1. 1
SUBMITTED BY:
Katta. Amulya
Doctor of pharmacy
Vignan pharmacy college

2. Contents
• Terminology
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Symptoms
• Risk factors
• Pathophysiology
• Complications
• Diagnosis
• Gas gangrene
• Prevention
• Treatment
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4. Infection
• Organism enters in to the body by the invasion of
normal sterile tissue or fluid or body cavity and
causes infection to the body
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5. Bacteremia
• Presence of bacteria in blood
• Evidenced by positive blood culture
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6. Septicemia
• Presence of microbes or toxins in blood
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7. SIRS
• Sepsis is referred to as SIRS----Systemic
inflammatory response.
• Two or more of the following conditions:
– Fever
– Tachycardia
– Leukocytosis or leukopenia
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8. Sepsis
The clinical syndrome defined by the presence of
both infection & a systemic inflammatory
response.
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9. Severe sepsis
• Sepsis with signs of one or more organ
dysfunction
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• Lungs :- Acute respiratory distress syndrome [ADRS]
• Brain:- Encephalopathy symptoms include – coma,
confusion, agitations.
• Liver:- Disturbs the metabolic functions, inability to
synthesize clotting factors, disturbs protein synthetic
function.
• Kidney:- Low urine output, Electrolyte imbalance.
• Heart:- Heart failure, Myocardial infarction.vignan pharmacy college,
vadlamudi

10. Septic shock
• Severe sepsis plus a state of acute circulatory
failure
–Hypotension, for at least 1 h, despite
adequate fluid resuscitation
–Need for vasopressor
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11. Septicemia Bacteremia
+
Inflammatory response
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12. Defnition:- Septicemia is the presence of
disease causing bacteria in the blood.
• presence of bacteria in bloodstream is called as
bacteremia.
• Untreated septicemia can quickly progress to
sepsis, which is a serious complication of an
infection characterized by inflammation
throughout the body.
• This inflammation can cause blood clots and
block oxygen from reaching vital organs,
resulting in organ failure and death in some
cases.
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13. Organisms Responsible for septicemia :-
• E.coli
• Pneumococcus
• Klebsiella
• Pseudomonas
• Streptococcus
• Staphylococcus
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14. The annual incidences of severe sepsis in
several industrialized nations have recently been
reported to be 50–100 cases per 100,000
persons.
Men are more likely than women to develop
sepsis.
Epidemiology
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15. Etiology
• Blood cultures are positive:
– 20–40% of Severe sepsis cases
– 40–70% of septic shock cases
• Of cases with positive blood cultures,
– 40% -gram-positive bacteria,
– 35% - gram-negative bacteria,
– 11 % - Polymicrobial
– 7% - fungi
– <5% - classic pathogens
Harrison’ s Internal Medicine 18th edition
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16. Symptoms
• Fever and chills
• Decreased urination
• Rapid pulse
• Rapid breathing
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• patches of discolored skin
• extreme weakness or lightheadedness
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17. Risk factors
• Very young people and elderly people
• Anyone who is taking immunosuppressive medications
(such as transplant recipients)
• People who are being treated with chemotherapy drugs
or radiation
• Someone who has very large burns or severe injuries
• People with infections such as
– pneumonia
– meningitis
– urinary tract infection.
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18. Medical treatment may cause septicemia
• Dental treatments
• Surgery
• Long term placement of artificial parts, such as
prosthetic joints.
• Bladder catheters
• Long term use of intra venous needles.
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19. PathoPhysiology
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21. Complications
• Endocarditis
• pericarditis
• Meningitis
• Osteomyelitis
• Infectious arthritis
• Septic shock
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22. Diagnosis Of Septicemia
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23. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
values
Findings Values
 Temperature <360c or >380c
 Heart rate >90/mint
 Respiratory rate >20/mint
 WBC <4×109/L (<4000/mm3)
>12×109/L (<12,000/mm3)
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24. A physical examination may show:-
• Low blood pressure
• Low body temperature or fever
• Signs of related disease (such as meningitis, epiglottitis,
pneumonia, or cellulitis)
Tests that can confirm infection include:
• Blood culture
• Clotting studies
• CSF culture
• Culture of skin sore
• Platelet count
• Urine culture
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25. Un treated septicemia can cause
“gas gangrene”
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26. GAS GANGRENE

27. • Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial
myonecrosis and myonecrosis) is a bacterial
infection that produces gas in tissues
• It is a medical emergency. Myonecrosis is a
condition of necrotic damage, specific to muscle
tissue.
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28. Causative agent
• Clostribium species – spore forming, Gram
+ve
c. Perfringens
(mostly)
c.novyi
c.septicum
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29. Symptoms
• High fever
• Shock
• Massive tissue destruction
• Blackening of skin
• Severe pain around a skin of wound
• Blisters with gas bubbles form near the
infected area,
• The heartbeat and breathing become
rapid.
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30. Anaerobic
environment
Distension of
tissues
Interfering
Blood supply
Ischemia/
gangrene
Toxemia and
death
Spores
germinate
Carbohydrates
Fermentation
Gas production
In tissues
PATHOGENESIS
Incubation period is
1-7 days
vegetative
cells multiply
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31. 10 megaunits of benzyl penicillin daily for
5 days as four 6 hourly doses.
Or
Tetracycline 0.5 g intravenously
or 1 g orally every 6 hours.
Treatment
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32. Prevention of septicemia
• Cleaning the wound
• Avoid the contaminated material
• The Haemophilus influenza B (HIB) vaccine
and S. Pneumoniae vaccine.
• Maintain hygiene
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33. Treatment of septicemia
• Antibiotics to treat the infection
• Fluids and medicines by IV to maintain the
blood pressure
• Oxygen
• Plasma or other blood products to correct any
clotting problems
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34. References:-
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis
• http://www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-
guides/sepsis-blood-poisoning-or-septicaemia
• http://www.healthline.com/health/septicemia#
Overview1
• http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-
poisoning/Pages/Symptoms.aspx
• http://www.slideshare.net/mashfiq57/septicemi
a-19381232
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