1. A INTRODUCTION TO FISHERIES GOVERNANCE

2. • Overview of legislation
• Critical review of fisheries regulatory and developmental setup in Centre and
States (spheres of responsibility and division of power)
• Need for fisheries management
• Regulatory, legal and enforcement regimes.
• Developmental planning for fisheries; plan allocation, programs and
performance of fisheries sector
• Regional disparities and balanced development
• Political economy of fisheries development Political ecology

3. Overview of legislation
• What is Legislation and Fisheries Legislation ?
Legislation is the preparing and enacting of laws by local, state
or national legislatures.
Legislation is the source of law which consists of the
declaration of legal rules by a competent authority.
Fisheries legislation:
Fisheries legislation is the study and analysis of different
fisheries management approaches. Fisheries policy and laws
are usually set at national level, local or provincial levels.
It includes
 legally binding rules, such as national legislation or
international treaties as well as
 customary social arrangements

4. • Origin of Fisheries Legislation
The subject of legislating for the protection of fresh water fishes was
opened with an inquiry made so long ago as 1869 by Dr. F. Day of
Madras Medical Service; who had been placed on special duty for that
purpose.
Sir Aurthur Cotton & Dr. Francis Day who drew attention of then GOI in
the year 1873 towards widespread slaughter of fish fry & fingerlings &
pleaded the urgency to adopt legislative measure to conserve the
fisheries resources.
Nothing was done for many years.
By 1888 the question again forced its way to the front & it was
considered by the agricultural conference held at Delhi in that year.
The GOI enacted the Indian Fisheries Act which came into being in 1897.

5. Entry 57 of List 1 of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution
specified Fishing and Fisheries beyond Territorial Waters (12
nautical miles ) as Union Subject, where-as Entry 21 of List 11
speaks of fisheries within Territorial Waters as a State Subject.
• Inland Fisheries legislation:
The Indian Fisheries Act, 1897 contains seven sections :
Title and extent
Act to be read as supplement to other fisheries laws
Definitions
Destruction of fish by explosives in inland water and on coast
Destruction of fish by poisoning of water
Protection of fish in selected water by rules of state
Government
Arrest without warrant for offences under this act

6. • Marine Fisheries legislation:

7. REVIEW OF FISHERIES LEGISLATION
• Fisheries sector has witnessed a steady growth from the First Five Year Plan onwards (0.53 million tonnes in
1950-1951 to 5.65 million tonnes during 1999-2000 (12.59mt, FSI ,2018)
• Oceans surrounding India have the best-developed fisheries, but coastal resources in these oceans are
under stress in many areas
• Require effective management
• Even though the potential for expansion may exist offshore ;In India inshore waters have been almost
exploited to the sustainable levels
• Contribution from deep sea has been insignificant

8. • Annual fish production has been estimated at 5.65 mt (1999-2000) where,
2.83 mt from the marine sector against a potential of 3.9 mt (now potential assessed-
4.41mt)
2.82 mt from the inland sector against a potential of 4.5 mt.
• Marine fisheries face fundamental changes since the creation of Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ)
• Gradual shifting of territorial water width from 3 miles (35 years ago) to 12 miles in the law
of the sea; coupled with the continual assertion of jurisdictional rights over portions of
what were regarded as high seas
• Fisheries management is generally considered to be ineffective because of the common
property nature of the resource
• However, management has proved to be effective in recent years because of various
provisions of the CCRF have been integrated into the policies and programmes of the
fisheries sector, both at the central and state levels

9. • To further ensure development of sustainable and responsible fisheries and aquaculture,
policies and objectives for the Tenth Five Year Plan (Department of Animal Husbandry &
Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture) would have to be more realistic, concentrating on both
management of the resource as on its development.
• The involvement of the end-users would also be critical in this regard as the elements of
sustainability would have to be fully engrained into the fisheries and aquaculture
activities to ensure optimization of yield levels, economic viability to the producers

10. INSTITUTIONAL SET UP ( MINISTRY OF
AGRICULTURE)
DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AND EDUCATION
DEPATMENT OF ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY & DIARYING
ICAR
FISHERIES
COLLEGE
FISHERIES
INSTITUTES
NBFGR
DCFR
CIBA
CIFT
CMFRI
CIFRI
CIFE
CIFA
FSI
CIFNET
STATE
FISHERIES DEPT.
NFDB

11. DEVELOPMENTAL SET UP(STATE LEVEL)

12. ONGOING FISHERIES PROGRAMMES OF DAHD
Development of
Freshwater
Aquaculture
Implemented by the states as a Centrally sponsored Schemes through the Fish
Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs)
422 FFDAs had been sanctioned
Integrated Coastal
Aquaculture
• To utilize the country’s vast brackishwater resources for fish/shrimp
culture
• Increase foreign exchange earnings through increased shrimp production,
generation of employment opportunities and increase of income of fish
farmers/fishermen in coastal areas
• 39 Brackishwater Fish Farmers Development Agencies (BFDAs)
Development Of
Marine Fisheries
Motorisation of traditional craft , Reimbursement of Central Excise duty on
HSD oil
Fishing Harbour
Facilities at Major
and Minor Ports
• Provide infrastructural facilities
• For efficient operation of mechanised fishing vessels including deep sea
fishing vessel and traditional craft at the fishing harbours
• 6 major fishing harbours, 48 minor fishing harbours and 171 fish landing
centres. Out of this ( completed 6 major fishing harbours, 33 minor
fishing harbours and 130 fish landing centres)
Welfare
Programmes for
Fishermen
Development of Fishermen Villages (DFV), Group Accident Insurance (GAI)
Scheme for active fishermen , Saving-cum-Relief (SCR) for fishermen ,

13. Fisheries Training and
Extension
• To upgrade the skills of fisher folk
• To publish short, concise and useful manuals, Production of video films on the
technologies, To conduct meetings/workshops/seminars
Development of Inland
Fisheries Statistics
From 1983-84 onwards, with a view to evolve standarised methodology for collection
of inland fisheries statistics
Assistance to Coastguard  To monitor fishing by foreign vessels under the MZI Act, 1981
For monitoring the foreign fishing vessels operating within the Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) of the country was introduced in 1990-91
World Bank Assisted
Project
Shrimp and Fish Culture Project for development of brackishwater area and
reservoirs/ox-bow lakes in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh
and West Bengal
Pilot Projects • Development of Coldwater Fisheries and Aquaculture
• Development of Reservoir Fisheries
• Utilisation of Inland Saline Soil
Institutional Support to
the Fisheries Sector is
provided by the following
Four Institutes under
DAHD:
CIFNET:- For fishing vessels and technicians for shore establishments
IFP:- Envisages processing, popularization and test marketing of
unconventional varieties of fish
CICEF:- To conduct techno-economic feasibility studies for
development of fishing harbours and brackishwater farms.
FSI:- For survey and assessment of marine fishery resources of the Indian EEZ.

14. Schemes/ programmes by other agencies
National Cooperative
Development
Corporation (NCDC)
 started promoting and developing fishery cooperatives
 By formulated specific schemes and pattern assist the fishery cooperatives to
take up activities relating to production, processing, storage, marketing etc
 Since 1985-86, NCDC has been assisting Integrated Fisheries Development
Projects (IFDPs)
National Federation of
Fishermen
Cooperatives Limited
(FISHCOPFED)
 Apex organisation of fishermen cooperatives in India.
 It came into being in 1980 and started its activities in 1982.
 Its goal is to facilitate the fishing industry in India through Cooperatives a
number of activities:- (i) promotional ; (ii) welfare ; and (iii) business
 Federation is also involved in implementation 30 of Centrally Sponsored
Schemes on Group Accident Insurance of active fishermen
 Federation at the top of the Cooperative structure, 17 Federations at the state
level, 108 Central Societies at the district and regional levels and over 11,847
primary fishermen cooperatives societies.
Marine Products
Export Development
Authority (MPEDA)
Ministry of Commerce
 Implementing subsidy assistance scheme
 Export Production – Capture Fisheries (increase the efficiency of large
mechanised vessels, financial assistance for installation of fish finders, global
positioning system, radio telephones and fish hold on board the vessels)
 Export Production – Culture Fisheries ( exclusively to promote shrimp farming
for augmenting export and shrimp production)
 Introduction of new technology, modernization of processing facilities and
development of infrastructure facilities
 Market Promotion

15. Indian Council Of
Agricultural Research
(ICAR)
Research Organisations
Fisheries research is undertaken by both the central government and the
individual state governments,
central government research institutions under (ICAR), which is affiliated with
the Department of Agriculture Research and Education (DARE)
Capture Fisheries : CMFRI & CIFRI
Culture Fisheries : CIFA, CIBA, NRCCF & CMFRI
Harvest & Post-Harvest : CIFT
Fish Genetic Resources : NBFGR
Fisheries Education : CIFE
Department of
Biotechnology (DBT)
Ninth Plan the Department of Biotechnology has initiated
various research projects in the area of Aquaculture and Marine
Biotechnology
State Agriculture
Universities (SAUs)
state Agricultural Universities (SAUs) are set up by the State
Governments and run with the financial support (about 60%) from the
ICAR.
Krishi Vigyan Kendras
(KVKs)
 Despite extension being a state responsibility, the Indian Council of
Agriculture Research support these efforts through a chain of KVKs
 1st KVK was established by the ICAR in Pondichery during 1974.
 Fish farmers are trained in available technologies according to their
own needs and requirements
 Attached to each of the three ICAR institute(CIFA,CIFRI,CMFRI)

16. Institutional
Finance
• NABARD
• INSURANCE
(Group Accident Insurance Scheme for active
fishermen is one of the ongoing welfare programmes
being implemented by the centre government)
Evaluation Study of the scheme has been proposed
by the FISHCOPFED.

17. Financial Institutions National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD)
support to fishing sector
included refinancing mechanized
and other boats and aquaculture
Trade Associations Seafood Exporters
Association of India (SEAI)
Takes an active part, in
conjunction with the Marine
Products Export Development
Authority (MPEDA), in conducting
the International Seafood Fairs in
India
Training Institutions state Departments of
Fisheries
CMFRI
state agriculture universities
in several states also have
their own colleges of
fisheries
undertake more systematic and
regular training in fisheries at
graduate, post-graduate and
doctoral levels

18. DIFFERENT
MINISTRY
ACT/LAWS/DEPARTMENTS /AGENCIES UNDER
THE MINISTRY
LEGISLATION
1. Ministry of
Agriculture
Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and
Fisheries, Agriculture Research and Extension and
Agriculture and Co-operation)
Now separate Ministry for Fisheries(Department
of Fisheries)
responsible for fisheries in the EEZ
2. . Ministry of
Commerce and
Industry
 Marine Products Export Development
Authority (MPEDA), Fish inspection /export
inspection
 Export Inspection Council
development and promotion of exports
of fish products, quality control and for
setting standards for the processing
units
3. Ministry of Food
Processing
Industries
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
(FSSAI) under Food Safety and Standards Act,
2006 ,NIFTEM(National Institute of Food
Technology Entrepreneurship and Management)
Fish processing (including canning and
freezing), provides technical assistance
and advice to the fish processing
industry
4. Ministry of
Defense, Coast
Guard
Coast Guard Act, 1978 Provides assistance and protection to
fishermen at sea while in distress,
Regulates fishing by foreign fishing
vessels in the maritime zones
Preserves and protects the marine
environment from pollution

19. 5. Ministry of
Shipping: the fishing
vessel industry and
fishing harbours
Merchant Shipping Act 1958
fishing vessel industry
fishing harbours
Aims to deal with waste arising
from ships along the coastal
areas within a specified radius.
6. Ministry of
Environment and
Forests
• Wildlife Protection Act,1972,
• 1972 Wetlands (Ramsar) Convention,
• 1973 Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES),
• 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals (CMS or Bonn
Convention),
• 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Nodal agency for the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP)
Protects and preserves the
coastal and marine ecology and
environment (excluding the
marine environment in the EEZ)
7. Department of
Ocean Development
(under the Minister
for Ocean
Development)
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS or 1982 Convention)
Preservation, protection and
conservation of the marine
environment in the EEZ
development of technology
Mapping of resources and for the
establishment of the ocean
commission
Ministry of External
Affairs:
negotiations on the Law of the Sea matters, including
the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement
particularly in matters of fisheries
management, trade/export in fish
and fish products and monitoring,
control and surveillance of
fisheries-related activities.

20. Need for fisheries management
• What is fisheries Management?
As per FAO, fisheries
Management is the integrated
process of information gathering
, analysis, planning,
consultation, decision making,
allocation of resources and
formulation and
implementation, with
enforcement as necessary, of
regulations rules which govern
fisheries activities in order to
ensure the continued
productivity of the resources
and the accomplishment of
other fisheries objectives.
Fisheries management in India,
can be categorized into
management of fisheries in the
EEZ and in the territorial waters.

21. Need for Fisheries
management……..

22. Objectives of Fisheries Management
Biological
• To maintain the target species at or above the levels
necessary to ensure their continued productivity
Ecological
• To minimize the impact of fishing on the physical environment and
on non-target (by-catch), associated and dependent species.
Economical/
Social
• To maximize the net incomes of the participating fishers.
• To maximize employment opportunities for those dependent on
the fishery for those dependent on the fishery for their livelihoods.

23. According to the FAO, fisheries management should be based
explicitly on political objectives:
• Maximize sustainable
biomass yield
• Maximize sustainable
economic yield
• secure and increase
employment
• secure protein production
and food supplies
• increase export income

24. Fisheries Management Cycle

25. Fisheries management Measures..
Catch controls Efforts controls Technical measures
Total allowable catch
(TAC)
Individual quotas (IQ)
Catch limits
Limited licences
Effort quotas
Gear or vessel
restrictions
Size and sex selectivity
Time and area closures
INPUT CONTROLS OUTPUT CONTROLS
•The basic idea is either to restrict or
control fishing effort
•It includes regulations on the
following
 fishing effort
 mesh regulations
 licensing
 fishing ban
 capital investments etc.
These are used to restrict the catch or
to protect the marine ecosystems
It includes controls on the quantity
and quality of fish landed
Two important approaches
 Catch quotas
 Minimum legal size

26. Other Management responses…
Traditional management
Rights-based management (use rights & limiting access)
Ecosystem-based management
 Integrated coastal management
Precautionary approach
Adaptive management
Stakeholder participation via co-management & CBFRM
Marine protected areas
“Data less” management in information-limited situations
Markets and certification
Livelihoods approach

28. Fisheries Regulatory, legal and
enforcement regimes of India
• Fishery is a source of livelihood for a large section of the
economically backward population.
• Fish production of India has increased from 3.84 million
tonnes in 1990 to 12.59 million tonnes.
• Fisheries now emerged as a sunrise sector of our
economy.

29. Fisheries regulation in India
• Gujarat-
Artisanal 9 km
Mechanized beyond 9 km
• Maharashtra-
Artisanal 5-10 fathom
Mech. > 6 cylinder engine
beyond 22 km
• Tamil Nadu-
Artisanal 5 km
Mech. Beyond 5 km
• Goa-
Artisanal 5 km
Mech. Beyond 5 km
• Karnataka-
Artisanal 6 km or 4
fathom
Mech. boats beyond 6
km
Deep sea vessels beyond
20 km

30. Cont..
• Kerala-
Artisanal 10 km
Mech. < 25 GRT beyond 10
km
Mech. > 25 GRT beyond 23
km
• Andhra Pradesh-
Artisanal 8 km
Mech. beyond 8 km
• Odisha-
Artisanal 5 km
Mech. 25 GRT beyond 10
km
• West Bengal-
Artisanal 18 km
Mech. < 30 HP beyond 18
km
• Andaman Nicobar island-
Vessels < 30 HP upto 10 km
Vessels > 30 HP beyond 10
km
• Lakshadweep-
Seine and trawl net > 20
mm mesh size
• Drift gill net >50 mm mesh
size

32. Indian regime
EEZ – Central government Territorial – State government International Agreement
 Territorial waters,
continental shelf, EEZ and
other maritime zone act,
1976
 Coast guard Act, 1978
 Comprehensive Marine
Fishing Policy, 2004
 Guidelines for DSFV
operations in Indian EEZ
 Marine fisheries
(regulation and
management) bill, 2009
 MFRA  UNCLOS
 UNSFA
 CBD
 CITES
 CMS
 CCRF
 IOTC
 BOBP
 BOBLME
 WTO
 RAMSAR

33. Indian regime
Inland fisheries and Aquaculture Institutions
 Indian Fisheries Act, 1897
 CAA, 2005
 Model bill on Inland fisheries and
Aquaculture, 2005
 Department of Animal Husbandry,
Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of
Agriculture
 Coast Guard, Ministry of Defence
 Ministry of Environment and Forests
 Ministry of Earth Sciences
 National Fisheries Development Board,
Ministry of Agriculture

34. Why we need development in fisheries
sector?
• Fisheries and aquaculture remain important sources of food, nutrition, income and livelihoods.
• The inland sector annual growth rate (CAGR) of nearly 6% between 1979 and 2015, while overall
fish production witnessed 4.1% growth.
• Fisheries is a sunrise sector engaging over 14.50 million people at the primary level.
• Contribution of fisheries to Gross Value Added (GVA), 2016-17 at current prices
• a) GVA from fisheries- `1,33,492 crores
• b) Contribution of fisheries sector to
i. Total GVA 0.96 percent
ii. GVA from Agriculture sector 5.37 percent (FSI handbook 2018)
• Uncontrolled fishing capacity has led to over-exploitation of the coastal resources.
• Inland capture fisheries in the past Plans; including habitat degradation; and multiple-use of
inland water-bodies with least priority to fisheries requirements.

35. Opportunities for development
• The average yield rates for the country as a whole (excluding the ponds under FFDAs) are
around 1 000 kg/ha/yr, whereas production can be increased to 4-5 thousand kg/ha/yr.
• Use of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) and Artificial Reefs (ARs) for stock enhancement
and promotion of mariculture could enhance production.
• Implementation of Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) as a new programme in
the ensuing Plan is expected to bring more discipline and orderliness in the sector and
regulate the activities.
• As for inland aquaculture development programmes aimed at
 production and distribution of quality seed and feed for aquaculture
 culture-based-capture fisheries,
 husbandry of farmed species
 availability of quality water would be essential to optimize production and productivity from inland
fisheries and aquaculture in the country.

36. Stages of Developmental planning for Fisheries
• The benefits which coastal states are
able to derive from their fishery
resources ultimately depend on their
ability to formulate and implement
rational plans for their exploitation
and utilization.
• Development planning –
a. Pre-planning
b. Plan preparation
c. Plan implementation
d. Control of plan execution
Development
planning
Pre-planning
Plan
preparation
Plan
implementation
Control of
plan
execution

37. • Clarification of development values, goals, and criteria
• Inventory and assessment of fish and other living aquatic resources
• Identification and analysis of fisheries development problems and
constraints
• Identification of relevant intersectoral development goals
• Identification of international aspects related to fisheries planning
• Formulation of fisheries development goal
Pre-
planning
• translation of fisheries development goals into plan objectives
• establishment of priorities
• formulation and analysis of alternative strategies
• formulation of key management and investment programmes
• decision making on areal, scope and time frames of programmes
• Contents of the chapter
Plan
preparation

38. • allocation of development resources to programmes
• preparation of budgets
• preparation of schedules
• setting targets to be attained in the plan period
• setting up information systems, including feedback mechanisms
• ensuring availability of qualified management for the operational phase of
programme
• implementation
• ensuring creation of facilities for servicing ongoing Operations
Plan
implementation
• Monitoring operations
• choosing measures to obtain adherence to plan objectives choosing tools that
will encourage compliance with control measures
• organization development
• evaluation of plan performance
Control of plan
execution

39. Development of
Fisheries Sector….
Sustainable
Fisheries
Development
Fishing Research Vessel
Central Laboratory
Research Skill
Fisheries Research
and Development
Artisanal Fisheries
Offshore and
Coastal Fisheries
Master Plan
Fishing Village
Extension System
Fishing Skill
Training Ship
Training material

40. R & D support to the Fisheries sector
Fisheries development Scientific Resesrch International cooperation
1. CIFNET
2. NIFPHATT
3. FSI
4. CICEF
5. NFDB
6. CAA
1. CMFRI
2. CIFRI
3. CIFT
4. CIFE
5. CIBA
6. CIFA
7. NBFGR
8. DCFR
1. FAO
2. RFMO
3. IOTC
4. CCAMLR
5. APFIC
6. BIMSTEC
7. BOBP- IGO
8. INFOFISH
9. IOR-ARC
10. NACA
11. SAARC
12. (SACEP
• CCAMLR: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
• APFIC: The Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission
• BIMSTEC: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
• IOR-ARC: Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation
• SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
• SACEP: The South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme

41. Plan allocation in Fisheries
• Access “Access” is the legally based right to take fish from the common property
resource for particular purposes for example, for a commercial fisher, the access right is
usually a commercial fishing licence or authority, for a recreational fisher it is the
common law right to fish, for an indigenous person it is the customary or traditional right
to fish for cultural, social or customary purposes.
• Allocation “Allocation” is the legally based level of access able to be exercised by an
individual or class of individuals. This level of access, or allocation, is subject to a range of
fisheries management laws and controls designed to protect the fishery and achieve the
objectives of the legislation. Examples of these management controls include individual
quotas, effort limits, bag limits, area or time restrictions etc., as required for
management of the species.
• Fisheries Allocation (or “allocation” or “assignment” of fishing privileges) is defined by
NMFS as a “direct and deliberate distribution of the opportunity to participate in a fishery
among identifiable, discrete user groups or individuals.”

42. The allocation issues
Allocation issues can arise at a very local level (access and use of a section of foreshore, a river, a headland), a
broader area (part of a fishery itself or a species within a fishery), an apparatus level (use of a particular
net etc.) or across an entire fishery (relative shares of the fishery).
1. “un-owned” common property fisheries resource be allocated among a range of competing community
users (primarily a political/ socio-economic issue - but always contained within a sustainable fisheries
management framework.
2. Stock status can be an important factor in determining whether competition for that particular species is
important (today often necessitating a re-consideration of the previously determined sharing
arrangements).
3. Thus allocation is really a re-allocation question contained within a framework of existing “rights” and
practices of the principal sectors - commercial, recreational(and charter) and indigenous groups.
4. In fisheries, there is no “right” of ownership of the fish stocks vested in individuals in the community
which would allow the trading of a common unit or share/quota and such “rights” which do exist are
limited in their character by statute and necessarily described very differently for each sector and even
each fishery and cannot be compared.

43. Cont….
• THE STAKEHOLDERS: The different users, or stakeholders, concerned by the
fisheries allocation process
• and include the following significant interests:
• Commercial fishers - to operate profitable businesses taking and supplying seafood
• Recreational fishers - taking (including releasing) fish for leisure, sport, relaxation and
food
• Charter fishers - to operate profitable businesses supporting recreational fishing
activities
• Aquaculture operators - to take fish from the wild as broodstock and to operate
profitable aquaculture businesses supplying fingerlings and seafood
• Politicians - to represent community interests and help develop legislation and
policies
• Conservation groups - to conserve and enjoy the fisheries and eco-systems for
current and future generations; in part representing “no take” groups

44. Cont…
Seafood wholesalers/retailers - to profitably sell seafood to markets and consumers
• Restaurateurs/hoteliers - to provide a seafood dining experience
• Researchers - to gain information, knowledge and understanding of fisheries
• Consumers - who drive the need for seafood production through an expectation of purchasing and
consuming locally caught fish
• Community - representing a variety of interests, including “no take” interests requiring that fisheries
are sustainably managed for the future.
• PROPERTY RIGHTS: “access” is the legally based right to take fish for each of the sectors, “rights” are
akin to “property rights” held by individuals and able to be bought and sold or traded in a market.
• Fisheries resources are “common property” and are not capable of private ownership (until they are
captured), so it has become necessary for fisheries management to pass a range of laws which affect
access to and allocation of fisheries.
• The introduction of individual transferable quotas (ITQ‘s)

45. • Main objectives for fisheries management namely:
• Ensure sustainability of the fisheries resources;
• Ensure access to the fishery is “fair and equitable;”
• Manage the use of the fishery to maximize the benefit to the
community as a whole.

46. Planning commision shifted to NITI Ayoga
Planning Commission
(1950-2014)
NITI Aayog:- (1st JAN 2015)
(National Institution for
Transforming India)

48. ONGOING FUND ALLOCATION IN FISHERIES
Department for fisheries gets mixed reaction
New Ministry for fisheries
Kishan Credit card facility
Ganga e-flow
New scheme to boost fish processing
GST rate cut on marine fuel
Centre plans to boost seafood export in 5 years

50. Different Programs, Performance of Fisheries Sector
On-going Schemes on Fisheries of the DAHDF
“Blue Revolution: Integrated Development and Management of Fisheries” has been approved at a
total central outlay of Rs.3000 crore for implementation during a period of five years (2015-16 to
2019-20) with the following components:
Development of Marine Fisheries
Development of Infrastructure and Post-Harvest Operations
Development of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture
National Scheme for Welfare of Fishermen
Strengthening of Database and Geographical Information System for Fisheries Sector

51. Development of Marine Fisheries
• i) Motorization of traditional craft, (ii) Safety of fishermen at sea, (iii) Fishermen
development rebate on HSD Oil, (iv) Introduction of intermediate craft of improved design
including proto- type study of new intermediate vessel design, (v) Establishment and
operation of Vessel Monitoring System
Development of Infrastructure and Post Harvest Operations
• (i) Establishment of fishing harbours and fish landing centres, (ii) Strengthening of post-
harvest infrastructure, (iii) Assistance for maintenance dredging of fishing harbours and fish
landing centres.
Development of inland fisheries and aquaculture
• (i) enhance inland fish production and fish productivity; (ii) popularize modern fish farming;
(iii) create employment opportunities through fisheries and aquaculture; (iv) diversify
aquaculture practices; (v) provide assistance to fish farmers engaged in aquaculture; and (vi)
provide training to farmers through the Fish Farmers’ Development Agencies (FFDAs) and the
Brackish water Fish Farmers’ Development Agency (BFDA).

52. National Scheme of Welfare of Fishermen
• Development of Model Fishermen Villages - provides for low cost houses to Below Poverty Line
fishermen
• Group Accident Insurance for Active Fishermen
• Saving-cum-Relief-provides financial support to fishermen during fishing ban period
• Training & Extension
Strengthening of Database and Geographical
Information System for Fisheries Sector
• Sample Survey for Estimation of Inland Fishery Resources and their Potential,
• Census on Marine Fisheries,
• Catch Assessment Survey for Inland and Marine Fisheries,
• Development of GIS,
• Development of database of fishery cooperatives of India,
• Mapping of smaller water bodies and development of GIS based fishery management system,
• Strengthening of Statistical Unit at Headquarter,
• Evaluation Studies/Professional services and
• Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS).

53. Fish production during recent years (Marine and
Inland

54. Present
Fisheries
Scenario
(2017-18)
Total fish
production=12.59 mt
Inland=8.90 mt
Marine=3.69 mt
Total Export=1377.24
million tons(Qty),
=Rs. 45,106.89
crores(value)
Growth
rate=10.14%
Inland=14.03%
Marine=1.73%
Source- FSI Handbook 2018
Performance of Fisheries

55. REGIONAL DISPARITIES AND BALANCE DEVELOPMENT

56. What is regional disparity?
• Regional disparity refers to difference between economic performance
in different regions.
Balanced regional development?
• Balanced regional development is an important condition for the
harmonious and smooth development of a country.
• Fisheries balanced development means utilization of development
potential of all the areas as per its capacity so that the benefit of overall
economic growth is shared by the inhabitants of all different regions of
the country.
• Economic, social and political development.
• Balanced harvest

57. Regional disparities factors
CONFLICTS CONFLICTS RESOLUTION
COMPETING FOR FISH
1.Why do they compete:- only source of income and
livelihood
2.Competition between the fishers using different
method
(because fishing area provide same opportunity for
both active and static gear)
FISHING WAR
( Contrast to UNCLOS law )
OPINION OF FISHERS IN POLITICAL PROCESS
(Local politics among the fishermen sometimes affect
the common fisheries policy)
TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT
(Resolve the programme related to gear use and
allocation related issues

61. Importance of social objective in fisheries
management
• Before management and assessment the consideration of motivations,
behaviour and attitude of the fishers most important
• Without support from fishers objective of management rarely fulfilled
• There are misuse of management by some fishers by assuming that the
reward to fisheries is profitability
• Since marine resources are finite with open access allowance most of the
fishers compete for the same resources
• So as an convincing approach by the local fishermen as traditional fisheries
management system based on fisheries ownership and limited entry ;it will
definitely a witness the collapse of open access fisheries

62. Motivate the fishermen to fish
• Making aware them to follow a best resource they need to chase
• The best resource with high profit
• Both commercial and subsistence fishermen should be aware about
where and how to fish
• They should aware the size selectivity ,gear selectivity
• They can use recreational fishing as a conservational measure thatnot
only will save the particular fish that extinct from nature butalso
increase profit
• Considering regional value that managed a self motivation by local
people can aid to management measure

63. Political economy
Blue Revolution - Neel Kranti Mission:
• Blue Revolution, the Neel Kranti Mission has the vision to achieve economic prosperity of
the country and the fishers and fish farmers as well as contribute towards food and
nutritional security through full potential utilization of water resources for fisheries
development in a sustainable manner, keeping in view the bio-security and
environmental concerns.
• Mission
(i) Formulation of a Neel Kranti Mission Plan (Blue Revolution Mission Plan) for tapping
the full potential of the inland and marine culture fisheries of the country by
developing it as a professional modern world class industry.
(ii) Ensure doubling of income of fishers and fish farmers of the country
(iii) Ensure sustainability of, bio-security and address environmental concerns for enabling
sustainability of the fishing industry.

64. • Objectives
(i) To fully tap the total fish potential of the country both in the inland and the marine
sector and triple the production by 2020
(ii) To transform the fisheries sector as a modern industry with special focus on new
technologies and processes
(iii) To double the income of the fishers and fish farmers with special focus on
increasing productivity and better marketing postharvest infrastructure including e-
commerce and other technologies and global best innovations
(iv) To ensure inclusive participation of the fishers and fish farmers in the income
enhancement
(v) To triple the export earnings by 2020 with focus on benefits flow to the fishers and
fish farmers including through institutional mechanisms in the cooperative,
producer companies and other structures
(vi) To enhance food and nutritional security of the country.

65. Political ecology
• Political Ecology:-
• is the study of the relationships between political, economic and
social factors with environmental issues and changes.
• The End of Mare Liberum (1608) - UNCLOS, 1982.
• National jurisdictions and inter-regional conflict - EEZs by
Bangladesh (1974), Pakistan (1976), India (1976) and Sri Lanka (1977)
• Conflict between profits and survival - Invisible hands
• 1989 - “Protect waters, Protect life” - Kerala
• 2009 - “Save Mangroves, Save Life” - Maharashtra

66. Thank you