This chapter discusses various aspects of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. It describes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Encoding can occur automatically or through effortful processes like rehearsal. Information is stored over time through mechanisms like synaptic changes and long-term potentiation. Retrieval involves recall and recognition processes, and is aided by cues. Forgetting can result from failures at different stages of memory or through interference. Memory is reconstructive and subject to biases.

7. A Simplified Memory Model External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Sensory input Attention to important or novel information Encoding Encoding Retrieving

8. Encoding - Getting Information In Encoding Effortful Automatic

12. Encoding 20 15 10 5 0 8 16 24 32 42 53 64 Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 Number of repetitions of list on day 1

13. Encoding - Serial Position Effect Serial Position Effect -tendency to recall best the last items in a list 12 Percentage of words recalled 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Position of word in list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

22. Storage - Long-Term Memory Subsystems

26. Retrieval Cues 0 10 20 30 40 Water/ land Land/ water Water/ water Different contexts for hearing and recall Same contexts for hearing and recall Land/ land Percentage of words recalled

34. Forgetting as Interference