Leishmaniasis visceral
Alexander Pabon Moreno
MD. Neurologo
Oscar Roa
MD: Infectologo – Oncólogo
Hector Ramirez
MD. Unidad de cuidados intensivos
Estudiante de Doctorado en enfermedades infecciosas
Leishmaniasis
• William Boog Leishman (1865-
1926)
• Oficial del ejército británico de
ocupación de la India, quien
describió esta enfermedad en
1901.
• Antes de leishman la enfermedad
era conocida en la india como Kala
azar, que en Hindi significaba "
fiebre negra"-+ Otro britanico
charles Donovan
Epidemiologia
• Zoonosis
• Reservorios: caninos y roedores
• Vectores: moscas hembras flebotomas
• Endemica en 88 países del mundo
• America: desde el norte de argentina hasta el sur
de texa Sur de Europa, Asia, oriente medio y
africa 500000 nuevos casos al año
*El 95% de los casos es mortal si no se trata.
• Fiebre, pérdida de peso, hepatoesplenomegalia y anemia.
• La mayoría de los casos se registran en el Brasil, África oriental y la India.
• Se calcula que anualmente se producen en todo el mundo entre 50.000 y 90.000 nuevos casos de
leishmaniasis visceral, de los que solo entre el 25% y el 45% se notifican a la OMS.
Sigue siendo una de las principales enfermedades parasitarias con capacidad de generar brotes y muertes.
Manifestaciones clínicas
• Asintomática
• La relación entre infección
asintomática y
enfermedad clínicamente
manifiesta.
• >30:1 en Europa
• 6:1 Niños brasileños
• 4:1 Bangladesh.
En 2018, más del 95% de los nuevos casos notificados a la OMS se produjeron en 10 países: Brasil, China, Etiopía,India, Iraq, Kenya, Nepal, Somalia, Sudán y Sudán del Sur.
Virulencia del parásito
Predisposición genética humana
Estado nutricional
Inmunosupresión
DESCRIPTION A man in is 60s presented with a 2-month history of 1.5cm submental lymphadenopathy. He reported no weight loss, no change in general condition and no fever. The rest of his clinical examination were normal. He underwent a caudal pancreatectomy associated with a splenectomy and radiochemotherapy 4years ago for pancreatic cancer. Routine laboratory tests showed a normal white cell count. Antibody tests for toxoplasmosis, syphilis and Bartonella henselae were negative. Fine needle aspiration was suspicious of lymphoma. Biopsy of the lymphadenopathy revealed the presence of amastigotes (figure 1). A PCR assay performed on biopsy specimen was positive for Leishmania. Bone marrow aspiration was negative on both cytology and PCR assay. The patient spent 2months in southwest of France during the previous summer (Occitania), and reported that the number of sandflies was particularly high compared with his previous stays. After surveying several veterinarians in the region, they confirmed an increase in cases of canine leishmaniasis that year. We retained the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, and the patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin B, which led to the complete disappearance of lymphadenopathy. Leishmania is a protozoan that is transmitted by sandflies found in Mediterranean area, India, parts of Africa, Central America and South America. Infection
Figure 1 Biopsy of the lymphadenopathy revealed a granulomatous lymphadenitis, associating histiocytic and epithelioid cells surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells (A). Some scattered histiocytes were filled with monotonous small structures. Careful examination at high magnification revealed amastigotes (B), better recognised on biopsy smears where leishmania’s kinetoplast (red arrow) was visible (C). These elements were positive on CD1a immunostaining (D).