This document discusses resource-based conflicts in Darfur and Gambella related to agriculture, livestock, land and water resources. In both regions, population growth, environmental degradation, and unclear land tenure systems have increased competition over scarce resources. While early conflicts stemmed from agricultural and pastoralist disputes, political actors have increasingly manipulated ethnic identities and militias, transforming local resource conflicts into larger political conflicts with national and international dimensions. Growing pressure on land and water resources risks further conflicts without improved governance and resource management.
Powerpoint presentation by Karen Hirschfeld, Sudan Coordinator, Physicians for Human Rights. Includes background on the conflict, PHR's findings concerning genocide, information on sexual violence, life in IDP camps, and policy recommendations.
Armed groups, the 'Sudan Liberation Army' (SLA) and 'Justice and Equality Movement' (JEM), began the war. Reasons are cited as lack of economic development which demands a greater share of country’s resources and exclusion from the political administration of Khartoum.
Attacks on towns, government establishments and civilians in Darfur resulted in the deaths of hundreds of policemen and civilians and the breakdown of law and order in Darfur. An area where inhabitants depend on natural resources the severe impact of the continuing climatic changes and droughts on accessibility to land and water has a detrimental effect on the livelihood in Darfur as well as the rest of Sudan.
In this presentation you will see expert opinions on the value of research, measuring the success of design, and design leadership.
Customer satisfaction, throughout every experience of interacting with a company, has become essential to achieving a meaningful and loyal relationship with customers.
Dr Zafer Bilda has just completed a research project to uncover best practice in Customer Experience Design involving 15 Customer Experience Experts from some of the most respected companies, both in Australia and in the US
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References:
- Prof. Martin Hemmert, "Tiger Management" (2012)
- The Economist, "Putting in the hours" (2008)
- OECD Factbook (2009)
Estas son las reglas principales para crear sistemas de realidad virtual y usar los datos personales de los usuarios sin meterse en líos.
Código Pirata de la Realidad Virtual. ¡Parlamento!
Powerpoint presentation by Karen Hirschfeld, Sudan Coordinator, Physicians for Human Rights. Includes background on the conflict, PHR's findings concerning genocide, information on sexual violence, life in IDP camps, and policy recommendations.
Armed groups, the 'Sudan Liberation Army' (SLA) and 'Justice and Equality Movement' (JEM), began the war. Reasons are cited as lack of economic development which demands a greater share of country’s resources and exclusion from the political administration of Khartoum.
Attacks on towns, government establishments and civilians in Darfur resulted in the deaths of hundreds of policemen and civilians and the breakdown of law and order in Darfur. An area where inhabitants depend on natural resources the severe impact of the continuing climatic changes and droughts on accessibility to land and water has a detrimental effect on the livelihood in Darfur as well as the rest of Sudan.
In this presentation you will see expert opinions on the value of research, measuring the success of design, and design leadership.
Customer satisfaction, throughout every experience of interacting with a company, has become essential to achieving a meaningful and loyal relationship with customers.
Dr Zafer Bilda has just completed a research project to uncover best practice in Customer Experience Design involving 15 Customer Experience Experts from some of the most respected companies, both in Australia and in the US
Sharing about my life in Korea.
References:
- Prof. Martin Hemmert, "Tiger Management" (2012)
- The Economist, "Putting in the hours" (2008)
- OECD Factbook (2009)
Estas son las reglas principales para crear sistemas de realidad virtual y usar los datos personales de los usuarios sin meterse en líos.
Código Pirata de la Realidad Virtual. ¡Parlamento!
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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1. Contested natural resources
and political conflict:
case-studies from Darfur and Gambella
European Conference on Africa Studies Ana Elisa Cascão
Leipzig, Germany King’s College of London, UK
4-7 June 2009 CEAUP, Portugal
2. Ethiopia and Sudan:
Territory and Natural Resources
Agriculture and Livestock:
• Main economic sectors
• Main source of livelihoods
• Inputs: Land and Water
• Competition for control
• Patterns of cooperation and conflict
Environmental challenges:
• Overexploitation of land and water resources
• Environmental degradation
• Uneven patterns of rainfall
• Desertification
Other challenges:
• Population growth
• Population movements (migrations, refugees, etc)
• Resource-grabbing
6. Ethiopia and Sudan:
Political dimensions of resource-based conflicts
Blurred political setting:
• Property rights/Land Tenure
• Acess and distribution
• Unclear development options
• Traditional conflict-resolution mechanisms
• Alternative conflict-resolution mechanisms?
Power politics:
• Marginalisation
• New competition: for political power and weatlh
• Political manipulation of group-identities
• Selective empowerement
“Extra” political dimensions:
• Porous administrative borders
• Spillover effects of neighbouring conflicts
7. DARFUR – A local water war?
Roots of the Conflict: Resource-based
• Semi-arid region
• Concentration of population
• Longstanding competition for fertile/grazing
land – land tenure problems
• Competition for water access
• Agro vs. Pastolarist disputes
• Customary conflict resolution
1980s:
• Increasing desertification/degradation
• Limited water supplies
• New agro-pastoralist migrations
• Growing competition for resources
• Governance failure
“Darfur is an environmental crisis – a conflict that grew at least in part
from desertification, ecological degradation and a scarcity of
resources, foremost among the water”
(Ban Ki-Moon, 2007)
8. DARFUR – how a resource-conflict
became a political conflict
1990s:
• Darfur: Underdeveloped and marginalised region
• Increasing competition for natural resources
• Increasing competition for political influence
• Increasing political unrest
• Local/National governance failure
2000s:
• “Black Book”: call for power/wealth redistribution
• Intra-state spillover effects (Central government + SPLM
involvement)
• Instrumentalisation of identities (ethnicity)
• Empowerement of militias
• Inter-state spillover effects (Sudan-Chad relations)
9. GAMBELLA – Resource-based conflict?
The setting
• Marginalised and underdeveloped
region
• Political instability
• Federal/regional complexity
• Population movements
• Spillover effects from Sudan
Gambella
region The competition(s)
• Competition for land and water –
farmers, pastoralists, new comers
• Problematic land tenure
• Patterns of cooperation and conflict
• Competition for political power
• Instrumentalisation of identity politics
The environment?
10. GAMBELLA – The environment
White Nile River
Sobat River
Baro River
Akobo River Gilo River
Vast water supplies and fertile land
But...
• Increasing ecological degradation/deforestation
• Increasing pressure over riverian areas
• Potential land grabbing
11. GAMBELLA – Pressure over riverian areas
90s U l er s
+ Mo
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es
0s
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90
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Hig
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0s s
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/2
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/2
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12. CONCLUSIONS
• Potential for resource-based conflicts in Ethiopia and
Sudan is high
• Growing pressure over land and water resources
• Environmental degradation – social, economic and
political impacts
• Trend: political instrumentalisation of resource conflicts
• Growing competition for political resources
• Risk for transboundary spillover effects