3. Infections are caused by
microbes, including fungi, viruses, and
bacteria.
Normally, bacteria that
enter the urinary tract are
rapidly removed by the
body before they cause symptoms.
Women tend to have UTI more often than
men.
4. •Urinary tract infections are the second
most common type of infection in the
body.
-Urethra: urethritis
-Bladder: cystitis
-Ureters: ureteritis
-Kidneys: pyelonephritis
5. Common pathogens UTI:
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella
E. coli
Enterococci
Enterobacter
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that
live in the bowel. The bacterium
Escherichia coli causes the vast majority
of UTIs.
6. Symptoms
Urgency
Frequency of micturition
Pain in the abdomen
Pain on one side of the back
under the ribs.
Fever
Nausea
Vomiting
7. UTI during
pregnancy
According to some
reports, about 4 to 5
percent of pregnant
women develop a UTI.
Scientists think that
hormonal changes and
shifts in the position of the
urinary tract during
pregnancy make it easier
for bacteria to travel up
the ureters to the kidneys
and cause infection.
-routinely screen pregnant
women for bacteria in the
urine.
8. Diagnosis
To find out whether a person has a
UTI, the health care provider will ask
about urinary symptoms and then
test a sample of urine for the
presence of bacteria and white
blood cells.
9. Is a genetic disorder characterized
by the growth of numerous cysts in
the kidneys
50%
Autosomal dominant PKD + :
Symptoms usually develop
between the ages of 30 and 40, but
they can begin earlier even in
childhood. (90%)
Autosomal recessive PKD - :
Symptoms can begin in the earliest
months of life, even in the womb.
25%
10. Pain in the back
and the sides
between the ribs
and hips
Headaches
The pain can be
temporary or
persistent, mild
or severe.
Urinary tract infections
Hematuria
Liver and pancreatic
cysts
Abnormal heart valves
High blood pressure
Kidney stones
Aneurysms in the brain
Diverticulosis
Pregnancy
complications
Loss of kidney function
12. PKD has no cure. Treatments
include:
Medicine to control high
blood pressure
Medicine and surgery to
reduce pain
Antibiotics to resolve
infections
Dialysis to replace functions
of failed kidneys
Kidney transplantation
14. Definition
A kidney stone is a solid mass made up of tiny crystals. One or more stones
can be in the kidney or ureter at the same time.
Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the
abdomen, flank, or groin. Kidney stones occur in 1 of 20 people at some time
in their life.
15. WHERE IS THE STONE?
kidney (nephrolithiasis)
Ureter (ureterolithiasis)
Bladder (cystolithiasis)
16. Symptoms
The main symptom is severe pain that starts suddenly
Pain may be felt in the belly area or side of the back
Pain may move to groin area (groin pain)
Other symptoms can include:
Abnormal urine color
Blood in the urine
Chills
Fever
Nausea
Vomiting
17. Prevention
If you have a history of
stones, drink plenty of fluids (6 - 8
glasses of water per day) to
produce enough urine.
Depending on the type of
stone, you might need to take
medications or other measures to
prevent the stones from returning.