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Poverty
Poverty
Definition of Poverty
• poverty means lack of basic capacity to
participate effectively in society.
• It means not having enough to food and
clothing a family, not having a school or clinic
to go to, not having the land on which to grow
one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not
having access to credit.
• It means insecurity, powerlessness and
exclusion of individuals, households and
communities.
• It means susceptibility to violence, without
access to clean water or sanitation.
POVERTY AS SEEN BY SOCIAL
SCIENTISTS
 Poverty is looked through other social
indicators like,
• Illiteracy level.
• Lack of general resistance due to malnutrition.
• Lack of access to healthcare.
• Lack of job opportunities.
• Lack of access to safe drinking water, etc.
Percentage of population living on less than
$1.25 per day. UN estimates 2000–2006.
Percentage of population suffering from
hunger, World Food Programme, 2006
FACTORS CONSIDERED AS A PART OF
POVERTY
Precarious
livelihoods
Gender
relationships
Physical
limitations
Excluded
locations
Problems in
social
relationships
Lack of
security
Abuse by
those in
power
Dis-
empowering
institutions
Limited
capabilities
Weak
community
organizations
Causes of
Poverty
Rapidly
Rising
Population
Low
Productivity
in
Agriculture
Under
Utilized
Resources
Low Rate of
Economic
Development
Unemploy
ment
Shortage
of Capital
Social
Factors
Political
Factors
CAUSES OF POVERTY
1. Rapidly Rising Population:
• The population during the last 45 years has
increased at the rate of 2.2% per annum.
• On average 17 million people are added every
year to its population which raises the
demand for consumption goods considerably.
2. Low Productivity in Agriculture:
• The level of productivity in agriculture is low
due to subdivided and fragmented holdings,
lack of capital, use of traditional methods of
cultivation, illiteracy etc. This is the main
cause of poverty in the country.
3. Under Utilized Resources:
• The existence of under employment and
disguised unemployment of human resources
and under utilization of resources has resulted
in low production in agricultural sector. This
brought a down fall in their standard of living.
4. Low Rate of Economic Development:
• The rate of economic development in India
has been below the required level. Therefore,
there persists a gap between level of
availability and requirements of goods and
services. The net result is poverty.
5. Price Rise:
• The continuous and steep price rise has added
to the miseries of poor. It has benefited a few
people in the society and the persons in lower
income group find it difficult to get their
minimum needs.
6. Unemployment:
• The continuously expanding army of
unemployed is another cause of poverty.
• The job seeker is increasing in number at a
higher rate than the expansion in employment
opportunities.
7. Shortage of Capital and Able
Entrepreneurship:
• Capital and able entrepreneurship have
important role in accelerating the growth. But
these are in short supply making it difficult to
increase production significantly.
8. Social Factors:
• The social set up is still backward and is not
conducive to faster development. Laws of
inheritance, caste system, traditions and
customs are putting hindrances in the way of
faster development and have aggravate" the
problem of poverty.
9. Political Factors:
• The Britishers started lopsided development in
India and reduced Indian economy to a
colonial state. They exploited the natural
resources to suit their interests and weaken
the industrial base of Indian economy.
• In independent India, the development plans
have been guided by political interests. Hence,
the planning a failure to tackle the problems
of poverty and unemployment.
METHODS TO REDUCE POVERTY
1. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP):
• Integrated Rural Development Programme was
initiated in 1976-77 in 20 selected districts and further
in 1980 it was started in all blocks of the country.
• The objective of the programme is to enable the
selected families to cross the poverty line through a
strategy of productive assets endowment. During the
Seventh Five Year Plan period an outlay of Rs. 2.462
crore was provided for the programme and the target
was to cover 20 million beneficiaries.
• 2. National Rural Employment Programme
(NREP):
• National Rural Employment Programme was
launched in October 1980. The basic objective
of the programme was to generate additional
gainful employment in the rural areas to bring
about a general improvement in the overall
quality of life in rural areas.
3. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme (RLEGP):
• The RLEGP was launched on 15 August 1983 to
generate additional employment in rural areas.
The basic objective of the programme was to
improve and expand employment opportunities
to create productive and durable assets for
strengthening rural infrastructure and to improve
the overall quality of life in rural areas.
4. Jawahar Rozgar Yojna:
• Jawahar Rozgar Yojna has been introduced in
1989-90 with a purpose of generating more
employment in the country. To create 837
million mandays of employment a sum of Rs.
2623 crores has been provided.
5. Development of Women and Children.
• This programme was launched during the
Sixth Plan on a pilot basis in 50 districts and
was continued in the Seventh Plan. The object
of the programme is to improve the lot of
rural women through the creation of income
generation activities in a district.
6. Desert Development Programme:
• DDP was started in 1977 on the
recommendations of the National Commission
on Agriculture. The main objective of DDP was
on controlling further diversification of desert
areas and raising the productivity of local
inhabitant.
7. Employment Guarantee Scheme:
• This Scheme has been launched in states, such
as, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Kerala,
Rajasthan etc. Under the schemes
unemployed persons are given economic
assistance.
8. Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY):
• This Yojana was implementing 1993 to give
employment to more than 10 lakh people by
setting up seven lakh m enterprises during
Eighth Plan in industry, service and business.
In 1995-96 it generated employment for 3.75
lakh people. It provided employment to 2.1
lakh proper day in 1999-2000.
9. Self-Employment Programmes:
• Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY).
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
and allied programmes as Training of Rural Youth
for Self Employment (TRYSEM), Development of
Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) and
Million Wells Scheme (MWS) have been
restructured into a single self-employment
programme called the Swarnajayanti Gramya
Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) from April 1999.
10.Other Programmes:
• Govt, of India launched other employment and
poverty alleviation programmes as under:
• (i) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY).
• (ii) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Gramin
Awas).
• (iii) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana-Rural
Drinking Water Project.
• (iv) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY).
• (v) Autyodya Anna Yojana.
• (vi) Jai Parkesh Rozgar Guarantee Yojana (JPRGY).
• (vii) Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana
(VAMBAY)etc.
Poverty

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Poverty

  • 3. Definition of Poverty • poverty means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. • It means not having enough to food and clothing a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit.
  • 4. • It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. • It means susceptibility to violence, without access to clean water or sanitation.
  • 5. POVERTY AS SEEN BY SOCIAL SCIENTISTS  Poverty is looked through other social indicators like, • Illiteracy level. • Lack of general resistance due to malnutrition. • Lack of access to healthcare. • Lack of job opportunities. • Lack of access to safe drinking water, etc.
  • 6. Percentage of population living on less than $1.25 per day. UN estimates 2000–2006.
  • 7. Percentage of population suffering from hunger, World Food Programme, 2006
  • 8. FACTORS CONSIDERED AS A PART OF POVERTY Precarious livelihoods Gender relationships Physical limitations Excluded locations Problems in social relationships Lack of security Abuse by those in power Dis- empowering institutions Limited capabilities Weak community organizations
  • 9. Causes of Poverty Rapidly Rising Population Low Productivity in Agriculture Under Utilized Resources Low Rate of Economic Development Unemploy ment Shortage of Capital Social Factors Political Factors
  • 10. CAUSES OF POVERTY 1. Rapidly Rising Population: • The population during the last 45 years has increased at the rate of 2.2% per annum. • On average 17 million people are added every year to its population which raises the demand for consumption goods considerably.
  • 11. 2. Low Productivity in Agriculture: • The level of productivity in agriculture is low due to subdivided and fragmented holdings, lack of capital, use of traditional methods of cultivation, illiteracy etc. This is the main cause of poverty in the country.
  • 12. 3. Under Utilized Resources: • The existence of under employment and disguised unemployment of human resources and under utilization of resources has resulted in low production in agricultural sector. This brought a down fall in their standard of living.
  • 13. 4. Low Rate of Economic Development: • The rate of economic development in India has been below the required level. Therefore, there persists a gap between level of availability and requirements of goods and services. The net result is poverty.
  • 14. 5. Price Rise: • The continuous and steep price rise has added to the miseries of poor. It has benefited a few people in the society and the persons in lower income group find it difficult to get their minimum needs.
  • 15. 6. Unemployment: • The continuously expanding army of unemployed is another cause of poverty. • The job seeker is increasing in number at a higher rate than the expansion in employment opportunities.
  • 16. 7. Shortage of Capital and Able Entrepreneurship: • Capital and able entrepreneurship have important role in accelerating the growth. But these are in short supply making it difficult to increase production significantly.
  • 17. 8. Social Factors: • The social set up is still backward and is not conducive to faster development. Laws of inheritance, caste system, traditions and customs are putting hindrances in the way of faster development and have aggravate" the problem of poverty.
  • 18. 9. Political Factors: • The Britishers started lopsided development in India and reduced Indian economy to a colonial state. They exploited the natural resources to suit their interests and weaken the industrial base of Indian economy. • In independent India, the development plans have been guided by political interests. Hence, the planning a failure to tackle the problems of poverty and unemployment.
  • 19. METHODS TO REDUCE POVERTY 1. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP): • Integrated Rural Development Programme was initiated in 1976-77 in 20 selected districts and further in 1980 it was started in all blocks of the country. • The objective of the programme is to enable the selected families to cross the poverty line through a strategy of productive assets endowment. During the Seventh Five Year Plan period an outlay of Rs. 2.462 crore was provided for the programme and the target was to cover 20 million beneficiaries.
  • 20. • 2. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP): • National Rural Employment Programme was launched in October 1980. The basic objective of the programme was to generate additional gainful employment in the rural areas to bring about a general improvement in the overall quality of life in rural areas.
  • 21. 3. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP): • The RLEGP was launched on 15 August 1983 to generate additional employment in rural areas. The basic objective of the programme was to improve and expand employment opportunities to create productive and durable assets for strengthening rural infrastructure and to improve the overall quality of life in rural areas.
  • 22. 4. Jawahar Rozgar Yojna: • Jawahar Rozgar Yojna has been introduced in 1989-90 with a purpose of generating more employment in the country. To create 837 million mandays of employment a sum of Rs. 2623 crores has been provided.
  • 23. 5. Development of Women and Children. • This programme was launched during the Sixth Plan on a pilot basis in 50 districts and was continued in the Seventh Plan. The object of the programme is to improve the lot of rural women through the creation of income generation activities in a district.
  • 24. 6. Desert Development Programme: • DDP was started in 1977 on the recommendations of the National Commission on Agriculture. The main objective of DDP was on controlling further diversification of desert areas and raising the productivity of local inhabitant.
  • 25. 7. Employment Guarantee Scheme: • This Scheme has been launched in states, such as, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Kerala, Rajasthan etc. Under the schemes unemployed persons are given economic assistance.
  • 26. 8. Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY): • This Yojana was implementing 1993 to give employment to more than 10 lakh people by setting up seven lakh m enterprises during Eighth Plan in industry, service and business. In 1995-96 it generated employment for 3.75 lakh people. It provided employment to 2.1 lakh proper day in 1999-2000.
  • 27. 9. Self-Employment Programmes: • Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY). Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) and allied programmes as Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) and Million Wells Scheme (MWS) have been restructured into a single self-employment programme called the Swarnajayanti Gramya Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) from April 1999.
  • 28. 10.Other Programmes: • Govt, of India launched other employment and poverty alleviation programmes as under: • (i) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY). • (ii) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Gramin Awas). • (iii) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana-Rural Drinking Water Project. • (iv) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). • (v) Autyodya Anna Yojana. • (vi) Jai Parkesh Rozgar Guarantee Yojana (JPRGY). • (vii) Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)etc.