The document discusses the structure of computers. It describes hardware as the physical components like the CPU, memory, and peripherals that can be touched. Software refers to programs and data that run on the hardware. Firmware is electronic circuits that perform functions usually done by software. Liveware or humanware refers to the people who work with computers, including maintenance engineers, software engineers, system analysts, programmers, and operators. The document also discusses system software that makes the computer functional, applications software for specific tasks, and customized software for unique needs. Common application software includes word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and drafting packages.

1. 7/6/2013 1Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

2. Structure of Computer
7/6/2013 2Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

3. Part-1
Hardware and Software :
The Computer equipment is called
Hardware whereas all the programs
and all the data fed into the computer
are called Software. Hardware can be
felt by hand touching while software
can’t. Software can be seen only.
• Example of hard ware: Memory, CPU,
Printer, Keyboard, Monitor, UPS
7/6/2013 3Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

4. software and firm ware :
The term software refers to computer
programs in binary representation (0’s
and 1’s). the term firm ware refer to
electronic circuits, typically in the form
of a card which can be added or
deleted from computer’s electronics,
to perform a function which is
usually implemented through a
software.
7/6/2013 4Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

5. LIVEWARE :
The discussion on computers
remains incomplete without a
reference to most important
aspect of live ware also called
Human ware. No doubt, a
computer is a very powerful
and sophisticated device but it
is of no use without live ware.
Contd….
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6. • The term Live ware means all
the personnel's dealing with
the computer systems and their
management. These
personnel's associated with a
computer system and the
duties performed by them in
order to make a computer
really a worth while device are
listed below---7/6/2013 6Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

7. 1. Maintenance Engineers. Look after
the maintenance of the hardware
components of a computer.
2. Software Engineers. Their job is to
design and develop, software such as
operating systems and language
processors etc.
3. System Analysts. Analyses the
given problem and provides an
efficient method of solving it with the
help of a computer.
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8. 4. Programmers. Prepare the
source programs to solve the
given problems according to the
solution suggested by the
system analysts.
5. Computer Operators. Operate
the computer systems and
possess the knowledge of the
internal working of the computers.
7/6/2013 8Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

9. Part-II
(a) Software Packages
A CPU by itself can’t do anything.
It executes whatever instructions
are given to it. A set of instructions
written to perform an activity ins
known as program. A set of
programs, meant for a particular
assignment, is called a software
package.
7/6/2013 9Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

10. • Software packages may be of three
types:
1) System Software – It is essential
for the computer to become
functional.
7/6/2013 10Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

11. (ii) Applications Software – These
constitute sets of programs written for
performing specified functions. For
each type of application, different
application software is required.
Some of application software
categories are: wood processors,
spread sheets, drafting package,
communication packages, and data
base management system (DBMS),
expert system, etc.7/6/2013 11Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

12. (iii) Customized Application
software- The application software
available commercially is ideally
suited because they have been tested
and less costly. But for some
application, exact readymade
package may not be available. For
such situations, customized
application software has to be
developed. Cont…
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13. • to write a program, several high
level languages are available,
each language is suited for a
particular type of application, so
one has to select the language
appropriately. Some of the
languages are : BASIC,
FORTRAMN, COBOL, C, Algol,
PL/1, etc.
7/6/2013 13Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

14. b) System Software
These programs are essential for
computer to function. Without these
programs, no interaction is possible
with computers. These programs
facilitate in accepting instructions and
executing them.
• These include following programs:
7/6/2013 14Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

15. • 1) Operating System (O/S) –
• These act as interface between
the processor and the application
program and enable the user to
exploit the abilities of computer
hardware device.
• Commonly used OS programs
are DOS (Disk Operating
System), UNIX, XENIX, VMS, etc.
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16. 2) Operating Environments and
Shells – These provide more
facilities for input/output peripherals
than OS. These programs run on
top of the OS and act as a
homogeneous interface between
the applications and the operating
system. Some examples are
Microsoft Windows on DOS, X-
Windows for UNIX, etc.
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17. 3) Utility Programs – These enable
easing the process of maintaining
file, directories, etc.
4) There are other soft wares related to
system development, like
Networking software,
Communication interface software,
etc.
7/6/2013 17Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

18. Application Software :
These programs are
prepared for a particular
type of application. Some of
the commercially available
application software are:
7/6/2013 18Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

19. 1) Word Processors- These are
used for processing and printing of
text material. These have facilities for
typing text, setting up margins,
spacing between the lines, style of
text (bold, underline , etc). Software
for desk top publishing, laser printings
are also available.
• For DOS system, the word
processors are also available.
7/6/2013 19Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

20. 2) Spread Sheets – These permit
preparation of calculations sheets.
These are useful in accounting, for
repetitive calculations in experiment
and research work, Numeric figures
are entered in different cells, to
perform standardized calculation
without entering the equation or the
formulae every time the data is
change. These include Lotus 1-2-3,
Symphony, etc.
7/6/2013 20Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

21. 3) Database management System –
These are used for maintaining
different kinds of databases in tabular
from. Data can be viewed and
queried in several formats. A variety
of reports can be generated. These
usually act very useful management
support tool. Some commonly used
packages, are Dbase II, DbaseII
DBaseIII+, IV Foxbase, etc.
7/6/2013 21Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

22. 4)Relational Database Management Systems
(RDBMS) – These make the
design and development
of database application
an easy task. Oracle,
Ingres, Informix, etc. are
some of the examples.
7/6/2013 22Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

23. 5) Drafting Packages – These are
used for making drawing and
creation of 3D models. Auto
CAD is the most popular
drafting package which works in
DOS platform.
6) Communication Packages – These are
used to permit communication
from one machine to other.
7/6/2013 23Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

24. •THANK YOU…
7/6/2013 24Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi