3. MOB TCD
Hip Joint
• Synovial ball and socket
joint
• Multiaxial
• Three degrees of freedom
• Movement in three planes
• Close pack extension and
medial rotation
• Least pack semiflexion
4. MOB TCD
Hip Joint
• One of most stable joints in
the body
• Articular surface of hip joint
are reciprocally curved
• Superior surface of femur and
acetabulum sustain greatest
pressure
5. MOB TCD
Acetabulum
•
•
•
•
•
Y-shaped epiphyseal cartilage
Start to ossify at 12 years
Fuse 16-17 years
Acetabular notch is inferior
Nonarticular fossa, thin related
medially to obturator internus
• Pad of fat, proprioceptive nerves
6. MOB TCD
Articular Surface of Hip Joint
• Semilunar articular surface
covered with hyaline
cartilage
• Deepened by acetabular
labrum
• Wedge shaped fibrocartilage
7. MOB TCD
Articular Surface
•
•
•
•
•
Head of femur 2/3rd of sphere
Pit for ligamentum teres
Covered with articular cartilage
Cartilage thicker posterior superior
Epiphyseal line for head
intracapsular
8. MOB TCD
Femur
• Trabeculae develop along lines
of stress
• Calcar femorale is the cortical
bone on inferior aspect of neck
• Neck is cancellous bone
9. MOB TCD
Capsule of Hip
• Proximally attached
• Margins of the acetabular
fossa
• Base of labrum
• Distally, anterior to the
intertrochanteric line
• Inferiorly, femoral neck close
to lesser trochanter
10. MOB TCD
Capsule of Hip
• Posterior
• Free border, finger’s breath
from trochanteric crest due
to insertion of obturator
externus
• Into trochanteric fossa and
• Root greater trochanter
11. MOB TCD
Capsule of Hip
• Strongest superiorly
• Anteromedially, deep fibres
reflected head of rectus
femoris
• Iliopsoas is anterior
• Lateral deep fibres of gluteus
minimus
12. MOB TCD
Retinacular Fibres
• Fibres of capsule reflected along
neck to articular margin called
retinacular fibres
• Blood supply to head run under
retinacular fibres
13. MOB TCD
Ligaments of Hip
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Acetabular labrum
Transverse ligament
Ligament of head
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligaments
Ischiofemoral ligaments
Zona orbicularis
14. MOB TCD
Ligaments of Hip
• Transverse ligament is part of
the labrum
• Ligamentum teres is
triangular, its base is attached
to transverse ligament, and
the apex to the pit on the
head of femur
• Blood supply to epiphysis
from obturator artery
• Only supplies a flake of bone
in elderly
15. MOB TCD
Iliofemoral Ligament
• Thickening of capsule
• Lower half of anterior
inferior iliac spine and
adjoining acetabulum
• Distally
• Upper and lower parts of
inter trochanteric line
16. MOB TCD
Iliofemoral Ligament
• One of strongest
ligaments in body
• Tightens in extension
• Helps maintain erect
posture
• Facet on anterior aspect
of neck
• Prevents hyperextension
• Fulcrum reducing hip
17. MOB TCD
Pubofemoral Ligament
• Superior pubic ramus
• Inferior part of inter
trochanteric line and upturned
part
• Relatively weak
• Prevents abduction
• Bursa between it and
iliofemoral
18. MOB TCD
Ischiofemoral Ligament
• Ischium to posterior part of
joint (weak)
• Circular fibres called zona
orbicularis
• Centre of gravity in front of
head
• Synovial under obturator
externus
19. MOB TCD
Synovial Membrane
• Lines inner portion of capsule
and non articular structures
• Ligament of head
• Fat in acetabular fossa
• May communicate with psoas
bursa
• Bursa under obturator
externus
20. MOB TCD
Bursa Under Gluteus Maximus
• Trochanteric bursa
• Posterolateral aspect of
greater trochanter
gluteofemoral
• Vastus lateralis ischial bursa
• Ischial tuberosity
21. MOB TCD
Blood Supply to Head of Femur
• Child, obturator artery via
ligamentum teres supplies
epiphysis
• Elderly, main supply via
retinacular vessels from
trochanteric and cruciate
anastamoses
• Medial and lateral circumflex
femoral vessels
22. MOB TCD
Blood Supply
• Superior gluteal supplies the upper
part of the acetabulum
• Inferior gluteal supplies the inferior
and posterior and the capsule
• Transverse and ascending
branches of lateral circumflex
femoral artery
• Transverse and ascending branch
of medial circumflex femoral
• Cruciate and trochanteric
anastomosis
23. MOB TCD
Blood Supply
• Fractures of neck may cause
avascular necrosis, extra
capsular arteries enter the
trochanter at the base of neck
• Medial and lateral circumflex
femoral vessels and superior
gluteal
24. MOB TCD
Nerve Supply
•
•
•
•
•
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Posterior dislocation may
damage sciatic
• Pain in hip referred to knee
26. MOB TCD
Inferior and Posterior Relations
• Obturator externus
• Passes inferior and then posterior
to joint
• Superior gluteal nerve
• Inferior gluteal nerve
• Sciatic nerve
• Posterior cutaneous nerve thigh
• Nerves to obturator internus and
quadratus femoris
• Pudendal nerve
27. MOB TCD
Lateral Relations
• Gluteus minimus
• Gluteus medius
• Superior gluteal vessels and
nerves between
• Iliotibial tract
• Superficial three quarters of
gluteus maximus
30. MOB TCD
Movements: Extension
• Hamstrings first 10°
• Long head of biceps
• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus
• 123, extended knee ++
• Adductor magnus
• Gluteus maximus most efficient when hip is
flexed 45°
37. MOB TCD
Hip Problems in Children
•
•
•
•
Apophysitis
Avulsion fractures
After 13 years
11-40% of all hip and pelvic fractures
Boyd et al., 1997
• Anterior superior iliac spine
• Anterior inferior iliac spine
• Ischial tuberosity commonest
39. MOB TCD
Pain in a Child
•
•
•
•
•
•
5-10 year old child
Aching pain in hip
Limp
Limitation of movement
Perthe’s
Osteochondritis of head of femur
40. MOB TCD
Stability of Hip
• One of the most stable
joints
• Congenital dislocations is
common
• 1.5 per 1000 live births
• Female : male = 8:1
• Ultrasound best method of
detecting
41. MOB TCD
Femoral Anteversion
• Femoral version is the angular difference between axis
of femoral neck and transcondylar axis of the knee
• Femoral anteversion ranges from 30 º - 40 º at birth
• Decreases progressively 15 º at skeletal maturation
• Adults
• Anteversion
• Average of 8 º in men and 14º in women
• Most common cause of in-toeing
• If associated with internal tibial torsion, may lead to
patellofemoral subluxation due to an increase in the
Q-angle
42. MOB TCD
Tumors and Neoplasms
•
•
•
•
Young, healthy athletes do get cancer!
Fortunately most tumors are benign!
Bone pain at night
Tumor till proved otherwise
Renström, 2008
43. MOB TCD
Hip Joint Labral Tear
• Chronic
• Secondary to acetabular
dysplasia
• Part of “rim lesion” complex
Renström, 2008
44. MOB TCD
Labrum Tears and Cartilage Loss
• Labrum tears and cartilage loss are
common in patients with mechanical
symptoms in the hip
• In young, active patients with a
complaint of groin pain
• The diagnosis of a labrum tear
should be suspected and
investigated as radiographs and the
history may be nonspecific for this
diagnosis
Burnett et al., J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2006
45. MOB TCD
MR-Arthrography (MRA)
• MR arthrogram has an
accuracy of 91% for labral
tears
Chan et al, Arthroscopy 2005
• Sensitivity labral tear
• MR 25%,
• MRA 92%
Toomayan et al., Am J Roentgenol 2006
46. MOB TCD
Pincer Impingement
• The acetabulum covers too much of the
•
•
•
•
femoral head
Secondary to “retroversion”, of the
socket
Or a “profunda” socket that is too deep
Most of the time the cam and pincer
forms exist together
Female, 30-40 years
Renström, 2008
47. MOB TCD
Cam Impingement
•
•
Loss of roundness contributes to
abnormal contact between the head and
socket
Male, 20-30 years
Renström, 2008