PAEDIATRIC NURSING LECTURE

1. LECTURE 1.1 : PERSPECTIVES OF
PAEDIATRIC NURSING
PREPARED BY :
Ms ASHA ANDREWS
LECTURER
AL KHARJ ARMED FORCES
NURSING INSTITUTE
PREPARED BY :
Ms ASHA ANDREWS
LECTURER
AL KHARJ ARMED FORCES NURSING
INSTITUTE

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:-
After completion of this session the students should
be able to:
1. Define the terms related to paediatrics and
paediatric nursing.
2. Describe the philosophy of paediatric nursing.
3. Define the terms mortality and morbidity.
4. List the developmental age periods in paediatrics.

3. 1. INTRODUCTION:-
 The word paediatrics is derived
from two Greek words “pais”
which means child and “iatros”
which means healer.
 Thus the word paediatrics
means healer of children.
 In medical practice paediatrics is
the branch of medicine that
deals with the medical care of
infants, children and
adolescents.
 A medical practitioner who
specialises in the care of infants,
children and adolescents is
known as a paediatrician.

4. INTRODUCTION:- [Contd…]
• Paediatric nursing is the
branch of nursing that deals
with the care of infants and
children.
• The major goal of paediatric
nursing is to improve the
quality of health care of
children and their families.

5. 2.PHILOSOPHY OF CARE IN
PAEDIATRIC NURSING
1. Family Centered Care:-
The philosophy of family
centered care recognizes the
family as a constant in a child’s
life.
Service systems and personnel
supports, respects, encourages,
and enhances the family’s
strength and competence by
developing a partnership with
parents.
 Nurses support families in
their natural caregiving.

6. 2.PHILOSOPHY OF CARE IN
PAEDIATRIC NURSING [Contd…..]
Two basic concepts in family-centered care are
enabling and empowerment.
Professionals enable families by creating opportunities
and means for all family members to display their
current abilities and competencies and to acquire new
ones to meet the needs of the child and family.
 Empowerment is the interaction of professionals with
families in such a way that families maintain or acquire
a sense of control over their family lives and
acknowledge positive changes that result from helping
behaviours that foster their own strengths, abilities, and
actions.

7. 2.PHILOSOPHY OF CARE IN
PAEDIATRIC NURSING [Contd…..]
2. Atraumatic Care :-
Atraumatic care is the
provision of therapeutic care
in settings, by personnel, and
through the use of
interventions that eliminate or
minimize the psychologic and
physical distress experienced
by children and their families
in the health care system.
The over riding goal in
providing atraumatic care is
first, do no harm.

8. 2.PHILOSOPHY OF CARE IN
PAEDIATRIC NURSING [Contd…..]
 Three principles provide the framework for achieving this
goal:
(1) Prevent or minimize the child’s separation from the family,
(2) Promote a sense of control, and
(3) Prevent or minimize bodily injury and pain.
 Examples of providing atraumatic care include
• Fostering the parent–child relationship during hospitalization,
• Preparing the child before any unfamiliar treatment or
procedure,
• Controlling pain,
• Allowing the child privacy,
• Providing play activities for expression of fear and aggression.

9. 3.MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
RATES:-
1. Morbidity rates are used to measure disease and
injury in a population.
Along with mortality rates it presents an objective
picture of the health status of children.
• There are two types of morbidity rates. Incidence
rates and prevalence rates.
a)Incidence rates measures the occurrence of new
events in a population during a time period.
b)Prevalence rates measures existing events in a
population during a time period

10. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATES:-
[Contd…]
2. Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the
number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific
cause) in a particular population.
It is divided into infant mortality rate and childhood
mortality rates.
Child hood mortality rates refers to death rates of
children above the age of 1 year till 14 years.

11. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATES:-
[Contd…]
Infant mortality rate :- Refers to the number of
deaths during the first year of life per 1000
livebirths.
It may be further divided into neonatal mortality and
post neonatal mortality
• Neonatal mortality rate Refers to the deaths that
occurs in children less than 28 days of life per 1000
live births
• Post neonatal mortality rate Refers to the deaths
that occurs in children between 28 days to 11
months of age, per 1000 live births

12. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATES:-
[Contd…]
FREQUENTLY USED MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RATES
1. CRUDE
BIRTH RATE
Number of births in a population
Total population within a time period x 1000
2. CRUDE
DEATH RATE
Number of deaths in a population
Total population within a time period x 1000
3. CAUSE
SPECIFIC
DEATH RATE
Number of deaths in a population
due to a certain disease
Total population within a time period x 1000

13. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RATES:-
FREQUENTLY USED MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RATES
4. AGE
SPECIFIC
DEATH RATE
Number of deaths in a population in
a certain age - group
Total population in that age group within a time period x
1000
5. INCIDENCE
OF DISEASE
Number of new events in a population
Total at risk population within a time period x 1000
6. PREVALANC
E OF
DISEASE
Number of existing events in a population
Total at risk population within a time period x 1000

14. 4. DEVELOPMENTALAGE
PERIODS IN PAEDIATRICS
There are five developmental age periods in
paediatrics they are :-
1. Prenatal period :- [from conception till birth]
2. Infancy period :- [from birth till 12 months]
3. Early child hood :- [from 1 year to 6 years]
4. Middle child hood :- [from 6 years to 11 years]
5. Later child hood :- [from 11 to 19 years]

15. 4. DEVELOPMENTALAGE
PERIODS IN PAEDIATRICS
I. Prenatal Period :-
 It extends from Conception till Birth
 Conception means the fusion of male
and female gamete to form a fertilised
zygote.
 It comprises of three sub periods.
1) Germinal Period – From conception
to ≈2 weeks.
2) Embryonic Period – From 2 to 8
weeks we call a developing zygote as
an embryo.
3) Fetal period – From 8 weeks to 40
weeks (birth) we call the developing
child a foetus.

16. DEVELOPMENTALAGE PERIODS IN
PAEDIATRICS :-[Contd…]
II. Infancy Period :-
 It extends from birth till 12 Months.
 It comprises of two sub periods.
a)Neonatal period :-
 It extends from birth to 27 or 28 days
 Between birth till 28 days, we call the
child as a neonate.
b)Infancy period :-
 It extends from 1 month to ≈12
months.
 If the child’s age is between 1 month
till 12 months we call the child as an
infant.
A NEONATE
AN INFANT

17. DEVELOPMENTAL AGE PERIODS IN
PAEDIATRICS :-[Contd…]
III. Early Childhood:-
 it extends from 1 to 6 Years
 It comprises of two sub periods
a) Toddlerhood :-
 It extends from 1 to 3 years.
 If the child’s age is between 13
months till 36months we call the
child as a toddler. [1 to 3 years]
b) Preschool years :-
 It extends from 3 to 6 years.
 If a child’s age is between 3 years
till 6 years we call the child as a
preschooler.
A TODDLER
PRESCHOOLER

18. DEVELOPMENTAL AGE PERIODS IN
PAEDIATRICS :-[Contd…]
IV. Middle Childhood:-
It extends from 6 years to 11
or 12 Years
Frequently referred to as
the school age.
If a child’s age is between 6
years till 11 or 12 years we
call the child as a school
aged child.
SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN

19. DEVELOPMENTAL AGE PERIODS IN
PAEDIATRICS :-[Contd…]
V. Later Childhood :-
 it extends from 13 to 19 Years
 It comprises of two sub periods
a)Prepubertal Period :-
 It extends from 10 years to 13 years.
 During this period pre pubertal
changes starts to develop in a child.
b) Adolescence :-
 It extends from 13 years to ≈18
years.
 During this age we call the child as an
adolescent or a teenager.
AN ADOLESCENT