2. Crisis, change and context
Looking at Exclusion
Inclusion: concept or empowerment?
Policy to best practice – Global Citizenship
3. How wrong can you get? Fukuyama and the
End of History (1992)
Sociologies of dislocation
The end of certainty: change or chaos?
Narratives of insecurity and change
Motivation: departing/arriving/learning
European dimensions, global issues
4. Globalization – accelerating and pervasive
Crisis, meltdown and re-structuring post 2008
Devaluation of the public sphere
Stratification and inequity
Labor market transformation
Rights and inclusion – token or real?
Access, quality and innovation in education
5. Patterns of constant change
Permanent migration and mobility
Outsourcing
Flexible structures and modalities
Knowledge economy
Scarcity of traditional jobs
Ecological pressures
End of certainty
6. End of stable socio-political norms
Uncertainty, fluid identity and unease
A world turned upside down
The poetry of quest – fromYeats to Kavafy
A deep shiver of guilt – what have we done?
What have we become?
The ghosts that will not rest
End of assumptions about European identity
7. The old world is dying.
The new world struggles to be born.
Now is the time of monsters. Antonio Gramsci
8. Persistence and increase in inequality
Permanent hopelessness of excluded
Invisibility and ethnic difference
Seeking scapegoats and creating victims
Access means many things….
9. Decreasing workers’ share in national income
in all countries
Labor productivity (up 85% since 1980) not
reflected in wages (up 35%)
Declining social mobility
Rising income inequality reflected in
declining equality of opportunity
GlobalWage Report 2012/13, ILO
Prof. Miles Corak, Journal of Economic Perspectives 2013
10. Mutual interaction or structured exclusion?
Community values or communal rituals?
Linkage to realities or past models?
Shared memories or shared hatreds?
11. End of expected certainties
No return to ‘normal’
Polymorphic media
Planet of Slums (Mike Davis): hypercities of the future
Informal economies
The normalization of brutality
12. Mythology of the ‘normal’
Defining the mainstream: what have we become?
Robust probing of social structure required as
preliminary to defining mainstream
Masking power, relationships and inequity
Need to avoid cliché and assumptions
Learners are immersed in and emerging into this
changed constellation – of which the gatekeepers
know little
13. Exclusion is much easier to define
Tangible evidence of legacy of discrimination
Pattern of low expectations or invisibility
Economic, social, cultural dimensions – as
well as educational
Denial of access to resources
Unacceptable but often tacit acceptance in
divided or unequal societies
14. Barriers (intentional or otherwise)
Attitudes
Prejudices
Stereotypes
Rejection
Hostility
Rigid systems
15. Centuries of exclusion in learning systems
Outright ban – girls, women and disabled
Exclusion as the norm
Separate systems: gender, language, religion,
class, ethnic group
Unequal resources and outcomes
Fragmentation and disenfranchisement
16. Established for the blind and deaf
3 schools each
Operated only at primary level
Hidden and bleak
17. Into the nothingness of scorn and noise, Into the
living sea of waking dreams, Where there is
neither sense of life nor joys, But the vast
shipwreck of my life's esteems; And e'en the
dearest--that I loved the best-- Are strange--nay,
rather stranger than the rest.
John Clare (1793 – 1864)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. Disruptive classroom behaviors
Absenteeism
Early school-leaving
Teacher burnout
Migration, integration and sustainability
Literacy, numeracy, basic skills
Languages
Quality and governance
DG EAC (2008) European Education andTraining Systems in the Second Decennium of the Lisbon
Strategy, NESSE and ENEE.
25. Struggle for recognition
Gender equality and reproductive
rights
Religious minorities
Sexual orientation
Disability
Reaction and control – ‘standards’
Legacies of exclusion are deep and
may re-surface
26. Five key issues:
1. Measures to reduce early school leaving
2. Priority education measures in relation to
disadvantaged pupils and groups
3. Inclusive education measures in relation to pupils
with special needs
4. Safe education measures in relation on the
reduction of bullying and harassment
5.Teacher support measures.
27. ‘I refuse to join any club that would have me as a member.’
28. Social inclusion can be defined as a number
of affirmative actions undertaken in order
to reverse the social exclusion of individuals
or groups in our society
INCLUSO (EU 7th Framework, 2009)
29. A multidimensional process of progressive social
rupture, detaching groups and individuals from
social relations and institutions and preventing
them from full participation in the normal,
normatively prescribed activities of the society in
which they live.
H. Silver, Social Exclusion: Comparative Analysis of Europe and Middle East Youth,
Dec. 2007. (Wolfensohn Center for Development, Dubai)
30. Not necessarily benign
Not necessarily desired
Not necessarily valued
Inclusion or conformity?
Exclusion often seen minimally as lack of
access
Exclusion is a systematic policy of inequality
and denial of rights
Hugely different implications
31. If learning, working and production are controlled
inclusion is at best token, at worst sinister
At the core of inclusion must be ability to assess
critically and express freely
Fundamental to inclusion is ability to ask questions
that challenge existing relations
Inclusion re-examines existing reality while posing
viable alternatives
32. Youth and mass unemployment
Demographics: ageing and life expectancy
Women and labor market participation
Immigration, cultural and religious difference
Disability
Conflict, stress, anomie
Urbanization, dissent and democratic deficits
33. Positive and proactive decision – policy and
practice
It is achievable
Risks: stigmatization and discrimination
Requires whole-school and community
commitment and support
Demands resources (personnel and training)
Demands facilities to UD level throughout
Designing for diversity
Support, review, standards
34. Inclusion changes both sides – the act of
mainstreaming is to change the mainstream
not the ‘excluded’
From objects to subjects
Narratives of adaptation and discovery
From target group to citizen
Critical role of teachers
Inclusion and the dialectic of rights
35. Transformational learning and the sociology
of innovation
Educational systems as networks of actors
who reinforce each other in stable
configurations
Stable configurations prevent change
Vested interest acts against innovation and
inclusion - seen as threat
36.
37. John Henry Newman (1873) The Idea of the University
1. Primary purpose of a University is intellectual and pedagogical
2. Range of teaching within University is universal; it encompasses all
branches of knowledge, and is inconsistent with restrictions of any
kind.
3. The University prepares students by allowing them to learn about
"the ways and principles and maxims" of the world
4.True education requires personal influence of teachers on students.
Clark Kerr (1963) The Uses of the University
1. Modern university is diversified – a multiversity
2. Serves needs of society, economic and cultural
3.Think tank – essential to progress
4. Master Plan for Higher Education (1960) in California
38. Contradictory and paradoxical process
Never greater potential - side by side with
increasing disparities of access
What we think:
Citizens
▪ Shared knowledge
▪ Participative engagement
What we have:
Consumers
▪ Increasing exclusion
▪ Significant problems with equitable access
39. Terry Eagleton:The Slow Death of the University (April 2015)
Packaging knowledge
Destroying arts and the humanities
Teaching less vital than research – research brings in he money
Vast increase in bureaucracy, occasioned by the flourishing of a
managerial ideology and the relentless demands of the state assessment
exercise
Professors are transformed into managers, as students are converted
into consumers
40. End of linear models of learning
Cognitive dissonance: what is needed is not
being provided
Alienation and anomie in a changing world
Labor market flux and the loss of autonomy
Adaptability and innovation as norm, not
exception
Globalized paradigms/fractured community
Elephants in the room: power and ownership
41. Empowerment is the process of increasing the capacity of
individuals or groups to make choices and to transform those
choices into desired actions and outcomes. Central to this
process are actions which both build individual and collective
assets, and improve the efficiency and fairness of the
organizational and institutional context which govern the use
of these assets.
World Bank 2011
41
42. Acceleration
Collaboration and networks
Collaboration with knowledge production
centers
Increasing domination by market realities
Towards competence
Integrated learning for integrated learners
43. Education must fully assume its central role in
helping people to forge more just, peaceful,
tolerant and inclusive societies. It must give
people the understanding, skills and values they
need to cooperate in resolving the interconnected
challenges of the 21st century.
United Nations: Global Education First Initiative (2012)
44. Membership of a political community
Belonging and engagement
Rights and entitlements
Duties and responsibilities
Constrained by legacy of nation-state
Cultural minorities and migrants
Disputed access
45. Shaped by globalizing process
Greater access to knowledge, information
and values
Digital media
Mobility and migration
Climate change
International governance bodies
Accelerated interdependence
Respect for pluralism and diversity
46. To enable learners
To develop a sense of shared destiny through
identification with their social, cultural, and political
environments.
To become aware of the challenges posed to the
development of their communities through an
understanding of issues related to patterns of social,
economic and environmental change.
To engage in civic and social action in view of positive
societal participation and/or transformation based on a
sense of individual responsibility towards their
communities.
SobhiTawil (2013)
47. Awareness of the wider world and a sense of own role both
as a citizen with rights and responsibilities, and as a
member of the global human community.
Valuation of the diversity of cultures and of their
languages, arts, religions and philosophies as components
the common heritage of humanity.
Commitment to sustainable development and sense of
environmental responsibility.
Commitment to social justice and sense of social
responsibility.
Willingness to challenge injustice, discrimination,
inequality and exclusion at the local/national and global
level in order to make the world a more just place.
48. From oppression to emancipatory learning
Insights of the excluded - voices of the invisible
Learning to think – and teach – anew
Creating benefit for all
Critical thinking distinct epistemologies of
science and engineering
Science explains what exists; engineering creates what never
existed (Von Karman)
Disability and learning: from Louis Braille to Ken
Robinson
49. In modern society a sense of normality is achieved through
the suppression and exclusion of the abnormal
Foucault, Madness and Civilization, 1964
50. Increased application of new knowledge
Open and distance learning technologies
facilitating learners and staff competence
Transformation of traditional teaching role to
mentoring, guiding and facilitation
Development of network of inclusion best
practice at European level
Adopting UDL
Inclusion not as destination but starting point
51. Removing barriers - mind and heart
Avoiding inclusion clichés
Asserting imagination and creativity
Limitless potential of the inclusion focus
Learning for all as foundation for
transformation
From the core of crisis – new directions or the
abyss?
52. Dr. Alan Bruce
ULS Dublin
abruce@ulsystems.com
Associate Offices: BARCELONA - HELSINKI - SÃO PAULO - CHICAGO