for sem 2 B. Pharm GTU students

1. INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENT
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
By: Mrs. Pooja Khanpara
Assistant Professor
APIP
Jamnagar

2. Definition…..
oThe environment “is the sum of the total of the
elements, factors and conditions in the surroundings
which may have an impact on the development, action or
survival of an organism or group of organisms, such
as, we human beings.”
OR
oIt can also be defined as “ external surroundings
and conditions which directly or indirectly affects the
living organism”

3. Environment consist of

9. Atmosphere:
It is the mixture of various gases, water vapour and
subatomic particles that entirely covers the earth
extending outward several thousand kilometers.

10. Structure of
atmosphere

11. Troposphere:
•Lower portion of the
atmosphere
•Extends up to 8 km at the
poles and 16 km at equator,
on an average extend up to
10-11 km from the earth
surface.
•Temperature decrease at the
rate of 5-7oC/km.
•Strong vertical air movement
responsible for rapid and
complete mixing.

12. Stratosphere:
•It is above
troposphere and
extends up to50-55
km.
•Up to about 20 km
temp. remains
constant then
increase with
increase in height.
•Ozone layer is in this
layer.

13. Mesosphere:
•It is layer above
stratosphere and
extends up to 80
km.
•Temperature
decreases slowly
with altitude but
then sharply to
about -75oC.

14. Thermosphere:
•Temperature
increases rapidly
with increase in
height.
•Heating of this layer
is due to absorption
of the solar energy.
•Within the
thermosphere there
is a layer of charged
particles known as
ionosphere.

15. Exosphere:
•It exist above the
ionosphere and extend
up to 2000 km above
the earth.
•This layer is almost
airless and empty.
•Contains hydrogen gas
in ionized state.
•Very high
temperature(≥ 1200oC)

17. Hydrosphere
:
• About 70% of earth is covered by water.
• Water is available in seas, oceans, lakes, river,
glaciers etc.
• 97% is in the oceans and seas, 2% in glaciers
& ice caps, 1% is fresh water available for
human consumption.

18. Lithosphere
• Outer soil crust of the earth is
lithosphere• Living organisms, plant vegetation are
supported by the lithosphere.
•It contains resources like minerals, organic
and inorganic matter, some extent air and
water.
•Role of lithosphere:
-Produces food for human beings
and animals.
-Soil is the site of decomposition of organic
wastes.

19. Biosphere
• Thin outer crust of the earth which includes all
the living organisms and their environment.
• It extends from the lowest sea bed level to
about 24 km of the atmosphere.
• Life supporting resources are available from the
biosphere.
•It is that part of earth where
living(biotic) organism exist and interact with
each other and also with non-living (abiotic)
components.

21. Activities in biosphere…….
• The living organisms interacting with each
other in biosphere and sustain their life.
•The waste products in gaseous, liquid and
solid form are discharged in biosphere.
•The sustaining and assimilative capacity of
the
biosphere is tremendous but not infinite.
•The system is in operation for millions of
years but now showing stress due to
impact of human on environment.

22. Interaction between different components
of environment

25. Impact of Technology on Environment
• Positive Impact
• Negative Impact
– Direct Impact & Indirect Impact
 Positive Impact
 Waste treatment plants to reduce the pollution.
 Electricity generation options
 Uses of bio-fuels

26. Impact of Technology on Environment
• Negative Impacts: Negative effects are further
divided into direct and indirect effects.
– Direct effect:
• Accidents in various industries
• Nuclear pollution
– Indirect effect
• Uses of fossil fuels causes air pollution
• Green house effects
• Acid rain
• Global warming

27. Positive
Effect
• Water treatment plants help us to reuse of dirty water.
• Wind turbines help to reduce the needs for coal, electric
and other natural resources.
• To improve life style & safety of human life, as well as
improve the environment of this planet for the future.
• The science of sewage treatment is probably the greatest
environmental achievement of mankind

28. Negative
Effect
a) Direct Effect:
It includes accidents , release of pollutants affecting
human health, exhaustion of resources and
changes in landscapes.
b) Indirect Effects:
These effects interfere
humanity
with the vital
by
services
supplied to
systems.
natural ecological

29. CONT….
• Depletion of ozone layer , which protects the life on
earth from damaging UV-B radiations is
caused primarily by CFC emissions.
• Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers
is decreasing the inherent fertility of soils.
• The sea level rise due to melting of ice-caps in
Antarctic region due to global warming , is frequently
disturbing the coastal areas.
• Exploitation of resources leading to exhaustion.
• Testing of atomic bombs may cause volcanoes
and earth quakes

31. Environmental
Degradation
• Definition: The overall lowering of environmental
qualities due to the damages caused by both
natural events and human activities in the
basic structure of the environment at local,
regional and global levels adversely affecting
all living organisms including man.

33. Cont…..
Environmental degradation arise due to…..
•Consumption of natural resources by over
population of developing countries.
•Wasteful over consumption of resources by
developed countries.

34. Cont…..
• To explain the impact (I) the proposed three
factor model in a given area comprises of:
• The population size(P)
• Per capita consumption of resources(A)
• Degradational pollution caused by per unit of
resources used(T)
Hence I=P×A×T
In developing countries three Ps or P3 i.e.
population, poverty and pollution are key factor
for rapid environmental degradation.

35. SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
• Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of
resources use, that aims to meet human needs while
preserving the environment so that these needs can
be met not only in the present, but also for future
generations.
• Every generation should leave air, water and soil as
pure and unpolluted as possible. Sustainability mean to
sustain human institutions and ecological systems in a
healthy and functional state

36. • Concepts for sustainable
development:
• Control of pollution.• Reduction of excessive use of resources and
conserving
resources.• Recyclin
g
and reuse of material for wast
eminimization.
•Using cleaner fuel and
technologies.• Development of good mass transportation
facilities to reduce air pollution.
•Byusingeffective environmental
management tools.(EIA, EMS)

37. Environmental Science
• … is an
interdisciplinary
and
multidisciplinary
field, drawing on
many diverse
disciplines.

38. Multidisciplinary nature of the
Environment studies
• “Environmental studies” is the scientific study of
our environment and our place in it.
• Definition: “Environmental studies” is the study of
environmental issues.
• It has broader coverage than environmental science
and includes social aspects of environment
also.
• It deals with science where necessary and also include
the study of physical and biological environment
and also cultural and social factors and their impact on
environment.

39. Scope of Environmental Studies
• Natural resources- their conservation and
management
• Ecology and biodiversity
• Environmental pollution and control
• Social issues in relation to development and
environment
• Human population and environment

40. Importance of Environmental Education in
present day education system
• Environmental Education is recognized as the process
that would help individuals to acquire essential
knowledge and skills to take positive action towards a
batter environment.

41. Objectives of Environmental
Education
1. An AWARENESS of the environment and its
problems.
2. Basic KNOWLEDGEandunderstanding of the
environment and its inter-relationship with man.
3. Social VALUES and ATTITUDES which are in
harmony with environmental quality.
2. SKILLS to solve environmental problems.
3. Sense of responsibility and urgency towards
environment so as to ensure appropriate ACTIONS
to solve environmental problems.
4. Consider environment in its totality.

42. Environmental Engineering
• Environmental engineering is based on the design and
manipulation of environmental processes to obtain a
desired outcome.
• Environmental engineers apply their knowledge of the
natural sciences (chemistry, biology and
microbiology) with their expertise in engineering to
solve, prevent or correct environmental problems

43. Cont……
processing facilities , landfills and air treatment plants.
•Work with regulatory agencies to review
proposals for environmental equipment.
•Collecting data and assisting in product design.
•Developing improved air quality models
and pollution control measures.
•Working with an environmental health and safety board
on various policies and procedures.
•Developing mitigation measures to ensure safety
• Design or manage systems for water distribution and
collection, water treatment solid waste handling and

44. Some of the activities handled by
Environmental Engineer
• Waste Management,
• Toxic Material Control,
• Water Supply,
• Storm Water
Management,
• Solid Waste Disposal,
• Land Management,
• Public Health & safety,
• Radiation Protection,
• Industrial Hygiene,
• Air Quality Control

45. Thank You