1. FISHERIES Management

2. Fishing - Maldives
"Fishing is the lifeblood of our nation, it is
inborn. From the soil on which we live, to the
sea around us, it remains an integral part of
our existence.”

3. Objectives
–Discuss good fisheries management
practices for sustainable fisheries.
–Demonstrate knowledge of the practices
and extent of the fishing industry in the
Maldives

4. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
FISHINGMANAGEMENT
SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES
MONITORING FISH STOCKS
METHODS OF STOCK
MANAGEMENT ,
RESTRICTIONS
MALDIVIAN FISHERMAN,
RESOURCES
PROCESSING &
PRESERVATION

5. What are fisheries?

6. Fishery
• A fishery can defined as; human harvest of wild
marine resources for food or industry.
• Its not just fish: also crustaceans, mollusks, marine
mammals, turtles, algae, etc.

7. Fisheries Management – definition
• Controlling the quantity of a stock caught
through the human objective of fishing
(to obtain the largest sustainable catch)
through recreation, commercial or
traditional activities.

8. What is STOCK?
• A supply accumulated for future use; a
store.
• All the animals kept or raised on a farm;
live stocks

9. What do you think of when you hear
the word “FISHING”?

10. Why do people
“FISH”?

11. Types of fishing
Commercial Fishing
Recreational Fishing

12. What are
fisheries?
A geographic area that is
associated with a population
of aquatic organisms (fish,
mollusks, crustaceans, etc.)
which are harvested for their
commercial or recreational
value.

13. AIMS
Gov. has
number of
strategies –
enable
F.managment
Authorities
Common
resources –
belongs to
everyone

14. AIMS
Continued employment
Increased earnings
Protection of fisheries resources

15. THE NEED FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
• FISH stocks are complex and precious resources. Extensive
knowledge and experience of such stocks and the influence
upon them is required in order for fisheries to be managed in
sustainable manner.
• Wealth experience
• Integrated management solutions
• Stocks assessment and monitoring
• Ecosystems effects of fishing

16. • THE NEED FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
• Farmed fish and fish health
• Fishery management –sustainable utilization
• Monitoring control and surveillance

17. Regional, national and international organizations
involved in fisheries management
Ministry of
Fisheries &
Agriculture
Marine Research
Centre
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs

18. WORLD FISHERIES INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
International Council for the Exploration of the Seas
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission

20. • Increased from 80 million tonnes to 100 million
tonnes by 2010. Reasons:
• Marine resources are good source of proteins.
• Provide food for millions of people.
• Provide employment.

21. 3 AREAS OF CONCERN
SUSTAINABILITY
PROPERTY
RIGHTS
AQUACULTURE

22. SUSTAINABILITY
CONTROLLING EFFORT
REDUCE OVERFISHING
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED
SPECIES

23. PROPERTY RIGHTS
• EEZ
• DISTRIBUTED EVENLY
UNCLOS
(UNITED NATIONS FOR
THE LAW OF THE SEA)
FISH STOCKS
High sea highly migratory stradding

24. AQUACULTURE

25. Monitoring Fish Stocks
• The amount of fish stock that can be
taken each year without reducing the
size of the stock for the following year.
• This is the level where rate of fishing is
equal to the population growth.
• When the effort is increased the total
catch increase and reaches maxim um
and again starts decreasing

26. Fisheries projects to determine maximum
sustainable yields
Tag – release -
recapture
Gut content
analysis
Age and growthFecundity
Abundance &
Yield predictions

27. TAG - RELEASE - RECAPTURE
TAGS –
MOVEMENTS,
INTERACTIONS
WITH THE
ENVIRONMENT
MARKING
Raised in the
hatcheries,
tagged &
released
TAG & RELEASE
Report to the
authorities
FISHERMAN

28. TAG - RELEASE - RECAPTURE
Yellow fin Tuna -
high seas
TUNA TAGGING
PROGRAMME

29. AGE & GROWTH
Skeletal Otoliths
(earstones)
scales
Peterson
method
Fish are
grouped
size
Tagging Caught live
– tagged -
released

30. AGE & GROWTH
Age
Composition
dif. Age
groups
catch
Fish length length

31. GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS

32. FECUNDITY
Fecundity is a measure of the reproduction rate of a
species or the number of eggs produced by an
individual. It is used to calculate the reproductive
potential of a stock.
Bony fish - count the no.of eggs in the ovary

33. Fecundity
cartilaginous
Oviparous
(egg)
Viviparous
(live – bearing)

34. FECUNDITY
(dissect and) remove ovaries ;
find (total) volume of ovaries / find mass of ovaries ;
credit reference to displacement method ;
take (small) sample and find volume / find mass ;
shake with water and strain / eq ;
count number of eggs ;
calculate total number ;

35. Data
Fishery – independent data
• Trawl survey
• Dive survey
Fishery – dependent data
• Market survey
• Port monitoring

36. Regulation of fisheries
practices

37. Fishing
• National
• International
• Fishing gears
• Techniques

38. LIMIT ON THE NUMBER OF
IMPORTS ALLOWED INTO A
COUNTRY PER YEAR.
Quota

39. LICENSES

40. Boat restrictions
http://www.fishagri.gov.mv/images/download/Pt1%20GUIDELINES%20for%20Timber%20Boat%20Building_
opt.pdf
http://www.fishagri.gov.mv/images/download/Pt3%20GUIDELINES%20for%20Timber%20Boat%20Building%20Cont%20
from%20Pt2.pdf

41. Gear restrictions
• Restricted gears are:
• demersal trawls and seines
• beam trawls
• fixed nets – gill, entangling and trammel
• long lines

42. Closed seasons
• Catch Size
• Closed seasons (regulated waters) prevent people
from fishing at certain times of the year to protect
species at vulnerable times in their life cycle, such as
during spawning seasons.

43. Closed areas
helps to reduce:
• disruption to spawning
grounds
• the number of juvenile fish
caught
• the amount of fish discarded

44. FAD Implementation of Maldives
• 1. Conduct a countrywide program to design,
develop, construct, install and monitor FAD
systems as a means of enhancing the country's fish
production.
2. Designed , developed construct installation and
monitor of bait Aggregation device
3. To conduct hydro graphic survey for installation
of bait aggregating devise and fish aggregation
devices in Maldives

45. Surveillance
• Fisheries officers
• Coastal patrol boats
• Implement fisheries management

46. Save

47. FISHERIES Management

48. Objectives
–Discuss good fisheries management
practices for sustainable fisheries.
–Demonstrate knowledge of the practices
and extent of the fishing industry in the
Maldives

49. Fisheries Management
• The need for sustainable fisheries.
Monitoring of fish stocks.
Methods of stock management and the enforcement
of restrictions. Methods of rehabilitating depleted
stocks.

50. sustainable fish stock
• North Sea – productive source sp. – includes – cod,
herring, haddock and plaice.
• Maldives – Yellow fin Tuna
• Most stocks – overexploited
• Spawning stock
• 157,000 tones in 1963
• 38,000 tones in 2001 (76%)
• UNABLE TO RECOVER

51. MODERN FISHING TECHNOLOGY
• METHODS – Seine, lampera, trawl
• INCREASED NET SIZE AND MECHANIZATION – CATCH
• UNSUSTAINABLE FISHING
• SONAR – SOUND AND RANGING – LOACATE –
DEPTHS and Underwater objects – wrecks & shoal of
fish
• FISH FINDER

56. Technology
• Purse seine – catching school of fish – Methodology
• Fish caught – tuna, mackerel, sardines and Non
target species, including dolphins
• Benthic Trawl – near the sea bed – 200m – 1000m
• Benthic – cod, flat fish, plaice and halibut.
• Damage – habitat – leads the fish stocks
• Food chains and food webs

57. Long-term and short-term sociological impacts of
restrictions on fishing, and of unrestricted fishing.
• Human communities experience – income low –
depletion stocks
• Impacts on Fishing Industry – marketing, distribution and
transport.
• Longer term – Displacement of fishing industry.
• Ex – 1960 (north sea – Herring catch decreased)
• As a result – work as service vessels for the increasing
numbers of oil in the north sea.
• Maldives – Fisherman - Resorts

58. INFORMATION -
• FISHERIES DATA:
• Provides – information on the growth of fish stocks and
the impacts of fishing.
• The term recruitment refers to the rate of addition of
new fish to the population, which depends on the rate of
reproduction.
• As long as fish grow – available for the fishing gear.
• Data - Tagging

59. Mortality
• 2 components – fishing mortality – natural mortality
• Fishing mortality – proportional to fishing effort and
be estimated using tagging experiments.
• Or calculation of mortality rates from the data
obtained from the history of a fishery.

60. Age of reproductive maturity:
• variable in fish and may depend upon population density.
In sardines, for example, the age at which spawning
occurs decreases as the population density decreases.
• In general, larger and older fish produce more eggs than
younger fish. The eggs produced by older fish also tend
to be larger, which increases the chances of survival of
the larvae. This has important implications for the
exploitation of fish stocks; catching fish below their age
of maturity will inevitably result in a population decrease.

61. Fecundity
• Number of eggs produced by a fish or other
organisms. In a given species of fish, fecundity is
proportional to the length of the fish. Fecundity and
subsequent survival to recruitment age are important
factors in determining the size of fish stocks.

62. Habitat
• Understanding the habitat of fish stocks is also
important. Broadly, commercial fisheries consist of two
groups, demersel and pelagic. Demersel fisheries target
species such as cod, haddock and flat-fish which live on,
or near the sea bed. Pelagic fisheries exploit those
species which form shoals near the surface, such as
herring, mackerel and tuna. As outlined in (b), damage to
the habitat can result in a decrease in the availability of a
target species.

63. Sustainable
• restriction by season
• restriction of location, including refuge zones
• restriction of method, including minimum mesh sizes and the
compulsory use of rod and line
• restrictions on the size of fish that can be retained
• restriction of fishing intensity, including restrictions on the number
of boats, boat and engine
• size, and the amount of fishing gear
• market-oriented tools, including the labelling of tuna as dolphin-
friendly

64. Prevention – overexploitation
• technical, which aim to reduce the number of young
fish caught before they mature, for example, by
minimum mesh size.
• direct methods, which aim to limit the quantity of
catch, for example, by limiting the fishing effort.

65. Monitoring
• CPUE – determine the stock size for the management
purpose.
• example, the time spent fishing, or the amount of
fuel used. Fishermen are required to keep records of
these factors, to provide data relating to fish stock
abundance.

66. Fines
• Imposed for exceeding legal quotes can be
considerable
• Fisherman may be given a limited time to pay the
fine or face a prison sentence.

67. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the
tools and methods in (monitoring) and
(sustainable), including their
effectiveness and their impact on non-target
species.

68. Methods for regulating the exploitation of fish
stocks:
Methods Effectiveness Effect on non- target
species
Restriction by season
Restriction of location
Restriction of method
Restriction on the size of
fish retained
Restriction of fishing
intensity
Market – oriented tools

69. Methods for monitoring fish catches:
Method Effectiveness Effect on non target
species
Patrolling
Inspection of catch
Catch per Unit Effort
Satellite monitoring
Enforcement (fins, etc)

70. Rehabilitation
• Mangroves – providing nursery – fish and crustaceans. South – Asia
mangroves have been lost de to shrimp farming.
• Replantation – mangroves – provide habitats both fish and crustaceans
• Provides protection – coastal areas from storm damage.
• Artificial Reefs: materials – old tyres, concrete blocks filled with ash..
• Provides habitats – increasing – abundance.
• (It has also been suggested that redundant oil-drilling rigs could be sunk in deep
water to act as artificial reefs. This, however, remains controversial as there is
concern about their possible adverse impact on deep sea ecosystems)

71. Introduce cultivated stock
• Attempts to introduce cultivated stock to the wild.
• Ex – plaice, prawns and pink salmon.
• Cultivated in hatcheries – can be released into wild
• Potential for increasing wild stock
• Aquaculture – increase the production

72. FISHERIES RESOURCES
• HANDLING
• PROCESSING
• PRESERVATION
• SALTING
• BOAT CONSTRUCTION

73. FISHING INDUSTRY
FISHINGINDUSTRY SUBSISTENCE
FISHING
ARTISANAL
FISHING
COMMERCIAL
FISHING

74. FISHERIES INDUSTRY
SUBSISTENCE FISHING
• Fishing for consumption rather
than to sell
• Early days, fishing was done –
family
• If they have many would
exchange them with goods
• Simple types of fishing and gears
ARTISANAL FISHING
• Small scale
• Similar to subsistence or local
and small markets.
• Usage of little more expensive
gears
• Traditional methods

75. • COMMERCIAL FISHING
• FISHING TO MAKE MONEY
• Fish is sold to domestic and international
markets either as small
• scale or large scale operations.
• Fishermen catch fish using highly advanced
methods

76. WORLD FISHERIES
WORLDFISHSTOCKS FRESH WATER
BRACKISH WATER
MARINE

77. WORLD FISHERIES
FRESH WATER
• Production from inland waters, rivers and
lakes.
• Has been growing slowly and now exceeds
15 million tons per year. Fisheries affected by:
• Building of dams for electricity generation.
Removal of water for irrigation.
• Counterbalanced by increases in food
production from reservoirs & other man-
made lakes & through the development of
aquaculture.
• Eg: Tilapia & Salmon
BRACKISH WATER
• Most of the brackish water fish
production comes from the
shrimp culture.
• This is very large industry
particularly in developing
countries and makes large
• contribution to the total world
fish production.
• In brackish water crabs,
prawns and lobsters are also
cultured.

78. Marine
• Almost 90% of the world’s fish production
comes from the sea
• Most of the catch comes from North Pacific &
North Atlantic.

79. Economically Important fish stocks
• These species have very good demand in the market.
• Fishermen catch large amount of fish to earn money.
Example: grouper , snapper, barracuda, sea
cucumber , some tuna species, reef fish

80. Untapped stocks
• Untapped stocks are stocks that are potentially good
sources of protein that have not been tapped.
• There are some reasons for not exploiting this fish
production. 1. The cost to catch the fish is greater.
2. They do not fetch a high market price.
Example:
– Angler fish
– Spider fish

81. Fish stocks
Regions
Pelagic
Demersal
fish

82. High sea resources:
• High seas resources exist beyond the 200 miles zone.
• 200 miles from the coastline of the nation is EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC
ZONE (EEZ).
• Beyond EEZ international water are found which is called high seas
area.
• They are mostly pelagic.
• Some demersal resources exist on sea mounts.
• There are about 400 high seas species.
• 50 species of cephalopods,
270 species of fish,
60 species of marine mammals.

83. International Fisheries Resources
• The major fishing areas include:
• Indian Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean
• Pacific Ocean
• Mediterranean Sea

84. Status of major fish stocks
• Major fish stocks decline in many areas of the world ocean.
• North West pacific region is the largest producing area in the world.
• Alaskan Pollack, Japanese pilchard population greatly decrease in
pacific and Atlantic Ocean.
• Reasons:
• Over exploitation, since develop countries use advanced technology
to collect the fish in large numbers.
• Changes in climate conditions like El Nino effect pilchard population
in Atlantic ocean.

85. Main factors affecting international fisheries
resources:
• 1. Production
2. Demand
3. Exploitation ( Use of resources by organisms)
• Human population increases continuously.
• So we have to increase the production of fisheries
resources to meet the increasing demand.

86. What can be done to maintain the future
demands:
• Finding new fishing grounds.
• Making agriculture farms for the decreasing fish
stocks.
• Maintain the aquaculture fisheries in the land water.
• Better management to avoid over fishing.

87. The national fishing industry;
• Fishing grounds
• Seasons

88. Fishing grounds
Inshore water;
• Water close to land and up to about 30m in depth.
• Almost all the fish found are demersal with the
exceptions of few pelagics.
• Fish found here include: Bait fish, aquarium fish, reef fish
and sharks.
• Other organisms include: Lobsters, crabs, sea cucumbers,
shrimp, and octopus.

89. Near shore water
• deep lagoons, near reefs and water within and around
the atolls
• Fish found in near-shore water are mixture of pelagic and
demersal.
• Example:
• ▫ Frigate tuna (raagondi)
• ▫ Kawakawa (latti)
• ▫ Marlin (mas hibaru)

90. Off – shore
• Off-shore water is open seas and oceans.
• These waters provide most of the Maldivian fish
stock.
• Fish caught are nearly all pelagics.
• Example:
– ▫ skip jack tuna (Kalhubila mas)
– ▫ Yellowfin tuna. (Reendhoo uraha kanneli)

91. Fishing Seasons
• • Fishing seasons in the Maldives depend on to a
large extent on the monsoons. The monsoons can:
• ▫ Cause bad weather and can make fishing difficult &
unsafe.
• ▫ Affect the number of fish.

92. Weather
• South West monsoon has high rainfall & mild winds.
• However, the start of the South West monsoon can
be rough.
• Rough weather can be dangerous for small dhoani.
• Mechanized dhoani can withstand rough weather if
the winds are not too strong.

93. North East monsoon
• During the north east monsoon the (dry monsoon)
the wind movement is less.
• so the waves are less.
• currents in oceans are less.
• rain is less.
• so the boats can go for long distance with ease & this
makes the fishermen to catch fish more.

94. Southwest monsoon
• during the south west monsoon the seas are rough,
• wind movement is high,
• waves are high,
• water current is high,
• temperature is low,
• these conditions which prevail in ocean encourage fish to reproduce
more.
• Unlike northeast monsoon the fish catch is less in southwest
monsoon, this is because the boats in Maldives are small, so people
cannot go for long distance to catch.

95. PROCESSING

96. Why we need to do the
processing?
Enable fish to be stored for late
consumption
Enable fish to be transported long
distances
Add value to the product – export
market

97. Processing methods
1.Salting
2.Drying
3.Smoking
4.Canning

98. Salting
Addition of
salt to food
reduces
bacterial
spoilage.
Most bacteria
cannot grow
in salt
concentratio
ns above 6%

99. Salting - methods
1. Kench salting
– Application of
dry salt to fish
in stacks
2. Brining
– Soaking the
fish in a
concentrated
salt solution
3. Pickling
– Addition of
fish and salt to
ferment

100. Drying
Removal of
moisture
from food
reduces
bacterial
spoilage and
enzymatic
spoilage.
Most bacteria
cannot
survive in <
25%
moisture.

101. Drying - methods
1. Natural drying
– Drying in the sun
2. Mechanical drying
– Use electricity or
fire to run heaters.
(temperature
controlled)
3. Freeze drying
– Placing fish in a
vacuum.
Evaporation of
moisture from the
fish uses up the
heat energy from
the fish and cools
quickly

102. Smoking
Application of
smoke derived
from wood to
food reduces
bacterial
spoilage and
oxidation.
Wood smoke has
strong anti-
bacterial and
anti-oxidative
properties.

103. 1. Hot smoking
– Cooked and
smoked at
about 90
degrees
Celsius.
2. Cold smoking
– Lightly brined
and then
smoked (not
exceeding 30
degrees
Celsius)
Smoking - methods

104. Canning
Application of heat to
food in an air tight
container (sterilizes
food) reduces bacterial
spoilage and enzymatic
spoilage.
Most bacteria cannot survive high
temperatures. Enzymes are
inactivated.