 cm x 20 cm 20 cm x 20 cm 4.26 2.75 35 4.73 2.48 47 1.01 1.73 72 25 cm x 25 cm 25 cm x 25 cm 4.40 1.81 59 6.95 3.64 48 1.04 1.66 60 20 cm x 20 cm 15 cm x 15 cm 2.41 1.84 24 6.15 3.79 38 0.91 1.83 102 SWI Method 4.06 2.06 49 6.13 3.21 48 0.95 1.82 92