project on football for class 12th students of CBSE board for the subject physical education. all the required topics are covered with photographs included.

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PPJ Saraswati vihar Nainital
Physical Assignment on
FOOTBALL
Submitted By:
Aradhya Mishra
Class: 12th
A; Roll NO : 04
Submitted To:
Shri Umesh Sharma
Physical Teacher

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Acknowledgements
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would
like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I thank God for providing me with everything that I required in
completing this project.
I am highly indebted to the physical education teacher Mr. Umesh
Sharma for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing
necessary information regarding the project and also for his support in
completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their
kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in the completion
of this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my classmates in developing
the project and to the people who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities.
(Aradhya Mishra)

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Certificate
This is to certify that Master ARADHYA MISHRA,
student of class XII-A has successfully completed
the project on Football under the guidance of
Respected Mr. Umesh Sharma Sir during the year
2016-17 in partial fulfillment of physical education
assignment conducted by CBSE.
……………………
Signatureof teacher
(Umesh Sharma)

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Contents
 History of Football
 Rules and Regulations
 Measurements of Play Field
 Equipments Required
 Basic Skills
 Terminology
 Important Tournaments
 Important Venues
 Important Personalities
 Important Awards
 Basic First-Aid Techniques related to Football

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HISTORY
The contemporary history of the world's favourite game spans more than 100
years. It all began in 1863 in England, when rugby football and association
football branched off on their different courses and the Football Association
in England was formed - becoming the sport's first governing body.
Both codes stemmed from a common root and both have a long and
intricately branched ancestral tree. A search down the centuries reveals at
least half a dozen differentgames, varying to differentdegrees, and to which
the historical development of football has been traced back. Whether this
can be justified in some instances is disputable. Nevertheless, the fact
remains that people have enjoyed kicking a ball about for thousands of years
and there is absolutely no reason to consider it an aberration of the more
'natural' form of playing a ball with the hands.
On the contrary, apart from the need to employ the legs and feet in tough
tussles for the ball, often without any laws for protection, it was recognised
right at the outset that the art of controlling the ball with the feet was not easy
and, as such, required no small measure of skill. The very earliest form of
the game for which there is scientific evidence was an exercise from a
military manual dating back to the second and third centuries BC in China.
This Han Dynasty forebearof footballwas called Tsu' Chu and it consisted of
kicking a leather ball filled with feathers and hair through an opening,
measuring only 30-40cm in width, into a small net fixed onto long bamboo
canes. According to one variation of this exercise, the player was not
permitted to aim at his target unimpeded,but had to use his feet, chest, back
and shoulders while trying to withstand the attacks of his opponents. Use of
the hands was not permitted.
Another form of the game, also originating from the Far East, was the
Japanese Kemari, which began some 500-600 years later and is still played
today. This is a sport lacking the competitive element of Tsu' Chu with no
struggle for possession involved. Standing in a circle, the players had to
pass the ball to each other, in a relatively small space, trying not to let it
touch the ground.

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The Greek 'Episkyros' - of which few concrete details survive - was much
livelier, as was the Roman 'Harpastum'. The latter was played out with a
smaller ball by two teams on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines
and a centre line. The objective was to get the ball over the opposition's
boundary lines and as players passed it between themselves, trickery was
the order of the day. The game remained popular for 700-800 years, but,
although the Romans took it to Britain with them, the use of feet was so
small as to scarcely be of consequence.
Rules and Regulations
 Ball in and out of Play: The soccer ball is out of bounds when it
has crossed the goal line or touchline whether on the ground or in air.
If it rebounds off the referee, an assistant referee, a goal post,
crossbar, or corner flag post and remains inside the field, then it is still
in play.
 Method of scoring: A goal is scored in football if the ball crosses
the goal line between the two goalposts and under the crossbar, as
long as no violation of the rules has taken place. The side that scores
the most goals wins. If both teams have the same number of goals at
the end of the match, it is considered a draw even if neither of them
scored a goal.
 Offside: A player is in offside position if there are fewer than two
defenders (including the goalie) between him and the goal line. A
violation of the offside rule in football occurs if he is in that position
and the ball is played to him. A free kick is awarded to the opposition if
a player is caught offside.

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 Fouls and misconducts: The following are the most common fouls
in football: kicking, tripping, pushing, or charging another player
recklessly; striking or attempting to strike an opponent or any member
of the opposing side.A foul is called if a player: makes a tackle but hits
the player before the ball; deliberately handles the ball (except the
goalkeeper in his proper area); or if he uses excessive force in
defending an opponent.
 Free kicks: A restarts a play after a foul or rule infringement is
committed and is usually taken from the spot where the violation was
committed. A free-kick can either be “direct”, in which a kicker may
score directly, or “indirect”, in which another player must touch the ball
before a goal can be scored.
 Penalty kick: A penalty kick in football is awarded if a defender
commits a foul inside its own penalty area. The kick is taken from the
penalty spot and all the players (except the kicker and the goalkeeper)
must be outside the penalty area and penalty arc.

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 Throw-in: A throw-in in football is awarded to a team if the ball goes
over the touchline. It is awarded to the team opposing the side that
touched the ball last. The throw is taken from the spot where the ball
goes out of bounds. The taker must throw the ball with both hands,
both feet on the ground, and facing the field of play.
 Goal kick: A goal-kick in football is awarded to the defending team
if the opposing team causes the ball to go over the goal-line. Any
player from the defending side is allowed to take the goal kick. It must

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be taken anywhere on the goal area and must go beyond the penalty
area or it will be retaken. The ball must be touched by another player
before the taker can play it again.
 Corner kick: A corner kick in football is awarded to the attacking
team if an opposing player is the last to touch the ball before it goes
out of bounds on the goal-line. The attacking team resumes play by
placing the ball in the corner arc nearest to where it crossed the goal
line.

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Measurements of Play Field and Football
Length of field: 120 yards (including 10 yards of end zone
at each end).
Width of field: 53 1/3 yards (160 feet).
Height of goal posts: At least 30 feet.
Height of crossbar: 10 feet.
Width of goalposts (above
crossbar):
18 feet6 inches, inside to inside.
Length of ball: 10 7/8 to 11 7/16 inches (long axis).
Circumference of ball: 20 3/4 to 21 1/4 inches (middle); 27 3/4 to
28 1/2 inches (long axis).

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Terminology:
 Advantage: decision made by the referee during a game, where a player
is fouled, but play is allowed to continue because the team that suffered
the foul is in better position than they would have been had the referee
stopped the game.
 Against the run of play: describes a goal scored, or a win or draw
achieved, by a side that was being clearly outplayed.
 Assist: pass that leads to a goal being scored
 Back heel: pass between team-mates, in which one player uses their heel
to propel the ball backwards to another player
 Brace: when a player scores two goals in a single match
.
 Clean-sheet: When a goalkeeperor team does not concede a single goal
during a match.
 Counter-attack: kick taken from within a one-yard radius of the corner
flag.
 Diving: form of cheating, sometimes employed by an attacking player to
win a free kick or penalty.
 Dribbling: when a player runs with the ball at their feet under close
control.
 Dummy: skill move performed by a player receiving a pass from a
teammate; the player receiving the ball will angle their body in such a way
that the opponent thinks that they are going to play the ball.
 Extra Time: additional period, normally two halves of 15 minutes, used to
determine the winner in some tied cup matches.

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 False Nine: a centre forward who regularly drops back into midfield to
disrupt opposition marking.
 Flick-On: when a player receives a pass from a teammate and, instead of
controlling it, touches the ball with their head or foot while it is moving
past them, with the intent of helping the ball reach another teammate
 Free Kick: the result of a foul outside the penalty area, given against the
offending team.
 Ghost goal: situation where a ball fairly crossed the goal line but did not
result in a goal, or a goal was awarded despite the ball not crossing the
line.
 Howler: glaring and possibly amusing error made by a player or referee
during a match.
 Jew Goal: term used to describe a goal scored when a player “passes the
ball when two-on-one with the keeper in order to provide the receiver with
an open goal”.
 Kick-Off: method of starting a match.
 Lay-Off Pass: short pass, usually lateral, played delicately into the space
immediately in front of a teammate who is arriving at speed from behind
the player making the pass.
 Man On: warning shout uttered by players to a teammate with the ball to
alert him of the presence of an opposing player behind him.
 Man-To-Man Marking: system of marking in which each player is
responsible for an opposing player rather than an area of the pitch.
 Nutmeg: when a player intentionally plays the ball between an opponent’s
legs, runs past the opponent, and collects their own pass.

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 Offside: law relating to the positioning of defending players in relation to
attacking players when the ball is played to an attacking player by a
teammate.
 Open Goal: where no player is defending the goal.
 Overlap: move between two teammates.
 Shielding: defensive technique in which a defensive player positions their
body between the ball and an attacking opponent, in order to prevent that
opponent from reaching the ball.
 Subbed: a player who is withdrawn from the field of play.
 Sweeper: defender whose role is to protect the space between the
goalkeeper and the rest of the defence
 Throw-In: method of restarting play. Involves a player throwing the ball
from behind a touchline after it has been kicked out by an opponent.

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Important Tournaments:
 FIFA: There is no greater competition than the World Cup. The
European Championship may have a greater variety of winners. The
Champions League may provide better football. However, nothing
matches the prestige of lifting the FIFA World Cup. The World Cup pips
the Champions League to the No. 1 spot because of the enormous
cultural impact that a victory can have. Nothing unites a nation like being
crowned the best in the world.
 The UEFA Champions League: It is the most glamorous club
competition in world football. This tournament brings together the greatest
teams in the world. As the financial clout of club football has grown, it has
managed to supersede international football. In terms of the quality of play
on the field, the Champions League is now the best tournament there is.
Although the pure knockout form of the original European Cup is still
missed,the re-branding as the Champions League has helped turn Europe
into football's most financially powerful continent. There is no club
competition to match the Champions League.

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 The UEFA European Championship: The first pan-European
international tournament was held in 1958 in France. In the intervening 55
years, the European Championship has established itself as one of world
football's most exciting competitions. The European Championship is
characterised by its unusually competitive nature: The 14 tournaments to
date have produced nine different winners. Germany and Spain currently
lead the field with three triumphs each. In 2014, the competition expanded
from 16 to 24 teams, prompting concerns that the increase in size may
precipitate a drop in quality.
 The Copa America: It is the oldest existing continental football
competition. The first formal Copa America was held in Argentina in 1916
to commemorate the first century of Argentina's independence. The
competition involves the teams associated with CONMEBOL as well as
two other nations, frequently Mexico, Costa Rica or the United States.
Although Brazil and Argentina are regularly referred to as South American
football's "Big Two," current holders Uruguay are in fact the competition's
most successful team with 15 wins to date.

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 The Copa Libertadores: It is the South American equivalent of the
Champions League. The Libertadores trophy is the most coveted prize in
South American club football, and the competition's final is broadcast in
an incredible 135 countries across the globe. The Copa has extraordinary
cultural currency in South America. It has spawned the Spanish phrase
"El Sueno Libertador," referring to the dream of lifting the historic prize
aloft. Since the competition's inception in 1960, many have chased that
dream. Argentine club Independiente are the most successful team in the
competition's history, having claimed the Copa a phenomenal seven
times.
 The UEFA Europa League: It is the much-maligned successorto the
UEFA Cup. As the Champions League's younger and less glamorous
sibling, the Europa League is vulnerable to snipers who criticise the
competition's enormous fixture list and plethora of dead-rubber ties.
However, a glance at the recent list of winners suggests that European
football's major clubs still take the competition seriously. Chelsea,
Atletico Madrid and Porto have all experienced the joy of Europa League
triumph in the last few seasons.In 2003, Porto were Europa League
Champions. A year later, they lifted the Champions League.

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 Africa Cup of Nations: Africa is a continent that is seemingly in love
with football. This tournament pits Africa's greatest international sides
against each other in a fascinating battle for supremacy. The continent's
most successful side is Egypt. They have won the tournament a record
seven times, although they have not yet managed to transfer this
continental success to the global stage. The competition is not without its
flaws. The Africa Cup of Nations generally takes place in January,
meaning that many European-based players are forced to abandon their
clubs to take part. This has led to the withdrawal of some of Africa's major
stars. If the tournament is to retain its status, it may need to move in line
with the European calendar.
 FA Cup:It is arguably the most famous domestic competition in the
world. Established in July 1871, it is the oldest association football
competition in the world. The FA Cup has produced some of English
football's most iconic moments and is partly responsible for Wembley's
status as "The Home of Football." English clubs from the Premier League
right down to the fifth tier of the FA National League are invited to
compete. The tournament has subsequently become known for "giant

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killings": occasions when minnows overcome the odds to defeat a club
with far greater resources.The 2013 final was a case in point, as Roberto
Martinez's gutsy Wigan side showed remarkable bravery and discipline to
beat the financial superpower that is Manchester City.
 The Confederations Cup: It rose to prominence in 2005 when it was
established as a vital forerunner to the World Cup. Since that auspicious summer, the
tournament has been held in the same country that will host the World Cup the
following year. The Confederations Cup has subsequently become a vital part of
preparation for global football's most celebrated tournament. The Confederations Cup
allows FIFA to assess a nation's preparations for the arrival of their most prestigious
tournament. More importantly, it is a chance for the host nation to pit themselves
against some of the world's best ahead of the real thing. The excitement around the
current tournament in Brazil is indicative of the Confederations Cup's rising profile.

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Important Venues (Stadiums)
 Estadio Aztec
Tenants:Club America
Opened in: 29 May 1966
Capacity:105,000
City:Mexico City

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 Wembley
Tenants: England National Team
Opened in: 1923
Capacity: 82,000
City: London
 Estadio Do Maracana
Tenants: None
Opened in: 16 June 1950
Capacity: 82,238
City: Madrid

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 Santiago Bernabeu
Tenants: Real Madrid
Opened in: 14 Dec 1947
Capacity: 85,454
City: Rio de Janeiro

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 Estadio Monumental
Tenants: River Plate:
Opened in: 25 May 1938
Capacity: 67,664
City: Buenos Aires
 Olmpiastadion
Tenants: FC Bayern Munich
Opened in: 26 May 1972
Capacity: 69,250
City: Munich

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Important Personalities
David Beckham: David Robert Joseph Beckham, he is an English
former professional footballer. He played for Manchester United, Preston
North End, Real Madrid, Milan, LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain.
Lionel Messi: Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi is an Argentine professional
footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the
Argentina national team.

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Wayne Rooney: Wayne Mark Rooney is an English professional footballer
who plays for and captains both Manchester United and the England
national team. He has played much of his career as a forward, but he has
also been used in various midfield roles.
Cristiano Ronaldo:Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ComM, GOIH is a
Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Madrid
and the Portugal national team. He is a forward and serves as captain for
Portugal.

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Maradona: Diego Armando Maradona is a retired Argentine professional
footballer. He has served as a manager and coach at other clubs as well as
the national team of Argentina
Ryan Giggs:Ryan JosephGiggs,OBE is a Welshfootball coach and former
player who is the co-owner of Salford City. He played his entire professional
career for Manchester United

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Thierry Henry: Thierry Daniel Henry is a French retired professional
footballer who played as a forward, and the current second assistant
manager of the Belgium national team.
Kaka: Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite, commonly known as Kaká or
Ricardo Kaká, is a Brazilian professionalfootballer who plays as an attacking
midfielder for Orlando City SC in Major League Soccer and the Brazil
national team.

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Important Awards
 Ballon d’Or: It was first awarded in 1956 by the France Football
Magazine. The award was the brain child of Gabriel Hanot - his vision
was to have an award for the best European footballer of the season as
voted on by a selectpanel of European journalists. The Ballo d'Or was
quickly established as one of the most prestigious awards a European
footballer could win.
 FIFPro Player of the Year: It is a newcomer on the international awards
front having first been awarded in 2005. The awarded is voted on by
players from the various player associations across the world. As such
the award shot to prominance quickly, to be voted as the best player in
the world by your fellow professionals is seen as one of the highest forms
of recognition a player can achieve.

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 FIFA Team of the Year: It was first awarded in 1991 and was always
destined to become arguably the pinnacle achievement for an individual
in Football. Since it's inception the award has been seen to be provide
the definitive answer to the question who is the best team in the world.
 PFA Player of the Year Award: The Professional Footballer's
Association award is consider by many to be the most prestigious award
a player can receive due to the fact that it is voted on by fellow
Footballers. Each member of the association votes for two players. The
award was first given in 1974.

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 FWA Player of the Year:Along with the PFA Award, the Football Writer's
Association award is considered as the premier individual award in
England. It is awarded to the best player in the English Premier League
and is voted on by approximately 400 English journalists. Sir Stanley
Matthews was the award's first recipient after the 1947/48 award.
 World Soccer Magazine Player of the Year: Yet another magazine
award. Originally started in 1982, WSM readers from across the global
cast their votes on whom they believe as been the player of the year.
Obviously the player with the highest percentage of votes wins. The
current holder is Christiano Ronaldo who amassed 48% of the votes.
Votes came from over 40 different countries from around the world.

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 FIFA Golden Ball/ Golden Shoe: The Golden ball is presented to the
best player of a World Cup, whilst the Golden shoe is presented to the
highest goal scorer in the tournament. The awards have been presented
since the first world cup in 1930. The Golden Ball is voted on by the
world's media, who select their vote from shortlist put together by the
FIFA technical committee. The current holder(from the 2006 World Cup)
of the Golden Ball is Zinidine Zidane, whilst the Golden shoe was
awarded to Miroslav Klose.

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Basic First-Aid Techniques
Bruises – To treat bruising and swelling, the first aider will need to apply ice
on the affected area for about 15 minutes at a time every two hours making
sure to put a cloth or towel between the ice and the skin. A day or two after
the bruising or swelling develops; you should apply a heat pack or warm
cloth to the affected area.
Bleeding (cut, graze or scratch wounds) – These could be minor, here the
first aider will need to put on disposable gloves, clean the cuts with a dry
sterile dressing or clean lint-free material, apply pressure to stop the
bleeding then dab with ointment or gel and protect with a sterile bandage. A
deep wound will have to be referred to a hospital after following the minor
injury procedure.
Head & Face injuries – These injuries could be serious and are associated
with concussion (impaired consciousness), cuts, skull fractures, neck or
spinal break. The First Aider’s immediate aim is to let the player lie down
gently whilst avoiding turning the player’s head- this is to maintain an open
airway, check for pulse & breathing and record all vital signals of response.If
the player is unconscious, the airway should be opened with a jaw thrust
technique in order to feel breathing then proceed by calling out to the player
if they can hear you or open their eyes but if no response, the coach then
need to carry out chest compressionalso known as the CPR [ placing one or
two hands in the centre of the chest using the heel of the hands with arms
straight to press down about 30 times at the rate of 100-120 p/min] then
perform the rescue breath method [make sure the airway is open, seal your
lips around the child’s mouth and blow gently into their lungs. If the chest
rises, stop blowing to allow it to fall then repeat this 5 times until they show
signs of recovery or until proper medical assistance arrives.
Asthma Attack – Asthma is a medical condition that attacks the muscles of
the air passages when the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs
become narrowed thereby making it difficult to breathe. To administer first-
aid, help the player to sit in a comfortable position to ease breathing and
reassure them. If they have their inhaler let them take 3-5 puffs according to
the asthma plan given to them by their doctorbut if the player has none, then

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the coach need to reach for one from the first-aid kit. The coach should or
would have known about the player’s condition from the medical information
submitted in their registration.
Ankle, Foot or Toe injuries – when injuries to these areas are minor, they
are usually treated at home to relieve symptoms and promote healing but in
case they are serious, the first-aider or the coach will need to take the
appropriate measures in dealing with the affected areas using any of the
following first-aid techniques.
 With a broken bone, it is not advisable to push the bone back into the skin
if it is sticking out but to leave it as it is by carefully covering the affected
area with a clean bandage or hold together with a splint.
 With sprained ankle or toe injury, the first thing to do is to use the
P.R.I.C.E method (Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) to
reduce the swelling and pain, also use soft padding bandage. If pain
persists then an assessment need to made to ascertain whether a visit to
the specialist is warranted however if it is pain free, try massaging gently
to allow the flow of blood whilst avoiding hot substances such as hot water
or heat gels until 48-72hrs and then start gentle exercises of movement &
strength without too much strain.
Back Pain – Mostly, footballers feel pain in the lower back. If this happens,
there are various types of simple treatments that can be applied:
 Walking- Taking a brisk walk for about 10-20mins every 2hrs might do the
trick.
 Heat Therapy- Hot pool bath could be useful for some players whilst cold
compression therapy (ice pack) may be suited to others.
 Exercises like flexible stretching could be effective in relieving pain
however this should be done with due care so as not to aggravate the
pain.
 Massage Therapy, massaging may be more appropriate remedy, visiting
an experienced massage therapist could be the answer to ending the back
pain problems.
 Medicines, using simple pain relieving medicines like Ibuprofen or
Paracetamol, might just be the solution.

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Muscle Pulls – The initial first-aid treatment is to protectthe affected area by
applying soft padding and then resume the P.R.I.C.E method which will
accelerate healing, reduce swelling and keep the blood from clotting in the
injured area but if there is a severe pain then a visit to a medical expert is
advisable as this might be a sign of broken bone, sprain or muscle tear.
Shoulder,joint and all other dislocations would be the job for the expert
medical professional, any attempt to try reducing or replacing the joint must
be avoided.
Shin Splints, examination of the cause of pain is absolutely necessary in
order to choose the right treatments. If it is certain that it is stress fracture,
then a rest is usually the best treatment by taking a break from training for
about 6-7 weeks to help the bone heal.
The FirstAid Kit essentials:
1. Tweezers
2. Hand Sanitizers
3. Gauge and Tapes,
4. Disposable Gloves
5. Wipes,CleaningSolutions
6. AntibioticCream
7. Ointments
8. Pain relieve gels
9. AdhesiveBandages
10. ElasticPlasters
11. Thermometers
12. Inhalers for Asthma,
13. Disinfectants
14. Instant Cold Packs,
15. Scissors
16. Cotton Swabs
17. Heat & Cold Sprays
18. Pain Killers
19. Smelling Salt
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