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Homer
Homer was traditionally a blind minstrel or bard, who
sang or performed to music epic poems set in the Heroic
Age. The story of the Trojan War is related in Homer's
epic, The Iliad. This 10 year conflict pitted Greek heroes
against the city of Troy, on the western coast of what is
now Turkey. Homer's other great epic, The Odyssey,
narrates the homeward journey of the hero Odysseus
after the war.
Trojan War
The Trojan War began when a prince of Troy
eloped with the wife of a Greek king. The
woman's name was Helen and she became
infamous as Helen of Troy. Hers was "the face
that launched a thousand ships," according to the
playwright Marlowe, because all the kings of
Greece rallied to get her back. Sailing to Troy,
they besieged the city for 10 years. Homer's
other epic, The Iliad, concerns this siege and the
many individual battles that were fought between
heroes on both sides. It also chronicles the
involvement of the supreme gods, who
descended from Mount Olympus to take sides in
the contest.
Odysseus’ Plan
The Trojan War was over. The clever Greek Odysseus had tricked
the enemy into bringing a colossal wooden horse within the walls of
Troy. The Trojans had no idea that Greek soldiers were hidden
inside, under the command of Odysseus. The Greeks had been
laying siege to Troy for ten long years, but suddenly it looked like
their whole army had departed, leaving the horse behind.

That night, while the Trojans slept, Odysseus and his men emerged
from the horse's belly. Opening the city gates, they admitted their
comrades, who had snuck back in the dark.

Troy was sacked and the Trojans utterly vanquished. Now it was
time for Odysseus and his fellow warriors to return to their
kingdoms across the sea. Here begins the tale of The Odyssey, as
sung by the blind minstrel Homer.
Characters   Description
Athena       goddess of wisdom, skills, and
             warfare, who occasionally comes to
             help Odysseus


Odysseus     The hero of the Odyssey, son of
             Laertes and king of Ithaca, an island
             in the Mediterranean Sea, Without last
             names, people were known by their
             parents and the land from which they
             came.

Penelope     Wife of Odysseus, separated from
             Odysseus for 20 years after he leaves
             to fight in the Trojan War, faithful


Telemachus   Son of Odysseus whom he has not
             seen for 20 years: 10 years of Trojan
             War and 10 years at sea by angry
             gods
Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story
of that man skilled in all ways of contending,
the wanderer, harried for years on end,
after he plundered the stronghold
on the proud height of Troy.
He saw the townlands
and learned the minds of many distant men,
and weathered many bitter nights and days
in his deep heart at sea, while he fought only
to save his life, to bring his shipmates home.
But not by will nor valor could he save them,
for their own recklessness destroyed them all –
children and fools, they killed and feasted on
the cattle of the Lord Helios, the Sun,
and he who moves all day through heaven
took from their eyes the dawn of their return.
Of these adventures, Muse, daughter of Zeus,
tell us in our time, lift the great song again.
Phaeacians

The Odyssey begins at the end of the journey. Odysseus, after 10
years of travel, washes ashore among the Phaeacians. He is found
and is treated to a banquet, where he retells the story of how he came
to this situation. In exchange for this story, Odysseus is offered a ship
to sail safely home to Ithaca.

                                  Ismarus

Odysseus tells about his raid on Ismarus. The inhabitants came and
attacked the men who then retreated to the ships. Many of Odysseus’
men were killed.


                             The Lotus-Eaters

His next stop was the country of the Lotus-Eaters, who live upon that flower.
The men disembarked on the island to look for supplies. The Lotus-Eaters
showed no harm, only offered the sweet flower. When Odysseus’ men ate the
Lotus, it caused them to forget their purpose and not want to return to the
ship.
King Aeolus

Odysseus tells about sailing to Aeolia. While there, they meet Aeolus,
king of the winds. Odysseus tells about Aeolus’ gift of a bag filled with
winds and about how his curious sailors opened it too early, releasing
a wind that blew them off course, back to Aeolia. The only wind that
was not in the bag was the wind that would take them home. When
the other winds were released, it caused the storm that blew them in
the wrong direction.
The Cyclops

His next trip was to the island of the Cyclops. He lies about his name
because he knows that the Cyclops are children of Poseidon whom he
has angered. Then he used quick-thinking to get him drunk, blind the
Cyclops (Polyphemus) with a large pole, and escape his lair. Polyphemus
did, however, eat some of the men. They escape by hiding under the
bellies of the sheep and riding out unnoticed. Odysseus uses a lie and
trickery to escape. As Odysseus and his men sail away, he turns and
shouts his name back to the blind Cyclops in a prideful and arrogant
gesture that causes him further trouble. Polyphemus asks his father
Poseidon to avenge him.
Character/Place   Description
Achaeans          Greeks who were shipmates of Odysseus

Cicones           Islanders on Ismarus who attacked the men of Odysseus

King Aeolus       King of the winds

Lotus-Eaters      Men who live on the island and eat the lotus flower

Nohbdy            The false name that Odysseus gives Polyphemus

Phaeacians        Offer Odysseus a ship to sail home in exchange of hearing
                  about his adventures over the last 10 years
Polyphemus        A one-eyed monster, Cyclops, “a wild man ignorant of civility”

Poseidon          God of the Sea who is upset with Odysseus because Odysseus
                  refuses to acknowledge that he had help to win the Trojan
                  War. “Without the gods, man is nothing.”
Zeus              King of the gods and god of the sky, works in conjunction with
                  his brother Poseidon by raising winds to blow Odysseus off
                  course
Laestrygonians

His crew next barely escapes from the Island of the Lotus-Eaters, vicious
cannibals. The Laestrygonians destroy all his men and boats except the
one boat Odysseus and a handful of his men are on.

                                   Circe

The survivors next land at Aeaea, where the witch Circe lives. She lures the
scouting party with her bewitching beauty, then uses a wand to transform
them into pigs. Only Odysseus escapes. The other crewmen are too
terrified to help, but Odysseus uses a magic herb to protect himself from
magical transformation. When her spells don't affect Odysseus, he
demands that Circe change his men back into human shape. Before
Odysseus departs from the island a year later, Circe informs him that in
order to reach home he must journey to the land of the dead, Hades, and
consult the blind prophet Tiresias.
The Land of the Dead

Circe gives Odysseus directions on how to make a magical journey into
Hades, the land of the dead, where he can learn from ancient spirits
how to safely make it home. He sacrifices a ram and a black ewe, and
he feeds the blood to the ghosts so they can take form and talk. He
sees the spirit of his mother there and did not know she had died while
he was away at war. He also sees the spirit of Elpenor, one of his fallen
men, who requests a proper burial. At last, Odysseus speaks with
Tiresias, the blind prophet, who tells him not to be shaken from his
path. He explains that Odysseus will make landfall on Thrinacia and
there find the grazing herds of Helios, the sun god. He must not eat the
cattle. If he does, there will be destruction for ship and crew. Tiresias
also says that Odysseus will eventually return home alone after being
lost for years, under strange sail to find his home filled with trouble:
men eating his livestock and courting his wife. He will deal out death in
open combat or by stealth to all the suitors. After he defeats the
suitors, Odysseus must carry out sacrifices for Lord Poseidon and all the
gods. Only then can he return to his family, reclaim his role as king of
Ithaca, and have peace around him.
Character/Place   Description
Anticlea          the mother of Odysseus


Circe             sorceress-goddess who turns men into pigs, Circe
                  both helps and hinders Odysseus on his journey and
                  is considered both ally and enemy
Elpenor           Odysseus’ shipmate, got drunk and fell off the roof
                  in Circe’s hall, Odysseus does not know he is dead
                  until he meets him in Hades
Laestrygonians    cannibals


Tiresias          Blind prophet
The Sirens

Odysseus returns to Circe’s island to retrieve Elpenor. Following
Círcë's advice, Odysseus succeeds in getting past the sirens which
are monsters who lure men with their beautiful songs. Odysseus
puts ear wax in all of the men’s ears so they won’t hear the song.
One person must listen in order to pass, so Odysseus orders the
men to tie him to the mast. This is an example of self-sacrifice on
his part because the song makes him want to go to the monster
who is waiting to eat them.


                        Scylla and Charybdis

Odysseus must make a choice between the two. He chooses the
sea monster by which some of his men may escape rather than the
whirl pool which none of them would escape. He also makes the
difficult choice not to tell his men so that none of them will panic.
He is demonstrating his leadership skills in this situation.
Cattle of the Sun God

Odysseus’ ship is taken to the island of the Cattle of the Sun God.
The winds will not allow his ship to leave for a month. Odysseus
falls asleep on the ship while his men go ashore. His starving crew
abandon his command to leave the cattle alone. Eurylochus
encourages the men to eat what is available because it would be
better to be killed by the gods than to starve. They kill and eat
sacred cows which belong to Heliós (Hyperion or Apollo, the Greek
Sun-God). Helios makes a plea to Zeus to punish Odysseus. The
gods raise storms that drive the boat all the way back to Charybdis.
Zeus strikes the ship with a lightning bolt. Odysseus's ship sinks
and his men drown. Only Odysseus thinks quickly enough to save
himself, and he washes ashore on Ogygia.
Calypso

Odysseus washes ashore on Ogygia after loosing all of
his men. Calypso enslaves him on Ogygia because she
has fallen in love with the hero; however, Odysseus
never loved her back with his heart. When he escapes
from the begrudging Calypso, he is washed ashore on
the island of the Phaeacians.
Character    Description
Calypso      sea goddess, cares for Odysseus


Charybdis    whirlpool that sucks in any ship that comes near


Eurylochus   crew member, convinces Odysseus’ men to eat the
             cattle of the sun god

Helios       sun god, also known as Apollo


Scylla       sea monster


Sirens       monsters who sing a beautiful song to lure sailors to
             their death
Part 2
                    The Return of Odysseus



                           The Return
The flashback is over. Odysseus finishes telling King Menelaus the
story. The generous Phaeacians help Odysseus get home even
though this angers Poseidon. Here, part of the prophecy from the
blind prophet Tiresias comes true: Odysseus returns home under
strange sail.
The Disguise

Odysseus arrives on Ithaca and disguises himself, with the help of
Athena, as a beggar to scout out the land. His kingdom is in
shambles. One of his old servants, Eumaeus the swineherd, takes
pity on the "bum" and takes him home for a meal. While Eumaeus
is not around, Odysseus drops his disguise and reveals himself to
Telemachus.

Odysseus enters the main city. His disguise is so good Penelope
and others do not recognize him. Only an aged, toothless,
abandoned dog covered with sores, lying in a pile of dung, reacts to
Odysseus by wagging its tail. Eumaeus explains that this wretched
creature was Argus, once Odysseus's favorite hunting dog. The dog
lifts its head, whimpers, and then dies--forcing Odysseus to hide his
tears.
The Suitors

At the palace, Antinous curses the "ragged beggar" and hits him
with a footstool. Penelope rebukes Antinous and gives the beggar
(Odysseus) permission to stay at the palace.

Odysseus manages to find out that Melantho, one of the palace
maidservants, has become the mistress of Eurymachus, and that
the other maidservants are being abused by the suitors.
Eurycleia, an aged nurse who cared for Odysseus as a child, sees
through Odysseus's disguise. Odysseus barely prevents the truth
from coming out.
Penelope’s Challenge

Penelope had been weaving a tapestry of her husband’s ship. She told
them that when it was complete, she would choose a new husband only
if Odysseus had not returned. Each night she would undo part of her
work so that it would never be finished. After the suitors discover her
lies and demand that she choose a husband from among them,
Penelope declares her decision: she will marry tomorrow whichever
suitor can duplicate her husband's feat of shooting an arrow through
twelve straight rows of axes after stringing his bow. She knows that no
one will be able to do it.

That night, Odysseus and Penelope both toss and turn, worrying about
the outcome of events. Penelope prays that she die before she is ever
forced to marry one of the repugnant suitors. The suitors put in motion
their plot to kill Telemachus.
The Contest

The contest begins, and the suitors have trouble stringing the
bow. In the meantime, Telemachus orders all the women in the
household to stay in their quarters and out of sight. The servants
arrange to remove all weapons from the hall and lock all the
doors. Odysseus takes the bow (while being mocked by the
suitors) and successfully strings it and shoots through the rows of
axes, dumbfounding those watching.

While everyone is gaping, Odysseus enacts his plan and begins
killing the suitors, shooting them like cardboard targets while they
are unarmed and helpless. His son and the loyal servants help
keep them trapped.
Character   Description
Antinous    the head suitor



Eumaeus     sheppard and servant of Odysseus



Eurycleia   nurse who raised Odysseus



Melantho    maidservant having an affair with
            Eurymachus

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Odyssey summaries

  • 1. Homer Homer was traditionally a blind minstrel or bard, who sang or performed to music epic poems set in the Heroic Age. The story of the Trojan War is related in Homer's epic, The Iliad. This 10 year conflict pitted Greek heroes against the city of Troy, on the western coast of what is now Turkey. Homer's other great epic, The Odyssey, narrates the homeward journey of the hero Odysseus after the war.
  • 2. Trojan War The Trojan War began when a prince of Troy eloped with the wife of a Greek king. The woman's name was Helen and she became infamous as Helen of Troy. Hers was "the face that launched a thousand ships," according to the playwright Marlowe, because all the kings of Greece rallied to get her back. Sailing to Troy, they besieged the city for 10 years. Homer's other epic, The Iliad, concerns this siege and the many individual battles that were fought between heroes on both sides. It also chronicles the involvement of the supreme gods, who descended from Mount Olympus to take sides in the contest.
  • 3. Odysseus’ Plan The Trojan War was over. The clever Greek Odysseus had tricked the enemy into bringing a colossal wooden horse within the walls of Troy. The Trojans had no idea that Greek soldiers were hidden inside, under the command of Odysseus. The Greeks had been laying siege to Troy for ten long years, but suddenly it looked like their whole army had departed, leaving the horse behind. That night, while the Trojans slept, Odysseus and his men emerged from the horse's belly. Opening the city gates, they admitted their comrades, who had snuck back in the dark. Troy was sacked and the Trojans utterly vanquished. Now it was time for Odysseus and his fellow warriors to return to their kingdoms across the sea. Here begins the tale of The Odyssey, as sung by the blind minstrel Homer.
  • 4. Characters Description Athena goddess of wisdom, skills, and warfare, who occasionally comes to help Odysseus Odysseus The hero of the Odyssey, son of Laertes and king of Ithaca, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, Without last names, people were known by their parents and the land from which they came. Penelope Wife of Odysseus, separated from Odysseus for 20 years after he leaves to fight in the Trojan War, faithful Telemachus Son of Odysseus whom he has not seen for 20 years: 10 years of Trojan War and 10 years at sea by angry gods
  • 5. Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of that man skilled in all ways of contending, the wanderer, harried for years on end, after he plundered the stronghold on the proud height of Troy. He saw the townlands and learned the minds of many distant men, and weathered many bitter nights and days in his deep heart at sea, while he fought only to save his life, to bring his shipmates home. But not by will nor valor could he save them, for their own recklessness destroyed them all – children and fools, they killed and feasted on the cattle of the Lord Helios, the Sun, and he who moves all day through heaven took from their eyes the dawn of their return. Of these adventures, Muse, daughter of Zeus, tell us in our time, lift the great song again.
  • 6. Phaeacians The Odyssey begins at the end of the journey. Odysseus, after 10 years of travel, washes ashore among the Phaeacians. He is found and is treated to a banquet, where he retells the story of how he came to this situation. In exchange for this story, Odysseus is offered a ship to sail safely home to Ithaca. Ismarus Odysseus tells about his raid on Ismarus. The inhabitants came and attacked the men who then retreated to the ships. Many of Odysseus’ men were killed. The Lotus-Eaters His next stop was the country of the Lotus-Eaters, who live upon that flower. The men disembarked on the island to look for supplies. The Lotus-Eaters showed no harm, only offered the sweet flower. When Odysseus’ men ate the Lotus, it caused them to forget their purpose and not want to return to the ship.
  • 7. King Aeolus Odysseus tells about sailing to Aeolia. While there, they meet Aeolus, king of the winds. Odysseus tells about Aeolus’ gift of a bag filled with winds and about how his curious sailors opened it too early, releasing a wind that blew them off course, back to Aeolia. The only wind that was not in the bag was the wind that would take them home. When the other winds were released, it caused the storm that blew them in the wrong direction.
  • 8. The Cyclops His next trip was to the island of the Cyclops. He lies about his name because he knows that the Cyclops are children of Poseidon whom he has angered. Then he used quick-thinking to get him drunk, blind the Cyclops (Polyphemus) with a large pole, and escape his lair. Polyphemus did, however, eat some of the men. They escape by hiding under the bellies of the sheep and riding out unnoticed. Odysseus uses a lie and trickery to escape. As Odysseus and his men sail away, he turns and shouts his name back to the blind Cyclops in a prideful and arrogant gesture that causes him further trouble. Polyphemus asks his father Poseidon to avenge him.
  • 9. Character/Place Description Achaeans Greeks who were shipmates of Odysseus Cicones Islanders on Ismarus who attacked the men of Odysseus King Aeolus King of the winds Lotus-Eaters Men who live on the island and eat the lotus flower Nohbdy The false name that Odysseus gives Polyphemus Phaeacians Offer Odysseus a ship to sail home in exchange of hearing about his adventures over the last 10 years Polyphemus A one-eyed monster, Cyclops, “a wild man ignorant of civility” Poseidon God of the Sea who is upset with Odysseus because Odysseus refuses to acknowledge that he had help to win the Trojan War. “Without the gods, man is nothing.” Zeus King of the gods and god of the sky, works in conjunction with his brother Poseidon by raising winds to blow Odysseus off course
  • 10. Laestrygonians His crew next barely escapes from the Island of the Lotus-Eaters, vicious cannibals. The Laestrygonians destroy all his men and boats except the one boat Odysseus and a handful of his men are on. Circe The survivors next land at Aeaea, where the witch Circe lives. She lures the scouting party with her bewitching beauty, then uses a wand to transform them into pigs. Only Odysseus escapes. The other crewmen are too terrified to help, but Odysseus uses a magic herb to protect himself from magical transformation. When her spells don't affect Odysseus, he demands that Circe change his men back into human shape. Before Odysseus departs from the island a year later, Circe informs him that in order to reach home he must journey to the land of the dead, Hades, and consult the blind prophet Tiresias.
  • 11. The Land of the Dead Circe gives Odysseus directions on how to make a magical journey into Hades, the land of the dead, where he can learn from ancient spirits how to safely make it home. He sacrifices a ram and a black ewe, and he feeds the blood to the ghosts so they can take form and talk. He sees the spirit of his mother there and did not know she had died while he was away at war. He also sees the spirit of Elpenor, one of his fallen men, who requests a proper burial. At last, Odysseus speaks with Tiresias, the blind prophet, who tells him not to be shaken from his path. He explains that Odysseus will make landfall on Thrinacia and there find the grazing herds of Helios, the sun god. He must not eat the cattle. If he does, there will be destruction for ship and crew. Tiresias also says that Odysseus will eventually return home alone after being lost for years, under strange sail to find his home filled with trouble: men eating his livestock and courting his wife. He will deal out death in open combat or by stealth to all the suitors. After he defeats the suitors, Odysseus must carry out sacrifices for Lord Poseidon and all the gods. Only then can he return to his family, reclaim his role as king of Ithaca, and have peace around him.
  • 12. Character/Place Description Anticlea the mother of Odysseus Circe sorceress-goddess who turns men into pigs, Circe both helps and hinders Odysseus on his journey and is considered both ally and enemy Elpenor Odysseus’ shipmate, got drunk and fell off the roof in Circe’s hall, Odysseus does not know he is dead until he meets him in Hades Laestrygonians cannibals Tiresias Blind prophet
  • 13. The Sirens Odysseus returns to Circe’s island to retrieve Elpenor. Following Círcë's advice, Odysseus succeeds in getting past the sirens which are monsters who lure men with their beautiful songs. Odysseus puts ear wax in all of the men’s ears so they won’t hear the song. One person must listen in order to pass, so Odysseus orders the men to tie him to the mast. This is an example of self-sacrifice on his part because the song makes him want to go to the monster who is waiting to eat them. Scylla and Charybdis Odysseus must make a choice between the two. He chooses the sea monster by which some of his men may escape rather than the whirl pool which none of them would escape. He also makes the difficult choice not to tell his men so that none of them will panic. He is demonstrating his leadership skills in this situation.
  • 14. Cattle of the Sun God Odysseus’ ship is taken to the island of the Cattle of the Sun God. The winds will not allow his ship to leave for a month. Odysseus falls asleep on the ship while his men go ashore. His starving crew abandon his command to leave the cattle alone. Eurylochus encourages the men to eat what is available because it would be better to be killed by the gods than to starve. They kill and eat sacred cows which belong to Heliós (Hyperion or Apollo, the Greek Sun-God). Helios makes a plea to Zeus to punish Odysseus. The gods raise storms that drive the boat all the way back to Charybdis. Zeus strikes the ship with a lightning bolt. Odysseus's ship sinks and his men drown. Only Odysseus thinks quickly enough to save himself, and he washes ashore on Ogygia.
  • 15. Calypso Odysseus washes ashore on Ogygia after loosing all of his men. Calypso enslaves him on Ogygia because she has fallen in love with the hero; however, Odysseus never loved her back with his heart. When he escapes from the begrudging Calypso, he is washed ashore on the island of the Phaeacians.
  • 16. Character Description Calypso sea goddess, cares for Odysseus Charybdis whirlpool that sucks in any ship that comes near Eurylochus crew member, convinces Odysseus’ men to eat the cattle of the sun god Helios sun god, also known as Apollo Scylla sea monster Sirens monsters who sing a beautiful song to lure sailors to their death
  • 17. Part 2 The Return of Odysseus The Return The flashback is over. Odysseus finishes telling King Menelaus the story. The generous Phaeacians help Odysseus get home even though this angers Poseidon. Here, part of the prophecy from the blind prophet Tiresias comes true: Odysseus returns home under strange sail.
  • 18. The Disguise Odysseus arrives on Ithaca and disguises himself, with the help of Athena, as a beggar to scout out the land. His kingdom is in shambles. One of his old servants, Eumaeus the swineherd, takes pity on the "bum" and takes him home for a meal. While Eumaeus is not around, Odysseus drops his disguise and reveals himself to Telemachus. Odysseus enters the main city. His disguise is so good Penelope and others do not recognize him. Only an aged, toothless, abandoned dog covered with sores, lying in a pile of dung, reacts to Odysseus by wagging its tail. Eumaeus explains that this wretched creature was Argus, once Odysseus's favorite hunting dog. The dog lifts its head, whimpers, and then dies--forcing Odysseus to hide his tears.
  • 19. The Suitors At the palace, Antinous curses the "ragged beggar" and hits him with a footstool. Penelope rebukes Antinous and gives the beggar (Odysseus) permission to stay at the palace. Odysseus manages to find out that Melantho, one of the palace maidservants, has become the mistress of Eurymachus, and that the other maidservants are being abused by the suitors. Eurycleia, an aged nurse who cared for Odysseus as a child, sees through Odysseus's disguise. Odysseus barely prevents the truth from coming out.
  • 20. Penelope’s Challenge Penelope had been weaving a tapestry of her husband’s ship. She told them that when it was complete, she would choose a new husband only if Odysseus had not returned. Each night she would undo part of her work so that it would never be finished. After the suitors discover her lies and demand that she choose a husband from among them, Penelope declares her decision: she will marry tomorrow whichever suitor can duplicate her husband's feat of shooting an arrow through twelve straight rows of axes after stringing his bow. She knows that no one will be able to do it. That night, Odysseus and Penelope both toss and turn, worrying about the outcome of events. Penelope prays that she die before she is ever forced to marry one of the repugnant suitors. The suitors put in motion their plot to kill Telemachus.
  • 21. The Contest The contest begins, and the suitors have trouble stringing the bow. In the meantime, Telemachus orders all the women in the household to stay in their quarters and out of sight. The servants arrange to remove all weapons from the hall and lock all the doors. Odysseus takes the bow (while being mocked by the suitors) and successfully strings it and shoots through the rows of axes, dumbfounding those watching. While everyone is gaping, Odysseus enacts his plan and begins killing the suitors, shooting them like cardboard targets while they are unarmed and helpless. His son and the loyal servants help keep them trapped.
  • 22. Character Description Antinous the head suitor Eumaeus sheppard and servant of Odysseus Eurycleia nurse who raised Odysseus Melantho maidservant having an affair with Eurymachus