1. EnP. Aris DC Galicio
MSA AGEXT
II. THE SETTING FACTORS OF THE
COMMUNITY SOCIAL SYSTEM

2. 1. Ecology
2. Demography
3. Culture
4. Personality
5. Time
THE SETTING FACTORS OF THE
COMMUNITY SOCIAL SYSTEM

3. Ecology
• is a study of spatial functional area patterns that arise and change
thru processes of ecological interaction. It is also the study of the
relation between organisms and their habitat, specifically in
anthropology of the adaption of human cultures to their
geographic environments.
• - is the study of the vital and spatial relations existing between
organism of the same, similar and divergent species and their
environment

4. Ecology analyzes not only how these organism make their
living and the influences this process has on their mode of
life, but also the effects the organism has on the
environment and the environment on the organism.
Ecology

5. Human Ecology Human Geography
Concerned with the influence deals with men’s
of the environment upon man’s relation to his environment
relation to his fellowmen
unit of study is the community,
which is not a mere population
aggregate but a population structure
following a well-defined pattern a
constellation composed of
interdependent individual units
which are distributed spatially
and stand in certain relationship
to one another
The human ecologist seeks to
understand the factors involved
in the structural pattern of the
community and the forces behind
its constant change.

6. The ecologically oriented sociologist conceives of the community,
city, town or barrio as sociological rather than as a legal or
administrative unit. Its limits do not correspond to those set by law
but usually extend beyond them.
A community from the ecological point of view includes a local
area plus a surrounding territory. Its size is determined by the extent
of its economic and social influence.

7. Ecological Process
Ecological processes such as primary production,
respiration, energy, carbon and nutrient flow through food
webs, reproduction, and decomposition are represented as
rates of change, which requires repeated measurement over
time.

8. Community:
Product of Five Interacting Factors
The human community maybe considered to be ecologically
the product of 5 interacting factors:
1. A population living in an area
2. Possessing artifacts (technological culture) and
3.Customs and beliefs (non-material culture) which determines
4. The use of the natural resources and
5. The functions performed in the social division of labor

9. In the human community, these factors operate to produce its
1.spatial distribution
2. functional organization
3. position in a constellation of communities, and
4. changes within the community, both ecological and social

10. Ecological Processes
These are 5 major ecological processes involved in
the spatial distribution of groups and institutions in a
community

11. 1. Concentration
The tendency of individuals to settle in increasing members in a
certain area because of its favorable location and other conditions
2. Centralization
The tendency, once concentration has taken place for individual,
business industry and services is to become centralized in a certain
area within the territory. The local point becomes the shopping
center the “main street” of the little town and the “down town”
of the metropolitan community.

12. Decentralization – the tendency toward dispersion or movement
away from the center
3. Segregation
The tendency of group of people and type of business and
industrial establishment become concentrated in certain parts of
the city. Thus, some areas are taken over by the retail shops, others
by wholesale business, and still others by industry. Segregation is
due primarily to competition for position.

13. 4. Invasion
The tendency of a socio- economic group usually of a lower status,
to move into the territory occupied by another, usually of higher
status, and of business and industry to encroach upon a residential
area

14. 5. Succession
It completes the process of invasion, as the original inhabitants of an
area are completely displaced by another type as in a residential
section being entirely taken over by business or industry.

15. Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities
• Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative
distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation
• Rural- urban continuum is the merging of town and village. The concept is a
term used in recognition of the fact that there is rarely, either physically or
socially, a sharp division, a clearly marked boundary between the two, with
one part of the population wholly urban, the other wholly rural.

16. Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities
1. The village form of settlement
In this type of settlement, the homes are grouped
together to form a village, leaving the cultivated fields, pastures, and
woodlands in the surrounding area quite devoid of dwellings.

17. Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities
2. Scattered or isolated farm homes
In this pattern each farm home is located among the fields
worked by the family. Whereas the village settlement is characterized
by close and intimate relations between the homes of the farmers, in
the scattered or isolated farm homes mode of settlement, the homes
of the farmers are widely separated from one another.

18. 3. Line Village
Such a settlement has the appearance of a long, one-street
village winding its way across the landscape. In the Philippines such
settlements are found along highways or roads, rivers, and streams, and
shorelines.
Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities

19. 4. Nucleated
Commonly, a number of barrios as well as still smaller residential units- the
sitios- will be found scattered around a larger town or poblacion which is the
economic, political and social center of that region.
Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities

20. Demography
• Demography Aspects of Population
• Demographics can include any statistical factors that influence
population growth or decline, but several parameters are
particularly important: population size, density, age structure,
fecundity (birth rates), mortality (death rates), and sex ratio
(Dodge 2006).

21. Population Change and Growth
• Population growth refers to the change in the number of
inhabitants of a country and territory during a specific
period of time like the last ten years, last 15 years and so
on. Population change refers to the change in the number
of people during a specific period of time.

22. Life expectancy
• The term “life expectancy” refers to the number of years
a person can expect to live. By definition, life expectancy
is based on an estimate of the average age that members
of a particular population group will be when they die.

23. Population density
•Population density is the concentration of
individuals within a species in a specific
geographic locale.

24. Sex Composition
• Sex Composition is one of the most basic demographic
characteristics of the human population, which is critical for any
meaningful demographic analysis.
• Changes in sex composition reflect the underlying socioeconomic
and cultural pattern of society in different ways. It is a crucial
social indicator for determining the level of equity between males
and females at any given time.

25. What is culture
• Culture can be defined as all the ways of life
including arts, beliefs and institutions of a
population that are passed down from generation
to generation.

26. Classes of Culture
• The two basic types of culture are
• material culture, physical things produced by a society,
and
• nonmaterial culture, intangible things produced by a
society

27. Ethnocentrism
• Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world
primarily from the perspective of one’s own culture. Part
of ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own race, ethnic
or cultural group is the most important or that some or
all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other
groups. Some people will simply call it cultural ignorance.

28. Culture Traits
Culture Complex and Culture Patterns
• A culture trait is an individual tool, act, or belief that is
related to a particular situation or need. Culture
complexes are clusters/groups of interrelated culture
traits. Culture patterns are a combination of a number of
culture complexes into an interrelated whole

29. Universal or Basic Cultural Patterns
• Other examples of cultural universals include the family
unit, eating, clothing, shelter, language, learning, names,
and many more.
• There are some elements of behaviour and values that are
found across time and culture and these are considered
cultural universals.

30. Universality of Culture
• Cultural Universal - There are many examples of
cultural universals.
• These include language, humor, religion, burial
rituals, family structures, dancing, music, and more.

31. Universality of Culture
• Cultural Variations - differences among individuals that
exist because they have acquired different behavior as a
result of some form of social learning
• Cultural relativism - is the ability to understand a culture
on its own terms and not to make judgments using the
standards of one's own culture.

32. The Growth and Spreading of Culture
• Cultural diffusion is the spreading out and merging
of pieces from different cultures. These different
cultures all have many diverse types of food,
clothing and even languages that people love and
enjoy every day

33. Values
• Examples of cultural values include respect for elders,
family values, individualism, and egalitarianism. Cultural
values are passed on from one generation to another,
which ensures continuity of traditions within a group of
people. They may also be passed on through media.