Chapter 04.ppt

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Ralph M. Stair | George W. Reynolds
Chapter 4
Software: Systems and
Application Software

• Systems and application software are
critical in helping individuals and
organizations achieve their goals
– Identify and briefly describe the functions of
the two basic kinds of software
– Outline the role of the operating system and
identify the features of several popular
operating systems
2
Principles and Learning Objectives:
Critical Need for Software

• Organizations use off-the-shelf application
software for common business needs and
proprietary application software to meet
unique business needs and provide a
competitive advantage
– Discuss how application software can support
personal, workgroup, and enterprise business
objectives
3
Meeting Business Needs

• Organizations use off-the-shelf application
software for common business needs and
proprietary application software to meet
unique business needs and provide a
competitive advantage
– Identify three basic approaches to developing
application software and discuss the pros and
cons of each
4
Providing a Competitive Advantage

• Organizations should choose
programming languages with functional
characteristics that are appropriate for the
task at hand and well suited to the skills
and experience of the programming staff
– Outline the overall evolution and importance
of programming languages and clearly
differentiate among the generations of
programming languages
5
Programming Languages

• The software industry continues to
undergo constant change; users need to
be aware of recent trends and issues to be
effective in their business and personal life
– Identify several key software issues and
trends that have an impact on organizations
and individuals
6
Trends and Issues

• Software is indispensable for any
computer system and the people using the
system
• Applications software
– Key to helping you achieve your career goals
• Examples of using software: sales orders
and customer support; stock trading; and
scientific analysis
7
Why Learn About Software?

Software Expenditures Exceed
Spending on Hardware
8

• Computer programs: sequences of
instructions for the computer
• Documentation: text that describes
program functions to help the user operate
the computer system
• Types of software
– Systems software
– Application software
9
An Overview of Software

• The set of programs that coordinates the
activities and functions of hardware and
other programs
• Each type of systems software is designed
for a specific CPU and class of hardware
• Computer system platform: the
combination of a hardware configuration
and systems software
10
Systems Software

• Helps users solve particular problems
• In most cases, resides on the computer’s
hard disk
• Can be stored on CDs, DVDs, or USB
flash drives
• An increasing amount of application is
available on the Web as a rich Internet
application (RIA)
11

Categories of Applications
12
Business Genealogy Personal information manager
Communications Language Photography
Computer-aided design Legal Science
Desktop publishing Library Simulation
Educational Multimedia Video games
Entertainment Music Video

• Sphere of influence: the scope of
problems and opportunities addressed by
a particular organization
• Personal sphere of influence
– Serves the needs of an individual user
• Personal productivity software
– Enables users to improve their personal
effectiveness
13
Supporting Individual, Group, and
Organizational Goals

• Workgroup: two or more people working
together to achieve a common goal
• Workgroup sphere of influence
– Helps workgroup members attain their
common goals
• Enterprise sphere of influence
– Serves the needs of the firm in its interaction
with its environment
14
Supporting Individual, Group, and
Organizational Goals (cont’d.)

Table 4.1 Software Supporting
Individuals, Workgroups, and Enterprises
15
Software Personal Workgroup Enterprise
Systems software Smartphone, tablet
computer, personal
computer, and workstation
operating systems
Network operating
systems
Server and
mainframe operating
systems
Application software Word processing,
spreadsheet, database, and
graphics
Electronic mail, group
scheduling, shared work,
and collaboration
General ledger, order
entry, payroll, and
human resources

• Controls the operations of computer
hardware
• Supports the application programs’
problem-solving capabilities
• Types of systems software
– Operating systems
– Utility programs
– Middleware
16
Systems Software: Functions and Types

• A set of programs that controls computer
hardware and acts as an interface with
application programs
17
Operating Systems

• Single computer with a single user
• Single computer with multiple
simultaneous users
• Multiple computers with multiple users
• Special-purpose computers
18
Operating Systems: Combinations of OSs,
Computers, and Users

Role of Operating Systems
19

• The heart of the operating system
– Controls the most critical processes of the OS
– Ties all of the OS components together and
regulates other programs
20
Operating Systems: Kernel

• Controlling common computer hardware
functions
• Providing a user interface and input/output
management
• Providing a degree of hardware
independence
• Managing system memory
• Managing processing tasks
21
Operating System Activities

• Providing networking capability
• Controlling access to system resources
• Managing files
22
Operating System Activities (cont’d.)

• Get input from keyboard or another input
device
• Retrieve data from disks
• Store data on disks
• Display information on a monitor or printer
23
Operating Systems: Common Hardware
Functions

• A user interface allows individuals to
access and interact with the computer
system
• A command-based user interface requires
text commands
• A graphical user interface (GUI)
– The user interacts with icons and menus to
send commands to the computer system
24
Operating Systems: User Interface and
Input/Output Management

• A natural user interface (NUI) or multitouch
interface
• Speech recognition
• Sight interfaces
• Brain interfaces
25
Operating Systems: User Interface and
Input/Output Management (cont’d.)

• Application program interface (API): a set
of programming instructions and standards
for one software program to access and
use the services of another software
program
• Hardware independence allows software
development without concern for the
specific underlying hardware
26
Operating Systems: Hardware
Independence

• Allows the computer to execute program
instructions effectively and to speed
processing
• Virtual memory: hard disk space is
allocated to supplement the immediate,
functional memory capacity of RAM
– Paging
27
Operating Systems: Memory Management

• Five basic task management techniques
– Multiuser: allows two or more users to run
programs at the same time on one computer
– Multiprocessing: supports running a program
on more than one CPU
– Multitasking: allows more than one program to
run concurrently
– Multithreading
– Real time
28
Operating Systems: Processing Tasks

• Multithreading: allows different threads of
a single program to run concurrently
– A thread is a set of instructions within an
application that s independent of other
threads
• Real time: responds to input instantly
29
Processing Tasks: Five Basic Task
Management Techniques (cont’d.)

• Allows computers in a network to send
and receive data and share computing
resources
30
Operating Systems: Networking Capability

• Provides protection against unauthorized
access to the users’ data and programs
• Establishes a logon procedure
– May control access to specific system
resources
• Tracks who is using the system, length of
use, and attempted security breaches
31
Operating Systems: Access to System
Resources and Security

• Ensures that files in secondary storage are
available when needed
• Protects files from access by unauthorized
users
32
Operating Systems: File Management

Current Operating Systems Classified by
Sphere of Influence
33
Personal Workgroup Enterprise
Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows Server Microsoft Windows Server
Mac OS X, iOS Mac OS X Server
Linux Linux Linux
Google Android, Chrome OS
HP webOS
UNIX UNIX
IBM i and z/OS IBM i and z/OS
HP-UX HP-UX

• Microsoft PC operating systems
– Windows XP
– Windows Vista
– Windows 7
– Windows 8
• Apple computer operating systems
– OS X 10.9 Mavericks
– Mac users can dual boot to run either
Windows or Mac OS X
34
Current Operating Systems

• Open-source operating system
• Three of the most widely used distributions
come from software companies:
– RedHat
– SUSE
– Canonical
• Ubuntu: a Linux-based operating system
used on desktops, laptops, and servers
35
Current Operating Systems: Linux

• Chrome OS
– Linux-based operating system designed for
netbooks and nettops
– Designed to run on inexpensive low-power
computers
• Chromium OS: an open-source version of
Chrome OS
• Android: an operating system for mobile
devices
36
Current Operating Systems: Google

• Windows Server provides:
– A powerful Web server management system
– Virtualization tools that allow various
operating systems to run on a single server
– Advanced security features
– Robust administrative support
37
Workgroup Operating Systems

• UNIX can be used on many computer
system types and platforms
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server can
manage a cluster of several servers
• Mac OS X Server includes
– Support for 64-bit processing
– Several server functions and features for easy
management of network and Internet services
38
Workgroup Operating Systems (cont’d.)

• Examples of mainframe OSs
– z/OS: IBM’s first 64-bit enterprise OS
– HP-UX from Hewlett-Packard
– Linux
39
Enterprise Operating Systems

• Smartphones now employ full-fledged
personal computer operating systems
– Google Android
– Apple iOS
– Microsoft Windows Phone
40
Mobile Operating Systems

Table 4.3 Comparison of Smartphone
Operating Systems
41
Smartphone Operating
System
Worldwide Market
Share of Sales during
2Q 2013
Estimated Total
Number of
Applications
Mid-2013
Estimated Rate of
Increase in Number of
New Applications
Google Android 56.5% >1,000,000 800/day
Apple iPhone OS 39.6% 900,000 600/day
Microsoft Windows
Mobile
3.3% 145,000 130/day
Blackberry Limited,
Blackberry
2.9% 120,000 NA

Table 4.4 Worldwide Market Share of
Tablet OSs—1q 2013 Shipments
42
Tablet Computer Operating System Worldwide Market Share
Android 27.8%
iOS 19.5%
Windows 1.6%
Others 0.3%

• Embedded system: a computer system
(including a processor) implanted in and
dedicated to the control of another device
• Popular OSs for embedded systems
– Windows embedded
– Proprietary Linux-based systems: Sony’s Wii;
and OSs in e-book readers, ATMs, cell
phones, networking devices, etc.
43
Embedded Operating Systems

• Utility program: a program that helps to
perform maintenance or correct problems
with a computer system
44
Utility Programs

• Hardware utilities
• Security utilities
• File-compression utilities
• Spam-filtering utilities
• Network and Internet utilities
• Server and mainframe utilities
• Other utilities: mobile device management
(MDM), defraggers, system cleaners, etc.
45
Common Types of Utility Programs

• Software that allows different systems to
communicate and exchange data
• Can also be used as an interface between
the Internet and private corporate systems
• Service-oriented architecture (SOA): a
software design approach using modules
to provide specific functions as services to
other applications
46
Middleware

• Application programs’ primary function
– To apply the power of the computer to enable
people, workgroups, and the entire enterprise
to solve problems and perform specific tasks
• Many software options are available
– Software can be selected that best meets the
needs of the individual, workgroup, or
enterprise
47
Application Software: Primary Function
and Options

• Proprietary software: a one-of-a-kind
program for a specific application
– Owned by the company, organization, or
person that uses it
• Off-the-shelf software: software mass-
produced by software vendors
– Addresses needs that are common across
businesses, organizations, or individuals
48
Overview of Application Software:
Proprietary Versus Off-the-Shelf Software

Table 4.5 Proprietary Software
Advantages and Disadvantages
49
Advantages Disadvantages
You can get exactly what you need in terms
of features, reports, and so on.
It can take a long time and significant
resources to develop required features.
Being involved in the development offers
control over the results.
In-house system development staff may be
hard pressed to provide the required level of
ongoing support and maintenance because
of pressure to move on to other new
projects.
You can modify features that you might need
to counteract an initiative by competitors or
to meet new supplier or customer demands.
The features and performance of software
that has yet to be developed presents more
potential risk.

Table 4.5 Off-the-Shelf Software
Advantages and Disadvantages
50
Advantages Disadvantages
The initial cost is lower because the software
firm can spread the development costs over
many customers.
An organization might have to pay for
features that are not required and never
used.
The software is likely to meet the basic
business needs—you can analyze existing
features and the performance of the pack-
age before purchasing.
The software might lack important features,
thus requiring future modification or
customization. This lack can be very
expensive because users must adopt future
releases of the software as well.
The package is likely to be of high quality
because many customer firms have tested
the software and helped identify its bugs.
The software might not match current work
processes and data standards.

• Application service provider (ASP)
– A company that can provide software,
support, and computer hardware on which to
run the software from the user’s facilities over
a network
• Software as a service (SaaS)
– Businesses subscribe to Web-delivered
business application software
51
Overview of Application Software: ASP
and SaaS

• Cloud computing provides computing
resources on the Internet (the cloud)
rather than on local computers
52
Overview of Application Software: Cloud
Computing

Table 4.7 Examples of Personal
53
Type of Software Explanation Example
Word processing Create, edit, and print text documents Microsoft Word
Google Docs
Apple Pages
OpenOffice Writer
Spreadsheet Provide a wide range of built-in functions
for statistical, financial, logical, database,
graphics, and date and time calculations
Microsoft Excel
IBM Lotus 1-2-3
Google Spreadsheet
Apple Numbers
OpenOffice Calc
Database Store, manipulate, and retrieve data Microsoft Access
IBM Lotus Approach
Borland dBASE
Google Base
OpenOffice Base
Graphics Develop graphs, illustrations, and drawings Adobe Illustrator
Adobe FreeHand
Microsoft PowerPoint
OpenOffice Impress

Table 4.7 Examples of Personal
Application Software (cont’d.)
54
Type of Software Explanation Example
Project management Plan, schedule, allocate, and control people and
resources (money, time, and technology)
needed to complete a project according to
schedule
Microsoft Project
Symantec On Target
Scitor Project Scheduler
Symantec Time Line
Financial management Provide income and expense tracking and
reporting to monitor and plan budgets (some
programs have investment portfolio
management features)
Intuit Quicken
Desktop publishing (DTP) Use with personal computers and high-
resolution printers to create high-quality
printed output, including text and graphics;
various styles of pages can be laid out; art and
text files from other programs can also be
integrated into published pages
QuarkXpress
Microsoft Publisher
Adobe InDesign
Corel Ventura Publisher
Apple Pages

• A collection of single programs packaged
together in a bundle
• Suites can include: word processor,
spreadsheet, database management,
graphics, communications tools, and
organizers
• Programs are designed to work similarly
• Bundled suite is cost effective
55
Software Suites and Integrated Software
Packages

Table 4.8 Major Components of Leading
Software Suites
56
Personal
Productivity
Function
Microsoft
Office
IBM
Lotus
Symphony
Corel
WordPerfect
Office
Apache
OpenOffice
Apple
iWork
Google
Apps
Word processing Word Documents WordPerfect Writer Pages Docs
Spreadsheet Excel Spreadsheets Quattro Pro Calc Numbers Sheets
Presentation graphics PowerPoint Presentations Presentations Impress and
Draw
Keynote Slides
Database Access Approach Base

• Google, Zoho, and Thinkfree offer free
online word processors, spreadsheets,
presentations, and other software
• Microsoft Office 365 offers basic software
suite features over the Internet using cloud
computing
57
Web-Based Productivity Software Suites

• TurboTax: tax-preparation program
• Software for creating Web pages and
sites, composing music, and editing
photos and videos
• Educational and reference
• Entertainment, games, and leisure
• Computer-assisted design (CAD)
• Statistical software: SPSS and SAS
58
Other Personal Application Software

• Number of apps has exploded
– Hundreds of thousands of applications have
been developed by third parties
– Thousands of applications are available for
iPhones from the Apple App Store
– Over one million apps are available in the
Android market
– Microsoft and other software companies are
investing in mobile app software
59
Mobile Application Software

• Supports teamwork with people in the
same location or dispersed around the
world
• Groupware helps groups of people work
together more effectively
– Also called collaborative software
60
Workgroup Application Software

• Software that benefits an entire
organization
• Helps managers and workers stay
connected
• Cost, installation and ability to integrate
with other software are major
considerations in selecting this software
– Usability on smartphones and mobile devices
is also an important factor
61
Enterprise Application Software

• Available in every industry
• Examples:
– Blackboard and other learning management
software
– Software to visualize and analyze the human
genome
– Software to help pick the next hit song
– Natural resource planning
62
Software for Information, Decision
Support, and Competitive Advantage

• Sets of keywords, commands, symbols,
and a system of rules for constructing
statements:
– Allows humans to communicate instructions
to a computer
• Syntax: a set of rules associated with a
programming language
63
Programming Languages

The Evolution of Programming
Languages
64
Generation Language Approximate
Development
Date
Sample Statement or
Action
First Machine language 1940s 00010101
Second Assembly language 1950s MVC
Third High-level language 1960s READ SALES
Fourth Query and database
languages
1970s PRINT EMPLOYEE
NUMBER IF GROSS PAY >
1000
Beyond
Fourth
Natural and intelligent
languages
1980s IF hours worked is greater than
40, THEN pay the employee
overtime pay

• Visual programming uses a graphical or
“visual” interface combined with text-based
commands
• Object-oriented programming languages
– Programming languages that are based on
objects
• Fifth-generation languages (5GLs):
– Also called natural languages
– More English-like syntax than 4GLs
65
Visual, Object-Oriented, and Artificial
Intelligence Languages

Reusable Code in Object-Oriented
Programming
66

• Compiler: a special software program that
converts the programmer’s source code
into the machine-language instructions
• Software development kits (SDKs) and
integrated development environments
(IDEs) have made software development
easier than ever
67
Visual, Object-Oriented, and Artificial
Intelligence Languages (cont’d.)

How a Compiler Works
68

• Software bug: a defect in a program that
keeps it from performing as it should
• Tips for reducing the impact of software
bugs
– Register all software
– Check read-me files for work-arounds
– Access the support area of the manufacturer’s
Web site for patches
– Install the latest software updates
69
Software Issues and Trends

• Most software products are protected by
law using copyright or licensing provisions:
– In some cases, you are given unlimited use of
software on one or two computers
– In other cases, you pay for your usage; if you
use the software more, you pay more
• Some software now requires that you
register or activate it before it can be fully
used
70
Copyrights and Licenses

Table 4.11 Software Licenses:
Single-User
71
Subtype Description
General This license type allows the program to be installed and used on one CPU
which is not accessed by other users over a network. The software will be used
only on a single computer, and other users will not be able to access or run the
software while connected to your computer.
Perpetual license Allows the customer to install and use the software indefinitely. Technical
support is included for a limited term, usually 90 days.
Subscription license Allows the user to use the software for a specified time period. This license
usually includes technical support and access to upgrades and patches released
during the term of the subscription. At the end of the term, the user has
several options: (1) renew the subscription; (2) purchase a perpetual license at a
discounted cost; or (3) remove the software from the computer.
Freeware license This license type is offered as freeware by the author and does not require
paying any fee for use.
Shareware license This is a license to use software for a trial period and then, if you continue to
use the software, you must pay a shareware fee or cease using the software.

Individual/Multiuser Licensing
72
Subtype Description
Volume licenses Allows the licensee to install the software on a certain number of
computers. The licensee usually has to satisfy a minimum purchase
requirement and obtains reduced prices in exchange. When purchasing the
licenses, the licensee usually receives one copy of the media and
documentation with the option of purchasing more.
Site/enterprise This license provides access to software at a single location. Typically, these
licenses are individually negotiated with the publisher and vary widely in
their provisions

Network/Multiuser Licenses
73
Subtype Description
Server (network) Licensed per server—this license type requires that you have a single copy of
the software residing on the file server. With Per Server licensing, a specified
number of CALs are associated with a particular server. The number of
devices that can legally access that server simultaneously is limited in Per
Server licensing to the number of CALs purchased for that particular server.
Per Seat (machine) Licensed per machine/seat—this license requires that you purchase a license
for each client computer and/or device where access to services is needed.
This license is typically used in conjunction with a network license.
Per Processor Under the Per Processor model, you acquire a Processor License for each
processor in the server on which the software is running. A Processor License
usually includes access for an unlimited number of users to connect. You do
not need to purchase additional server licenses, CALs, or Internet Connector
Licenses.

• Freeware: software that is made available
to the public for free
• Open-source software: distributed,
typically for free, with the source code
74
Freeware and Open-Source Software

Table 4.13 Examples of Open-Source
Software
75
Software Category
Drupal Web publishing system
Gimp Photo editing
Grisbi Personal accounting
Linux Operating system
Mozilla Firefox Internet browser
MySQL Database software
Open Office Application software
OpenProj Project management

• GPL grants you the right to:
– Run the program for any purpose
– Study how the program works and adapt it to
your needs
– Redistribute copies so you can help others
– Improve the program and release
improvements to the public
76
GNU General Public License (GPL)

• Software companies revise their programs
and sell new versions periodically
• Software upgrades vary widely in the
benefits that they provide
• Developing an upgrading strategy is
important for many businesses
– Helps to ensure that updated software is more
stable with fewer errors and problems
77
Software Upgrades

• Supporting local operations is one of the
biggest challenges IS teams face when
putting together standardized, company-
wide systems
• Outsourcing global support to one or more
third-party distributors is gaining
acceptance
78
Global Software Support

• Main categories of software are systems
software and application software
• An operating system (OS) is a set of
computer programs that controls the
computer hardware and acts as an
interface with applications
• Utility programs can perform many useful
tasks and often come installed on
computers along with the OS
79
Summary – Principle 1

• Application software applies the power of
the computer to solve problems and
perform specific tasks
• Three approaches to acquiring application
software:
– Build proprietary application software
– Buy existing programs off the shelf
– Use a combination of customized and off-the-
shelf application software
80

• All software programs are written in coding
schemes called programming languages
• The several classes of programming
languages include:
– Machine, assembly, high-level, query and
database, object-oriented, and visual
programming
81
Summary – Principle 2 (cont’d.)

• Important software issues and trends
– Software bugs
– Software copyrights and licensing
– Freeware and open-source software
– Software upgrades
– Global software support
82

Chapter 04.ppt

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