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Reliance Retail
                     Fancy Predictions                                                        Real Reality
2006- August- CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, the brokerage,           Reliance's total turnover from its retail business for FY 10 was
predicted that Reliance Retail could achieve sales of $20bn       around Rs 5310 crore or just about $1 Billion and had losses
and profits of $1bn within six or seven years.                    of around Rs.244 crore. I hope someone didn’t confuse
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2945340/Indias-Wal-            revenue with profits.
Mart.html                                                         http://www.deccanherald.com/content/100404/reliance-retail-
                                                                  open-4000-stores.html
                                                                  http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/21215639/Reliance-Retail-
                                                                  mulls-opening.html
2006-Reliance Retail will be setting up close to 1,000 stores,    5 years later in till Jan-2011 they have 1050 stores.
most of them 2,000-5,000 sq ft, spread across major cities in     http://www.livemint.com/2011/01/07143220/Reliance-Retail-to-
10 states by March 2007 . In all, the company will roll out       open-150-st.html
4,000 stores in 1,500 cities by the year 2010.
http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=1921
4&sectionid=25
                                                                                      nd
2010 September-We are looking at a rapid expansion and            At the time of the 2 prediction there were 1050 stores
will be opening about 3,000-4,000 stores over the next 3-4        generating about Rs. 4500 crore revenue.
years.
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/100404/reliance-              But double of 1050 will be around 2100 stores which is
retail-open-4000-stores.html                                      contradicted by the earlier statement of opening 3000-4000
January 2011 - Reliance Retail...is set to open 150 stores        stores.
by March-end and double the number of stores across the           Someone please convince me that how can you double your
country in all formats within five years.The target of clocking   store counts but at the same time increase your revenue by 10
revenues up to Rs 45,000 crore can be achieved only with          times.
doubling the number of stores over the next five years.
http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/reliance-
retailto-open-150-stores-by-march-end/421149/



                                               Pantaloon Retail
                     Fancy Predictions                                                     Real Reality
2006 December-We are, therefore, gearing up to open 75            5 Years Later just 185 Food Bazaars and 123 KB Fair Price is
more Food Bazaars across the country by the end of next           operational.
year (i.e. by 2007up from 60).                                    http://www.pantaloonretail.in/annual_report_2009_2010.pdf
http://www.retailangle.com/Newsdetail.asp?Newsid=462&Ne
wstitle=Pantaloon_to_open_250_KB's_stores_in_NCR
2006 December- Our ambition is to reach a turnover of Rs          2009-10 Total Revenues around Rs.6000 Crores. (miss by
30,000 crore by 2010.                                             "just" Rs. 24000 Crores)
http://www.retailangle.com/Newsdetail.asp?Newsid=462&Ne           http://www.pantaloonretail.in/annual_report_2009_2010.pdf
wstitle=Pantaloon_to_open_250_KB's_stores_in_NCR
Sometime in 2005-06-Over 200 million footfalls are                Instead of achieving over 200 million in 2007 it will achieve
expected in our stores by 2006-07.                                around 270 million four years later i.e. 2011. (a miss by “just” 4
http://www.fibre2fashion.com/face2face/pantaloon/kishorebi        years)
yani.asp                                                          http://www.pantaloonretail.in/PRIL%20Q2%20FY11%20Result
                                                                  s%20Presentation.pdf
Sometime in 2005-06 -In India, organized retail constitutes       2011- Organized retail is around 5-6%.
about 3% of total retail and is poised to reach 15-20% in the     (I guess a few years means may be a decade)
next few years, which translates into a 40% CAGR. Kishore
Biyani.
http://www.fibre2fashion.com/face2face/pantaloon/kishorebi
yani.asp
                                                  Infiniti Retail(Tata Group)
                     Fancy Predictions                                                      Real Reality
June 2007- Infinity to open 100 retail stores.                    Currently has about 63 Croma stores(will need to open 74
Nov-2007- Infiniti Retail to open 100 stores                      stores within next year to meet target set in May2010)
June 2009- Infiniti Retail plans to have over 100 Croma           http://www.cromaretail.com/news/newsnmedia.html
stores by '11.                                                    Aug’11- Total Number of Exclusive Landmark Stores- 16
May 2010-Infiniti Retail to open 100 Croma stores in two          Apart from this Landmark has around 15 Hotel and airport
years (then store count 47).                                      Bookstores.
July 2007- Trent plans 15 Landmark stores in 1 year.              http://www.landmarkonthenet.com/Business/aboutus.aspx

http://www.financialexpress.com/news/infiniti-retail-plans-to-
open-100-croma-stores-in-two-years/615570/
http://www.cromaretail.com/news/newsnmedia.html
Rosy Predictions about future of Retail Vs Reality – Current
            share of Organized Retail is only around 5%-6.5%1




                           •Organized Retail is projected to grow at the rate of 25% -30% p.a.
2004-05 Shopper's           and is estimated to touch Rs. 1000 bn by 2010, contributing to 9% of
Stop Annual Report          the total retail sales. (Source: Images Retail Report, 2005)
                            http://corporate.shoppersstop.com/uploaded_files/efcffca-f239.pdf




                           •Pantaloons put this projection for its IPO - KSA Technopak estimates
                            organised retail in India to reach 12% to 13% of the total retail market by
  2005 Technopak            2010with sales of Rs. 1700-1800 bn, aided by improved real estate
                            infrastructure and easier access to capital
                            http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/pantaloon.pdf




                           •Organised retail, which is currently estimated to be Rs 1.0 lakh crore (5
                            per cent share), is projected to reach Rs 3.0 lakh crore (11 per cent
  Same Technopak            share) by 2015. This means a tripling of the current size and scale of
 Sometime in 2010           organised retail in the next 5 years.
                            http://www.technopak.com/Perspective/vol4/An%20overview%20of%20India's%20consumerand%20retail
                            %20sectors.pdf




                           •The game has just begun , with organized retail accounting for less
 McKinsey-August            than 5% market and likely to expand to anywhere between 14% and
                            18% by 2015.
      2008                  http://csi.mckinsey.com/~/media/Extranets/Consumer%20Shopper%20Insights/Reports/THE_
                            GREAT_INDIAN_BAZAAR_SECURE.ashx




                           •“Organized retail, which constituted a low four per cent of total
 ICRIER-September           retail in 2006-07, is estimated to grow at 45-50 per cent per annum
                            and attain a 16 per cent share of total retail by 2011-12.”
       2008                 http://www.icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper222.pdf




                           • As per various literature, the projected annual growth rate of
                             this segment of the retail market till 2013 is slated to be over
KnightFrank-Q1-2010          30 per cent. As a result, its share in total retail market is
                             expected to be around 11 per cent by 2013.
                             http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/indiaretail_q12010.pdf




                          •May 29th 2008-But “organised retail”, such as hypermarkets, supermarkets and
                           department stores, is still rare in India, accounting for just 4% of the country's $322
                           billion market. http://www.economist.com/node/11465586
  The Economist           •Mar 3rd 2011- Estimates put the retail industry's size at just $450m of which only a
                           tiny fraction, 5%, is organized.
                           http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/03/retail_india
Critical Analysis of India’s Retail Industry
I am writing this blog entry after recently the government of India allowed 51% FDI in multi brand retail.
Lot of people related to retail and general public seems to be really excited while there are kirana
(mom-n-pop) store owners afraid as to what it will do to them. In fact Kaushik Basu, chief economic
advisor, said FDI in retail will bring down inflation.1

This sentence really forced me to dig deeper into the matter as for last 3 years (2008-11) the inflation
has been way above normal (greater than almost 8% whichever way the government wants to measure
it). To say that inflation could be controlled by having more investments in Retail by foreigners seems a
bit odd to me.

In the rest of the description I will try to find out following:
        The advantages and disadvantages of Kirana Stores vs Supermarkets
        Opening of Multi Brand retail-will it really make Walmarts and Tescos and Targets of the world
        to come in India and start making money profitably enough (even after say 5-10 years) ?
        If Walmarts, Targets, Tescos open up in India will the Kirana(mom-n-pop) stores will have to
        close down? Will millions of small time retailers lose their only means of livelihood?
        Will the supply chain for all products in India improve magically because Wal-Mart/Tesco is
        there?
        Will FDI in retail help reduce inflation?
        Indian customers- will they magically start getting food/groceries/non-food products at lower
        prices because a Wal-Mart or Tesco has come in? And even if the price was low will Indian
        consumer really go and buy from Wal-Mart instead of from Kirana Stores in a huge number?


All of the following is based on mainly on following important assumptions which I feel are true –
         There is NO easy money to be made by anybody on this planet earth be it Wal-Mart or any
         company.
         Nothing magical, revolutionary, amazing thing happens in this world (especially India) except
         mainly in technology areas (like internet, Telecom and medicine) which are almost completely
         free from government dependence. The moment something needs to become magical or
         amazing and it requires a lot of back and forth dealings with government approvals, land
         acquisition, power/electricity, real estate, roads, railways, ports believe me it does not
         happen.
         The 5 year or 10 year projections on excel sheets and ppts by Consultants, Analysts and
         supposedly learned people are far away from what happens in real world




Success of Retailers Worldwide

Let’s start off with a small history of the success of retail industry mostly in US and UK. Wal-Mart,
Tesco, Target, Carrefour, Home-Depot, Metro etc come in mind the moment we think of really large
retail chains. 2 All these retailers grew from almost 0 to present state over last 4-5 decades with their
managements doing amazing innovations in bringing the goods to consumers by relentlessly improving
supply chain and driving down costs. Hats off to the promoters and management of these companies.

The thing to note is that among the largest and best retailers not a single one of them is from a
developing country or even say a less developed or almost developed country.

But if you look at the top 100 companies in the whole world there are at lot more companies from
developing countries like China(9), Brazil(5), even India (1 Reliance Industries).3

There would obviously be millions of reason which can be given for the fact that though top retailers are
from developed countries ONLY but the top 100 companies almost 20% of them are from developing
countries. I think that a part of success of the lot of top retailers in the world is contributed by the
governments of the developed country by outstanding provisions of:
       Roads
       Railways
       Power
       Land
       Ports
Mind you I am not for a second saying that Wal-Mart is successful only because US government has
provided good infrastructure. All I am saying that if the above things were not available in abundance
and of such high quality then Wal-Mart would not have been as successful as it has been.




India Retail Landscape-Predictions and Reality

It’s estimated that the total retail sales in India will grow from US$ 395.96 billion in 2011 to US$ 785.12
billion by 2015, according to the Business Monitor International (BMI) India Retail Report for the
second-quarter of 2011. 4

In 2008 organized retail constituted around 5% of total retail market.5 Three years later it probably is
around 6.5%6 with the rest around 94-95% being run by unorganized sector with almost 35 million or
7.3% of India’s workforce being engaged in it.7

Back in 2006-07 when stock markets were up and everything seemed hunky dory everyone predicted
that the organized retail market share will grow from 4-5%(then in 2006-07) to almost 12-15% in 2011
predicting almost 30%+ compounded growth rate . 8

Unfortunately reality is almost always different from fancy projections on excel sheets/ppts.

The real growth rate from 2006-2010 has been 13.3% (according to CARE)9.
Here are various projections about organized retail in India (mind you the earlier the projections rosier
the picture).

Of course nobody had seen the 2008-2009 worldwide recessions coming (ask Bernanke 10 or may be
John Paulson or Michael Burry or read “The Big Short” about how many knew about this recession or
best listen to Prem Watsa 11 Ben Graham Centre for Value Investing speech in 2007 and check out
how much money he spent to buy protection against mortgages defaulting, or read outsdanding memos
written by Howard Marks of Oakland capital warning about coming debacle and race to bottom) much
less the Consulting companies and Retail Analysts.

       But it begs to question as to how can almost everybody be on the same side of predictions and
       everybody go wrong by at least 50% in their predictions??
       When was the last time anyone saw a 30%+ actual real life growth of any industry for 5-10
       years which is fraught with so many government approvals and dependence on great
       infrastructure (except tech and telecom which are anyway invented, made and refined in
       US/Europe and India just copies)?? Easy Money to be made??
       Should we trust all the rosy predictions about growth of retail which has started to gradually
       appear back in newspapers and TV again as of today (if you feel like déjà 2007 you are not
       alone)??
Some of the Spectacular Failures in Retail
                   3500
                                              3000
                   3000

                   2500                                                              2300
   Rupees Crores




                   2000

                   1500
                           1000
                                                                                            Don’t know
                   1000                                                                     Current
                                                                                            Value. Most
                   500                                           208                        Probably
                                  70                 70                28                   ZERO.

                      0
                            Vishal Retail     Koutons Retail      Indiabulls          Subhiksha
                                                               Retail(Store One)

                             Higesht Market Cap during 2008    Last Recorded Market Cap



Vishal Retail. 12
Koutons Retail 13 14
Subhikhsa was not listed but it was valued approximately at Rs. 2300 crore when Azim Premji bought
10% stake in 200815. And of course there was no love lost between them later as Azim Premji regretted
having ever invested in Subhiksha16 . Current Value of Subiksha is not available but ICICI has written
off all its investments so I have assumed its current value to be 0.17
Indiabulls Retail(Store One) bought Pyramid Retail for 208 crore in 2008 and Store One’s current
market cap is 28 Crores.
Why India cannot have credit card penetration levels of US and UK even in the coming 3 decades –
Result-> Walmarts, Tescos or for that matter any retailer cannot make as much money here as
people are predicting
                                  Number of Credit Card Holders and Literacy Rates in India, US & UK
                           1400


                                   1189
                           1200
                                                                                                   Total
                                                                                                   Population
                           1000
                                                                                                   Number of
  Population in Millions




                                                                                                   Credit Card
                            800                                                                    Holders

                                                                                                   Number of
                                                                                                   Illiterates
                            600
                                              463.71

                            400
                                                       313

                                                             181
                            200
                                                                          62
                                          18.3                                 30
                                                                   3.13             0.62
                              0
                                          India              USA               UK



Source:USA - 18
UK19
India: Business Standard 20


A lot people assume that since Multi Brand FDI in retail also allows a person to use his Credit Card
unlike the Kirana stores where you have to pay cash hence Kirana stores are going to be at a loss and
Big organized retailers are at a benefit.
Well to a certain extent it is definitely true but if you look at the chart above you will see that the Wal-
Marts and Tescos have been really successful in countries where the credit card penetration has been
more than 50% of the population. India’s credit card penetration – 1.51% of total population.

And yes now some intelligent person will again put forward same rhetoric – India is developing and will
develop above 7% , middle class growing and hence number of credit cards will grow very fast and so
on so that Big Organized retail will grow exponentially.

No matter how much the credit card grows there is almost a physical limit to what % of Indian
Population will be having credit cards which is based on following assumptions:
       Banks will never ever issue a credit card to illiterate person. (I hope this assumption is true else
       …….God help the banks.)
       The number of illiterates in India is around 40% of the population which is not going to change
       by any invention or technological breakthrough in coming 1 decade (maximum it can reduce is
       by 10%).(Unless someone makes a medical breakthrough which will implant something in the
       brain that all Indians will suddenly become literate).
Hence based on above assumptions I can safely say that it is impossible that India is going to see a
50% penetration of credit cards even in the coming 3-4 decades.


Consequence of Low Credit Card Penetration for Wal-Mart/Tesco and Indian
Retailers in coming Decades- Above points directly imply that the so called advantage of
Organized retail that Credit Card facility is actually more of a handicap rather than a benefit because
they cannot scale up to a level whereby enough people who are having credit cards are going to come
to their stores and make a lot of impulse purchase.


Advantage Kirana
Kirana stores and millions of them have been offering credit to their customers from the time kiranas
came into being. The interest free period can range from 15 to 30 days without any penalty because
they know their customers (without asking for KYC forms !!!!) . And god forbid if any customer is unable
to pay even after 30 days but just explains and assures the Kirana shop owner that hey this month I
had to pay for my children’s school uniforms and books can I pay you next month?? Well Kiranas take
that case as well and some cases allow for almost 2 months of credit. And yes they don’t charge
interest rates at 35%+ per annum and they don’t get bankrupt.

Walmarts and Tescos try beating Kiranas on the above points.

For more optimistic people who hope that in next 2 decades India achieves a credit card penetration
rate of 50% here is some basic maths:


Basic Calculations for India to achieve Credit Card Penetration rate equal to that of US or UK
20 Years later India’s population (Assuming a     1.98 Billion
0.5% growth rate)
50 % credit card penetration target               Almost 1 Billion people
Current Number of credit card Holders             18 million
Average Number of New Credit Card users to be
                                                  Almost 50 million per year
added to reach 1 Billion cards
Compounded Annual Growth Rate Needed to           22% for 20 years (Possible ???)
achieve 1 Billion Credit Cards

Oh yes new credit card issuances can grow per year at 22% per annum for 20 years but have a look
below for the trend in credit card issuance in India in the last 5 years. After a huge growth came
worldwide recession and number of credit cards went down by almost 30 percent within 2-3 years. Of
course the optimist will say well you cannot factor recession while projecting hence lets believe that
there will be no recession in the world in next 20 years and we will achieve a 50% credit card
penetration rate by growing per annum at 22%.(Best of luck !!)
Number of Credit Card Holders in India over
                                  last 5 years
              30
                                          28.3
              25

              20        20
                                                              18.3
   Millions




              15                                                     Credit Cards Holders in
                                                                     Million
              10

               5

               0
                    Jan-06   Jan-07   Jan-08     Jan-09   Jan-10



Source: Business Standard 21




Size of House in Developed Countries & Relation to Organized Retail

Most of shoppers in US and UK at weekends go to Wal-Mart and Tesco and buy stuff for (groceries,
food and beverages, et al) at one go for the next week or even two weeks. One of the reasons they can
do that is they have big house to store those things which they have bought. Following is the analysis
of how much area is available for citizens in US, UK and India.



Average Size of a House in USA, UK, and India and Per Square Feet per person
comparison

As you can see below for US, UK and India there is almost no comparison for the per square feet
space in house per person at all. This is a huge factor in determining the success of Organized retail
because for India 57% expenditure occurs on food and if Indians can’t store 1 week or 2 week worth of
food items in their house they will NOT buy that if they go to Retail outlets.

People in US/UK just drive their cars to Walmarts , load up the week’s supply and put it back in their
houses but for India this is just not possible because
        Size of House(and thereby kitchen) is very small
        Number of people living per house in India(4.8)22is higher compared to US(2.59)23/UK(2.21)24
No matter how much supply chain is improved by Wal-Mart for food there just isn’t enough space in
Indian homes to stock up a even 1 week’s supply as people do in developed world. Indians even
in next couple of decades will keep on buying food JIT way i.e. buy when you need else don’t buy.
If someone thinks that magically the size of houses for Indians is going to increase in a hurry in future
best of luck.
Square Feet Per Person
                            1000
                                   888
                            900
                            800
   Square Feet Per Person




                            700
                            600
                            500
                                                                   Square Feet Per Person
                            400           344
                            300
                            200
                                                   93
                            100
                               0
                                   USA     UK     India




Sources : USA 25 Table number 2-3. Though for US the data the median per person square feet
available is 750 26Average home sizes is 2300 sq feet. And average household size is 2.59. 27 So it
gives a value of 888
UK 28 . I used the Table SST1.1 where average floor area is 91 square metres and multiplied it with
22335,000 which is the count of the number of houses and then divided by total population of UK which
is around 62 million.
India - 29


Number of Cars Per Person & Relation to Organized Retail
There is no point in even comparing the data of number of cars per 1000 people across USA , UK and
India. One look at below mentioned Chart and you will agree. The basic assumption is that people
shop more of grocery , food and other items and load it up in cars to get back home and it contributes
tremendously to the success of Retailers in developed countries. If a country like India does not have
good enough car penetration level then the Organized Retail should not expect magic to happen
(unless they think Organized Retail=Clothes Electronics).
Number of Cars per 1000 people
                          900
                                779
                          800
                          700
   Cars Per 1000 people




                          600
                          500              458
                                                                      Number of Cars per 1000
                          400
                                                                      people
                          300
                          200
                          100
                                                   12
                            0
                                USA        UK     India


Let’s say there comes a time when in India the car penetration becomes around 500 per thousand
people.

But here is a small math (compound interest example) about growth needed by car industry in India to
reach the car ownership level of USA and UK:

Years Needed to Reach 500 cars per 1000(from Compounded Annual Growth Rate Needed
present 12)
                      10                                                     45%
                      20                                                     20%
                      30                                                   13.24%
SIAM has forecasted an 11-13 % growth rate in automobiles in India in next 5 years. So you do the
math and estimate how many years realistically India will take to reach Car penetration level to that of
US/UK and when millions of Indians will start using cars to go to Wal-Mart or Big Bazaar and load up on
retail offerings.




Share of Spend by Indian Consumers and Organized Retail Penetration
The real success and scale of any business proposition is where are people currently spending and
targeting the products/services to getting a big slice of it and doing it profitably enough.(of course if you
are Steve Jobs you can make iPad and have sales of $10billion in 15 months for a product on which
people were spending 0 , but seriously does anyone thinks any retailer anywhere in the world is Steve
Jobs ??)

Let’s have a look at the facts about the spending pattern of average Indian Consumer and the
Organized Retail Penetration.
Organized Retail India - Critical Analysis
One thing which immediately strikes by having a look at the above charts is how skewed the whole
Organized Retail is in India.
        Indians spend more than 50% of their expenditure on Food and Grocery but the Organized
        Retail penetration is 1% even after so called stupendous growth of organized retail over the
        decade.
        The highest penetration of Organized Retail is in clothing and fashion at 23% but Indians do not
        spend even 10% of their income on that . No matter how much the Indian retailers keep on
        selling fashion items and clothes they are always going to be playing within just the 10% of
        spend of Indian Consumers.
Of course these things present a great opportunity for retailers to grab a large pie of Food and Grocery
Retailing but the obstacles are just too tough to be taken care of by retailers.
Beating the nearby Kirana and Mom-n-pop stores in Food (grocery and perishable products like milk-
which contributes almost 8% to expenses of Indian consumer) is almost like playing a loser’s game.



Why Organized Retail cannot compete effectively in Food Products and
Grocery (And hence cannot get a significant pie of an item which constitutes
greater than 50% expenditure by Indian consumers)
The Kiranas have following advantages over the Organized Retailers:

       Most Kiranas and Vegetable Sellers Don’t pay taxes and never will because either their
       income less than taxable or the big kiranas pay bribes to income tax officials to make sure they
       don’t file income taxes. This will remain true in foreseeable future. (India is a country with almost
       1.2 billion people but less than 40 million pay taxes.)
       Almost all Indians prefer fresh food to canned/packed/treated food. Indians mostly will keep on
       buying fresh vegetables and fruits in near future with a miniscule (negligible) percentage shifting
       to canned food.
       There is such a huge market for out of home small snacks ( aloo paratha, pani puri, vada pav,
       idli , dosa , etc) and majority of them exist right on the road . They will keep doing business even
       for next 30 years and keep on beating the Organized Retailers hands down.
       Most Kiranas do not have and don’t need power for 12 hours a day.
       The vegetable/Food sellers offer credit for time varying from 1 day to 1 month to whatever
       depending on the relationship they have with the customer for amounts which can be even as
       low as 20-30 rupees. Organized retailers will NOT EVEN TRY TO beat this.
       India can never be free from roadside stalls because it is convenient for customers, good for
       sellers and a huge source of bribery to Policeman and consequently to government through
       corruption. (Eg- Ask any vegetable/fruit seller on the road and he will say that he has to pay at
       least 100-200 per day to policeman/municipality people OR just sit at his stall one day and you
       will see it right in front of you) This directly implies Kirana/Vegetable sellers will always (even in
       next 30-50 years) will be close to where people live and hence beat the Organized retailers.
       Pathetic roads/traffic conditions ensure that people will keep on shopping for food/grocery
       just near to their homes rather than go and waste 1 hour minimum to buy from organized
       retailer.
        The usual rhetoric of Supply Chain efficiency boils down to following facts which just cannot
       be taken care by Private Players. For e.g.:
       o Cold Storages- Even the dumbest person on planet knows for last 100 years that cold
             storages should be there to avoid wastage of perishable goods – so why isn’t it becoming a
             reality whereby thousands of cold storages are opened throughout India and reduce
             wastage by 30-40-50%??
                 o For a private sector the cost-benefit analysis does not warrant making a cold
                     storage else we would have seen hundreds of cold storages by Pantaloons,
Shopper’s Stop , etc . If it hasn’t been beneficial for last 10 years since Shopper’s
                    Stop and Pantaloons started I doubt how it would suddenly become beneficial in
                    near future and I cannot see a logical reason for Wal-Mart to suddenly start making
                    cold storages when almost nobody has been building it in India.
                o Power- There just isn’t enough electricity in India to support the hundreds of cold
                    storages dreamed by retailers and the situation is not going to improve in a jiffy.
                    Optimists please go through our track record of adding power capacities over last 20
                    years and only then hope for a miracle in the next 20.
       o   Roads- The pathetic condition of Indian roads means the big Volvos of Wal-Mart which zip
           around on great roads of US cannot do the same in India. And of course Shopper’s
           Stop/Wal-Mart cannot build roads, bridges, train tracks and flyovers.
       o   Sourcing Directly from Farmers –Except the brilliant ITC (its e-choupal initiative) there has
           been just talk , talk and talk about sourcing directly from farmers and removing middlemen .
           Everybody knows that middlemen need to be removed but almost nobody has taken enough
           initiative to do that because it’s just not easy and benefits may not be worth the investments
           needed. Ask ITC how from early 2000 onwards it has been in that field with huge
           management effort and huge investment in getting the e-choupal going. If some player
           thinks they can just come and do quickly what ITC took almost a decade to accomplish with
           brilliant people on board(look at how ITC goes to top MBA colleges and hires the best of the
           breed, sends them across to rural India and check out how many hires were done by
           Pantaloons, Shopper’s Stop from IIMs or other top B-Schools). Even then, ITC which is
           arguably the best agri sourcer in India decided to exit fresh food retail business30.


Share of Organized Retail Penetration. 31


Books/Music shops with Retailers and their Failures(in short they are doomed)

Almost all large retailers in India have a book/music section and they will keep on losing money on that
due to following reasons :
        Music is going to be pirated no matter what anyone on the planet does. It’s too simple.
        Movie DVDs just are not going to sell enough but pirated/shared via Bit Torrent/DVD rental
        companies will eat up. I mean does anyone really expect millions of Indians to walk up and buy
        a Rs. 400 priced DVD of any film??
        Books are priced atrociously high particularly books by foreign authors/publishers (which are
        seen in majority in any modern book store). I mean how can you price the book assuming the
        author lives in USA (where minimum wage is > $7 per hour or Rs. 300 per hour when the min
        wage for 8 hours in India is around Rs. 120 ) and he brings book to India and sells it at almost
        same price which is set in USA . It’s amazing the book companies just do NOT get it. Hence
        although there is huge demand for books in India but paying a rupee value which is almost
        direct conversion of Dollar/Pound price is never ever going to take off .
        The Richie rich who can actually afford to buy the books are buying iPads and increasingly
        shifting to E-books. (Amazon is shortly going to be launching in India) Best of luck Landmark
        and Crossword.
        There is a reason why books sales via internet are not going to Landmark/Crossword or
        present retailers or to even Rediff and Indiatimes(who by the way seem to be in this business
        for eternity with really speaking nothing to show ) . The reason is they are NOT smart enough
        and do not have the management , hunger , passion , talent and enthusiasm to do it . Look at
        Flipkart and the way it is revolutionizing the e-commerce. Why because they have everything
        which the old thinking retail managers DO NOT have.
        Broadband is so pathetic in India that it can only go up and become better. Watch out for
        entrepreneurs who would replicate Netflix and Hulu in India. 5 years from now when the
        broadband is hopefully “broad” watch out for the Landmark/crossword to be replaced with
        clothes - the only thing which retailers seem to be selling and making some money.
1
  http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/8603386.cms?prtpage=1
2
  http://worldb2blink.com/worldtop100retailers.htm
3
  http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/95edc490-9d61-11e0-9a70-00144feabdc0.pdf
4
  http://www.assocham.org/events/showevent.php?id=599
5
  http://www.nsdcindia.org/pdf/Organised-Retail.pdf
6
  http://www.mywestside.com/downloads/Fifty-%20Ninth%20Annual%20Report%202010-11.pdf
7
  http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/03/retail_india
8
  http://www.icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper222.pdf
9
  http://www.careratings.com/content/ResourceCenter/reports/Synopsis%20-%20Retail%20March%202011.pdf
10
   http://www.businessinsider.com/why-you-probably-shouldnt-trust-ben-bernankes-rosy-forecast-2009-2
11
   http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIentrepreneurs/Canada/A_Z/W/Prem_Watsa/index.htm
12
   http://119.82.71.56/article.aspx?267807
13
   http://119.82.71.56/article.aspx?267807
14
   http://money.rediff.com/companies/koutons-retail-india-ltd./16610467
15
   http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/azim-premji-buys-10-in-subhiksha/333543/
16
   http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/subhiksha-promoter-sends-legal-notice-to-azim-premji/408350/
17
   http://www.livemint.com/2010/03/16234728/ICICI-VentureSubhiksha-stake.html
18
   http://www.indexcreditcards.com/finance/creditcardstatistics/2011-report-on-credit-card-usage-facts-
statistics.html
19
   http://www.theukcardsassociation.org.uk/media_centre/press_releases_new/-/page/1235/
20
   http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/fewer-swipes-numbercredit-card-holders-slips-to-183-mn-in-
march/395258/
21
   http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/fewer-swipes-numbercredit-card-holders-slips-to-183-mn-in-
march/395258/
22
   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_household_size
23
   http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts
24
   http://www.greenenergyinvestors.com/index.php?showtopic=11696
25
   http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/h150-09.pdf
26
   http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/chicago/books-guides-resources/average-home-sizes-around-the-world-
151738
27
   http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts
28
  http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingresearch/housingsurveys/englishhousingsurvey/ehspublications
/
29
   http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/press_note_535_15nov10.pdf
30
   http://www.retailangle.com/Newsdetail.asp?Newsid=3338&Newstitle=ITC_Exits_Choupal_Fresh
31
   http://www.mywestside.com/downloads/Fifty-%20Ninth%20Annual%20Report%202010-11.pdf

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Organized Retail India - Critical Analysis

  • 1. Reliance Retail Fancy Predictions Real Reality 2006- August- CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, the brokerage, Reliance's total turnover from its retail business for FY 10 was predicted that Reliance Retail could achieve sales of $20bn around Rs 5310 crore or just about $1 Billion and had losses and profits of $1bn within six or seven years. of around Rs.244 crore. I hope someone didn’t confuse http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2945340/Indias-Wal- revenue with profits. Mart.html http://www.deccanherald.com/content/100404/reliance-retail- open-4000-stores.html http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/21215639/Reliance-Retail- mulls-opening.html 2006-Reliance Retail will be setting up close to 1,000 stores, 5 years later in till Jan-2011 they have 1050 stores. most of them 2,000-5,000 sq ft, spread across major cities in http://www.livemint.com/2011/01/07143220/Reliance-Retail-to- 10 states by March 2007 . In all, the company will roll out open-150-st.html 4,000 stores in 1,500 cities by the year 2010. http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=1921 4&sectionid=25 nd 2010 September-We are looking at a rapid expansion and At the time of the 2 prediction there were 1050 stores will be opening about 3,000-4,000 stores over the next 3-4 generating about Rs. 4500 crore revenue. years. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/100404/reliance- But double of 1050 will be around 2100 stores which is retail-open-4000-stores.html contradicted by the earlier statement of opening 3000-4000 January 2011 - Reliance Retail...is set to open 150 stores stores. by March-end and double the number of stores across the Someone please convince me that how can you double your country in all formats within five years.The target of clocking store counts but at the same time increase your revenue by 10 revenues up to Rs 45,000 crore can be achieved only with times. doubling the number of stores over the next five years. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/reliance- retailto-open-150-stores-by-march-end/421149/ Pantaloon Retail Fancy Predictions Real Reality 2006 December-We are, therefore, gearing up to open 75 5 Years Later just 185 Food Bazaars and 123 KB Fair Price is more Food Bazaars across the country by the end of next operational. year (i.e. by 2007up from 60). http://www.pantaloonretail.in/annual_report_2009_2010.pdf http://www.retailangle.com/Newsdetail.asp?Newsid=462&Ne wstitle=Pantaloon_to_open_250_KB's_stores_in_NCR 2006 December- Our ambition is to reach a turnover of Rs 2009-10 Total Revenues around Rs.6000 Crores. (miss by 30,000 crore by 2010. "just" Rs. 24000 Crores) http://www.retailangle.com/Newsdetail.asp?Newsid=462&Ne http://www.pantaloonretail.in/annual_report_2009_2010.pdf wstitle=Pantaloon_to_open_250_KB's_stores_in_NCR Sometime in 2005-06-Over 200 million footfalls are Instead of achieving over 200 million in 2007 it will achieve expected in our stores by 2006-07. around 270 million four years later i.e. 2011. (a miss by “just” 4 http://www.fibre2fashion.com/face2face/pantaloon/kishorebi years) yani.asp http://www.pantaloonretail.in/PRIL%20Q2%20FY11%20Result s%20Presentation.pdf Sometime in 2005-06 -In India, organized retail constitutes 2011- Organized retail is around 5-6%. about 3% of total retail and is poised to reach 15-20% in the (I guess a few years means may be a decade) next few years, which translates into a 40% CAGR. Kishore Biyani. http://www.fibre2fashion.com/face2face/pantaloon/kishorebi yani.asp Infiniti Retail(Tata Group) Fancy Predictions Real Reality June 2007- Infinity to open 100 retail stores. Currently has about 63 Croma stores(will need to open 74 Nov-2007- Infiniti Retail to open 100 stores stores within next year to meet target set in May2010) June 2009- Infiniti Retail plans to have over 100 Croma http://www.cromaretail.com/news/newsnmedia.html stores by '11. Aug’11- Total Number of Exclusive Landmark Stores- 16 May 2010-Infiniti Retail to open 100 Croma stores in two Apart from this Landmark has around 15 Hotel and airport years (then store count 47). Bookstores. July 2007- Trent plans 15 Landmark stores in 1 year. http://www.landmarkonthenet.com/Business/aboutus.aspx http://www.financialexpress.com/news/infiniti-retail-plans-to- open-100-croma-stores-in-two-years/615570/ http://www.cromaretail.com/news/newsnmedia.html
  • 2. Rosy Predictions about future of Retail Vs Reality – Current share of Organized Retail is only around 5%-6.5%1 •Organized Retail is projected to grow at the rate of 25% -30% p.a. 2004-05 Shopper's and is estimated to touch Rs. 1000 bn by 2010, contributing to 9% of Stop Annual Report the total retail sales. (Source: Images Retail Report, 2005) http://corporate.shoppersstop.com/uploaded_files/efcffca-f239.pdf •Pantaloons put this projection for its IPO - KSA Technopak estimates organised retail in India to reach 12% to 13% of the total retail market by 2005 Technopak 2010with sales of Rs. 1700-1800 bn, aided by improved real estate infrastructure and easier access to capital http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/pantaloon.pdf •Organised retail, which is currently estimated to be Rs 1.0 lakh crore (5 per cent share), is projected to reach Rs 3.0 lakh crore (11 per cent Same Technopak share) by 2015. This means a tripling of the current size and scale of Sometime in 2010 organised retail in the next 5 years. http://www.technopak.com/Perspective/vol4/An%20overview%20of%20India's%20consumerand%20retail %20sectors.pdf •The game has just begun , with organized retail accounting for less McKinsey-August than 5% market and likely to expand to anywhere between 14% and 18% by 2015. 2008 http://csi.mckinsey.com/~/media/Extranets/Consumer%20Shopper%20Insights/Reports/THE_ GREAT_INDIAN_BAZAAR_SECURE.ashx •“Organized retail, which constituted a low four per cent of total ICRIER-September retail in 2006-07, is estimated to grow at 45-50 per cent per annum and attain a 16 per cent share of total retail by 2011-12.” 2008 http://www.icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper222.pdf • As per various literature, the projected annual growth rate of this segment of the retail market till 2013 is slated to be over KnightFrank-Q1-2010 30 per cent. As a result, its share in total retail market is expected to be around 11 per cent by 2013. http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/indiaretail_q12010.pdf •May 29th 2008-But “organised retail”, such as hypermarkets, supermarkets and department stores, is still rare in India, accounting for just 4% of the country's $322 billion market. http://www.economist.com/node/11465586 The Economist •Mar 3rd 2011- Estimates put the retail industry's size at just $450m of which only a tiny fraction, 5%, is organized. http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/03/retail_india
  • 3. Critical Analysis of India’s Retail Industry I am writing this blog entry after recently the government of India allowed 51% FDI in multi brand retail. Lot of people related to retail and general public seems to be really excited while there are kirana (mom-n-pop) store owners afraid as to what it will do to them. In fact Kaushik Basu, chief economic advisor, said FDI in retail will bring down inflation.1 This sentence really forced me to dig deeper into the matter as for last 3 years (2008-11) the inflation has been way above normal (greater than almost 8% whichever way the government wants to measure it). To say that inflation could be controlled by having more investments in Retail by foreigners seems a bit odd to me. In the rest of the description I will try to find out following: The advantages and disadvantages of Kirana Stores vs Supermarkets Opening of Multi Brand retail-will it really make Walmarts and Tescos and Targets of the world to come in India and start making money profitably enough (even after say 5-10 years) ? If Walmarts, Targets, Tescos open up in India will the Kirana(mom-n-pop) stores will have to close down? Will millions of small time retailers lose their only means of livelihood? Will the supply chain for all products in India improve magically because Wal-Mart/Tesco is there? Will FDI in retail help reduce inflation? Indian customers- will they magically start getting food/groceries/non-food products at lower prices because a Wal-Mart or Tesco has come in? And even if the price was low will Indian consumer really go and buy from Wal-Mart instead of from Kirana Stores in a huge number? All of the following is based on mainly on following important assumptions which I feel are true – There is NO easy money to be made by anybody on this planet earth be it Wal-Mart or any company. Nothing magical, revolutionary, amazing thing happens in this world (especially India) except mainly in technology areas (like internet, Telecom and medicine) which are almost completely free from government dependence. The moment something needs to become magical or amazing and it requires a lot of back and forth dealings with government approvals, land acquisition, power/electricity, real estate, roads, railways, ports believe me it does not happen. The 5 year or 10 year projections on excel sheets and ppts by Consultants, Analysts and supposedly learned people are far away from what happens in real world Success of Retailers Worldwide Let’s start off with a small history of the success of retail industry mostly in US and UK. Wal-Mart, Tesco, Target, Carrefour, Home-Depot, Metro etc come in mind the moment we think of really large retail chains. 2 All these retailers grew from almost 0 to present state over last 4-5 decades with their managements doing amazing innovations in bringing the goods to consumers by relentlessly improving supply chain and driving down costs. Hats off to the promoters and management of these companies. The thing to note is that among the largest and best retailers not a single one of them is from a developing country or even say a less developed or almost developed country. But if you look at the top 100 companies in the whole world there are at lot more companies from developing countries like China(9), Brazil(5), even India (1 Reliance Industries).3 There would obviously be millions of reason which can be given for the fact that though top retailers are from developed countries ONLY but the top 100 companies almost 20% of them are from developing
  • 4. countries. I think that a part of success of the lot of top retailers in the world is contributed by the governments of the developed country by outstanding provisions of: Roads Railways Power Land Ports Mind you I am not for a second saying that Wal-Mart is successful only because US government has provided good infrastructure. All I am saying that if the above things were not available in abundance and of such high quality then Wal-Mart would not have been as successful as it has been. India Retail Landscape-Predictions and Reality It’s estimated that the total retail sales in India will grow from US$ 395.96 billion in 2011 to US$ 785.12 billion by 2015, according to the Business Monitor International (BMI) India Retail Report for the second-quarter of 2011. 4 In 2008 organized retail constituted around 5% of total retail market.5 Three years later it probably is around 6.5%6 with the rest around 94-95% being run by unorganized sector with almost 35 million or 7.3% of India’s workforce being engaged in it.7 Back in 2006-07 when stock markets were up and everything seemed hunky dory everyone predicted that the organized retail market share will grow from 4-5%(then in 2006-07) to almost 12-15% in 2011 predicting almost 30%+ compounded growth rate . 8 Unfortunately reality is almost always different from fancy projections on excel sheets/ppts. The real growth rate from 2006-2010 has been 13.3% (according to CARE)9. Here are various projections about organized retail in India (mind you the earlier the projections rosier the picture). Of course nobody had seen the 2008-2009 worldwide recessions coming (ask Bernanke 10 or may be John Paulson or Michael Burry or read “The Big Short” about how many knew about this recession or best listen to Prem Watsa 11 Ben Graham Centre for Value Investing speech in 2007 and check out how much money he spent to buy protection against mortgages defaulting, or read outsdanding memos written by Howard Marks of Oakland capital warning about coming debacle and race to bottom) much less the Consulting companies and Retail Analysts. But it begs to question as to how can almost everybody be on the same side of predictions and everybody go wrong by at least 50% in their predictions?? When was the last time anyone saw a 30%+ actual real life growth of any industry for 5-10 years which is fraught with so many government approvals and dependence on great infrastructure (except tech and telecom which are anyway invented, made and refined in US/Europe and India just copies)?? Easy Money to be made?? Should we trust all the rosy predictions about growth of retail which has started to gradually appear back in newspapers and TV again as of today (if you feel like déjà 2007 you are not alone)??
  • 5. Some of the Spectacular Failures in Retail 3500 3000 3000 2500 2300 Rupees Crores 2000 1500 1000 Don’t know 1000 Current Value. Most 500 208 Probably 70 70 28 ZERO. 0 Vishal Retail Koutons Retail Indiabulls Subhiksha Retail(Store One) Higesht Market Cap during 2008 Last Recorded Market Cap Vishal Retail. 12 Koutons Retail 13 14 Subhikhsa was not listed but it was valued approximately at Rs. 2300 crore when Azim Premji bought 10% stake in 200815. And of course there was no love lost between them later as Azim Premji regretted having ever invested in Subhiksha16 . Current Value of Subiksha is not available but ICICI has written off all its investments so I have assumed its current value to be 0.17 Indiabulls Retail(Store One) bought Pyramid Retail for 208 crore in 2008 and Store One’s current market cap is 28 Crores.
  • 6. Why India cannot have credit card penetration levels of US and UK even in the coming 3 decades – Result-> Walmarts, Tescos or for that matter any retailer cannot make as much money here as people are predicting Number of Credit Card Holders and Literacy Rates in India, US & UK 1400 1189 1200 Total Population 1000 Number of Population in Millions Credit Card 800 Holders Number of Illiterates 600 463.71 400 313 181 200 62 18.3 30 3.13 0.62 0 India USA UK Source:USA - 18 UK19 India: Business Standard 20 A lot people assume that since Multi Brand FDI in retail also allows a person to use his Credit Card unlike the Kirana stores where you have to pay cash hence Kirana stores are going to be at a loss and Big organized retailers are at a benefit. Well to a certain extent it is definitely true but if you look at the chart above you will see that the Wal- Marts and Tescos have been really successful in countries where the credit card penetration has been more than 50% of the population. India’s credit card penetration – 1.51% of total population. And yes now some intelligent person will again put forward same rhetoric – India is developing and will develop above 7% , middle class growing and hence number of credit cards will grow very fast and so on so that Big Organized retail will grow exponentially. No matter how much the credit card grows there is almost a physical limit to what % of Indian Population will be having credit cards which is based on following assumptions: Banks will never ever issue a credit card to illiterate person. (I hope this assumption is true else …….God help the banks.) The number of illiterates in India is around 40% of the population which is not going to change by any invention or technological breakthrough in coming 1 decade (maximum it can reduce is by 10%).(Unless someone makes a medical breakthrough which will implant something in the brain that all Indians will suddenly become literate).
  • 7. Hence based on above assumptions I can safely say that it is impossible that India is going to see a 50% penetration of credit cards even in the coming 3-4 decades. Consequence of Low Credit Card Penetration for Wal-Mart/Tesco and Indian Retailers in coming Decades- Above points directly imply that the so called advantage of Organized retail that Credit Card facility is actually more of a handicap rather than a benefit because they cannot scale up to a level whereby enough people who are having credit cards are going to come to their stores and make a lot of impulse purchase. Advantage Kirana Kirana stores and millions of them have been offering credit to their customers from the time kiranas came into being. The interest free period can range from 15 to 30 days without any penalty because they know their customers (without asking for KYC forms !!!!) . And god forbid if any customer is unable to pay even after 30 days but just explains and assures the Kirana shop owner that hey this month I had to pay for my children’s school uniforms and books can I pay you next month?? Well Kiranas take that case as well and some cases allow for almost 2 months of credit. And yes they don’t charge interest rates at 35%+ per annum and they don’t get bankrupt. Walmarts and Tescos try beating Kiranas on the above points. For more optimistic people who hope that in next 2 decades India achieves a credit card penetration rate of 50% here is some basic maths: Basic Calculations for India to achieve Credit Card Penetration rate equal to that of US or UK 20 Years later India’s population (Assuming a 1.98 Billion 0.5% growth rate) 50 % credit card penetration target Almost 1 Billion people Current Number of credit card Holders 18 million Average Number of New Credit Card users to be Almost 50 million per year added to reach 1 Billion cards Compounded Annual Growth Rate Needed to 22% for 20 years (Possible ???) achieve 1 Billion Credit Cards Oh yes new credit card issuances can grow per year at 22% per annum for 20 years but have a look below for the trend in credit card issuance in India in the last 5 years. After a huge growth came worldwide recession and number of credit cards went down by almost 30 percent within 2-3 years. Of course the optimist will say well you cannot factor recession while projecting hence lets believe that there will be no recession in the world in next 20 years and we will achieve a 50% credit card penetration rate by growing per annum at 22%.(Best of luck !!)
  • 8. Number of Credit Card Holders in India over last 5 years 30 28.3 25 20 20 18.3 Millions 15 Credit Cards Holders in Million 10 5 0 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Source: Business Standard 21 Size of House in Developed Countries & Relation to Organized Retail Most of shoppers in US and UK at weekends go to Wal-Mart and Tesco and buy stuff for (groceries, food and beverages, et al) at one go for the next week or even two weeks. One of the reasons they can do that is they have big house to store those things which they have bought. Following is the analysis of how much area is available for citizens in US, UK and India. Average Size of a House in USA, UK, and India and Per Square Feet per person comparison As you can see below for US, UK and India there is almost no comparison for the per square feet space in house per person at all. This is a huge factor in determining the success of Organized retail because for India 57% expenditure occurs on food and if Indians can’t store 1 week or 2 week worth of food items in their house they will NOT buy that if they go to Retail outlets. People in US/UK just drive their cars to Walmarts , load up the week’s supply and put it back in their houses but for India this is just not possible because Size of House(and thereby kitchen) is very small Number of people living per house in India(4.8)22is higher compared to US(2.59)23/UK(2.21)24 No matter how much supply chain is improved by Wal-Mart for food there just isn’t enough space in Indian homes to stock up a even 1 week’s supply as people do in developed world. Indians even in next couple of decades will keep on buying food JIT way i.e. buy when you need else don’t buy. If someone thinks that magically the size of houses for Indians is going to increase in a hurry in future best of luck.
  • 9. Square Feet Per Person 1000 888 900 800 Square Feet Per Person 700 600 500 Square Feet Per Person 400 344 300 200 93 100 0 USA UK India Sources : USA 25 Table number 2-3. Though for US the data the median per person square feet available is 750 26Average home sizes is 2300 sq feet. And average household size is 2.59. 27 So it gives a value of 888 UK 28 . I used the Table SST1.1 where average floor area is 91 square metres and multiplied it with 22335,000 which is the count of the number of houses and then divided by total population of UK which is around 62 million. India - 29 Number of Cars Per Person & Relation to Organized Retail There is no point in even comparing the data of number of cars per 1000 people across USA , UK and India. One look at below mentioned Chart and you will agree. The basic assumption is that people shop more of grocery , food and other items and load it up in cars to get back home and it contributes tremendously to the success of Retailers in developed countries. If a country like India does not have good enough car penetration level then the Organized Retail should not expect magic to happen (unless they think Organized Retail=Clothes Electronics).
  • 10. Number of Cars per 1000 people 900 779 800 700 Cars Per 1000 people 600 500 458 Number of Cars per 1000 400 people 300 200 100 12 0 USA UK India Let’s say there comes a time when in India the car penetration becomes around 500 per thousand people. But here is a small math (compound interest example) about growth needed by car industry in India to reach the car ownership level of USA and UK: Years Needed to Reach 500 cars per 1000(from Compounded Annual Growth Rate Needed present 12) 10 45% 20 20% 30 13.24% SIAM has forecasted an 11-13 % growth rate in automobiles in India in next 5 years. So you do the math and estimate how many years realistically India will take to reach Car penetration level to that of US/UK and when millions of Indians will start using cars to go to Wal-Mart or Big Bazaar and load up on retail offerings. Share of Spend by Indian Consumers and Organized Retail Penetration The real success and scale of any business proposition is where are people currently spending and targeting the products/services to getting a big slice of it and doing it profitably enough.(of course if you are Steve Jobs you can make iPad and have sales of $10billion in 15 months for a product on which people were spending 0 , but seriously does anyone thinks any retailer anywhere in the world is Steve Jobs ??) Let’s have a look at the facts about the spending pattern of average Indian Consumer and the Organized Retail Penetration.
  • 12. One thing which immediately strikes by having a look at the above charts is how skewed the whole Organized Retail is in India. Indians spend more than 50% of their expenditure on Food and Grocery but the Organized Retail penetration is 1% even after so called stupendous growth of organized retail over the decade. The highest penetration of Organized Retail is in clothing and fashion at 23% but Indians do not spend even 10% of their income on that . No matter how much the Indian retailers keep on selling fashion items and clothes they are always going to be playing within just the 10% of spend of Indian Consumers. Of course these things present a great opportunity for retailers to grab a large pie of Food and Grocery Retailing but the obstacles are just too tough to be taken care of by retailers. Beating the nearby Kirana and Mom-n-pop stores in Food (grocery and perishable products like milk- which contributes almost 8% to expenses of Indian consumer) is almost like playing a loser’s game. Why Organized Retail cannot compete effectively in Food Products and Grocery (And hence cannot get a significant pie of an item which constitutes greater than 50% expenditure by Indian consumers) The Kiranas have following advantages over the Organized Retailers: Most Kiranas and Vegetable Sellers Don’t pay taxes and never will because either their income less than taxable or the big kiranas pay bribes to income tax officials to make sure they don’t file income taxes. This will remain true in foreseeable future. (India is a country with almost 1.2 billion people but less than 40 million pay taxes.) Almost all Indians prefer fresh food to canned/packed/treated food. Indians mostly will keep on buying fresh vegetables and fruits in near future with a miniscule (negligible) percentage shifting to canned food. There is such a huge market for out of home small snacks ( aloo paratha, pani puri, vada pav, idli , dosa , etc) and majority of them exist right on the road . They will keep doing business even for next 30 years and keep on beating the Organized Retailers hands down. Most Kiranas do not have and don’t need power for 12 hours a day. The vegetable/Food sellers offer credit for time varying from 1 day to 1 month to whatever depending on the relationship they have with the customer for amounts which can be even as low as 20-30 rupees. Organized retailers will NOT EVEN TRY TO beat this. India can never be free from roadside stalls because it is convenient for customers, good for sellers and a huge source of bribery to Policeman and consequently to government through corruption. (Eg- Ask any vegetable/fruit seller on the road and he will say that he has to pay at least 100-200 per day to policeman/municipality people OR just sit at his stall one day and you will see it right in front of you) This directly implies Kirana/Vegetable sellers will always (even in next 30-50 years) will be close to where people live and hence beat the Organized retailers. Pathetic roads/traffic conditions ensure that people will keep on shopping for food/grocery just near to their homes rather than go and waste 1 hour minimum to buy from organized retailer. The usual rhetoric of Supply Chain efficiency boils down to following facts which just cannot be taken care by Private Players. For e.g.: o Cold Storages- Even the dumbest person on planet knows for last 100 years that cold storages should be there to avoid wastage of perishable goods – so why isn’t it becoming a reality whereby thousands of cold storages are opened throughout India and reduce wastage by 30-40-50%?? o For a private sector the cost-benefit analysis does not warrant making a cold storage else we would have seen hundreds of cold storages by Pantaloons,
  • 13. Shopper’s Stop , etc . If it hasn’t been beneficial for last 10 years since Shopper’s Stop and Pantaloons started I doubt how it would suddenly become beneficial in near future and I cannot see a logical reason for Wal-Mart to suddenly start making cold storages when almost nobody has been building it in India. o Power- There just isn’t enough electricity in India to support the hundreds of cold storages dreamed by retailers and the situation is not going to improve in a jiffy. Optimists please go through our track record of adding power capacities over last 20 years and only then hope for a miracle in the next 20. o Roads- The pathetic condition of Indian roads means the big Volvos of Wal-Mart which zip around on great roads of US cannot do the same in India. And of course Shopper’s Stop/Wal-Mart cannot build roads, bridges, train tracks and flyovers. o Sourcing Directly from Farmers –Except the brilliant ITC (its e-choupal initiative) there has been just talk , talk and talk about sourcing directly from farmers and removing middlemen . Everybody knows that middlemen need to be removed but almost nobody has taken enough initiative to do that because it’s just not easy and benefits may not be worth the investments needed. Ask ITC how from early 2000 onwards it has been in that field with huge management effort and huge investment in getting the e-choupal going. If some player thinks they can just come and do quickly what ITC took almost a decade to accomplish with brilliant people on board(look at how ITC goes to top MBA colleges and hires the best of the breed, sends them across to rural India and check out how many hires were done by Pantaloons, Shopper’s Stop from IIMs or other top B-Schools). Even then, ITC which is arguably the best agri sourcer in India decided to exit fresh food retail business30. Share of Organized Retail Penetration. 31 Books/Music shops with Retailers and their Failures(in short they are doomed) Almost all large retailers in India have a book/music section and they will keep on losing money on that due to following reasons : Music is going to be pirated no matter what anyone on the planet does. It’s too simple. Movie DVDs just are not going to sell enough but pirated/shared via Bit Torrent/DVD rental companies will eat up. I mean does anyone really expect millions of Indians to walk up and buy a Rs. 400 priced DVD of any film?? Books are priced atrociously high particularly books by foreign authors/publishers (which are seen in majority in any modern book store). I mean how can you price the book assuming the author lives in USA (where minimum wage is > $7 per hour or Rs. 300 per hour when the min wage for 8 hours in India is around Rs. 120 ) and he brings book to India and sells it at almost same price which is set in USA . It’s amazing the book companies just do NOT get it. Hence although there is huge demand for books in India but paying a rupee value which is almost direct conversion of Dollar/Pound price is never ever going to take off . The Richie rich who can actually afford to buy the books are buying iPads and increasingly shifting to E-books. (Amazon is shortly going to be launching in India) Best of luck Landmark and Crossword. There is a reason why books sales via internet are not going to Landmark/Crossword or present retailers or to even Rediff and Indiatimes(who by the way seem to be in this business for eternity with really speaking nothing to show ) . The reason is they are NOT smart enough and do not have the management , hunger , passion , talent and enthusiasm to do it . Look at Flipkart and the way it is revolutionizing the e-commerce. Why because they have everything which the old thinking retail managers DO NOT have. Broadband is so pathetic in India that it can only go up and become better. Watch out for entrepreneurs who would replicate Netflix and Hulu in India. 5 years from now when the broadband is hopefully “broad” watch out for the Landmark/crossword to be replaced with clothes - the only thing which retailers seem to be selling and making some money.
  • 14. 1 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/8603386.cms?prtpage=1 2 http://worldb2blink.com/worldtop100retailers.htm 3 http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/95edc490-9d61-11e0-9a70-00144feabdc0.pdf 4 http://www.assocham.org/events/showevent.php?id=599 5 http://www.nsdcindia.org/pdf/Organised-Retail.pdf 6 http://www.mywestside.com/downloads/Fifty-%20Ninth%20Annual%20Report%202010-11.pdf 7 http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/03/retail_india 8 http://www.icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper222.pdf 9 http://www.careratings.com/content/ResourceCenter/reports/Synopsis%20-%20Retail%20March%202011.pdf 10 http://www.businessinsider.com/why-you-probably-shouldnt-trust-ben-bernankes-rosy-forecast-2009-2 11 http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIentrepreneurs/Canada/A_Z/W/Prem_Watsa/index.htm 12 http://119.82.71.56/article.aspx?267807 13 http://119.82.71.56/article.aspx?267807 14 http://money.rediff.com/companies/koutons-retail-india-ltd./16610467 15 http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/azim-premji-buys-10-in-subhiksha/333543/ 16 http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/subhiksha-promoter-sends-legal-notice-to-azim-premji/408350/ 17 http://www.livemint.com/2010/03/16234728/ICICI-VentureSubhiksha-stake.html 18 http://www.indexcreditcards.com/finance/creditcardstatistics/2011-report-on-credit-card-usage-facts- statistics.html 19 http://www.theukcardsassociation.org.uk/media_centre/press_releases_new/-/page/1235/ 20 http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/fewer-swipes-numbercredit-card-holders-slips-to-183-mn-in- march/395258/ 21 http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/fewer-swipes-numbercredit-card-holders-slips-to-183-mn-in- march/395258/ 22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_household_size 23 http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts 24 http://www.greenenergyinvestors.com/index.php?showtopic=11696 25 http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/h150-09.pdf 26 http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/chicago/books-guides-resources/average-home-sizes-around-the-world- 151738 27 http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts 28 http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingresearch/housingsurveys/englishhousingsurvey/ehspublications / 29 http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/press_note_535_15nov10.pdf 30 http://www.retailangle.com/Newsdetail.asp?Newsid=3338&Newstitle=ITC_Exits_Choupal_Fresh 31 http://www.mywestside.com/downloads/Fifty-%20Ninth%20Annual%20Report%202010-11.pdf