This document provides an overview of various techniques for extracting data from mobile phones for forensic investigations. It discusses challenges such as proprietary operating systems and encryption. Methods described include manual extraction by viewing the screen, logical extraction of accessible data through APIs, file system extraction of hidden files, and physical extraction making a bit-by-bit copy of memory. More advanced techniques require disassembling the phone, such as JTAG which communicates through test access ports to read memory. Commercial tools are available to perform different levels of extraction.

1. SOK : AN OVERVIEW OF DATA EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
FROM MOBILE PHONES
Ashish Bhagawan Sutar
Abstract. The digitization of the World is on rise and so the cyber crimes. Day by day
cyber crimes are rising and law enforcement agencies are on their toes to solve these
crimes. They are using sophisticated digital forensics techniques for analyzing and
investigating the cyber crimes. However, limited skilled manpower, large number of cases,
sophisticated mobile phones with OS with latest security patches are just few among the
various challenges that hinder the progress on LEAs to cover the gap between rise in
cyber crimes and the cases solved. The foremost hindrance in mobile phone forensic is to
extract the data from the mobile phones. In this paper, I would like to provide an overview
and available techniques to extract data from mobile phones.
Keywords: Mobile Forensics, Physical extraction, File system extraction, Logical
extractionJTAG, ISP, Chip Off, Micro Read
1.INTRODUCTION
‘The cell phone is probably the single most important piece of evidence you will
find at a crime scene today…’’
-Ex FBI Director James Comey
Digital forensic is one of the niche and emerging field. Any criminal activity happening
across the World has some digital evidence present as per Locard’s principle and at every
place of crime, some or other digital devices, may be of victim or perpetrator, is available.
One of the most popular devices used by criminals to carry out such crimes are mobile
phones. Therefore, Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) must be capable to carry out
analysis of these mobile phones. However, the analysis of smart mobile phones is
becoming more challenging due to frequent security updates by manufacture. However at
the same time, LEAs and companies across the World providing mobile forensic tools are
coming with innovative techniques and tools to overcome the hurdle of extracting data
from Mobile devices.
In this paper, I will describe about Mobile Forensics and its challenges being posed
to LEAs. I will then review methods available to extract the data from the mobile phones.
I will continue with describing the advantages, disadvantages and challenges faced while
extracting the data from mobile phones and will also touch upon the commercial tools
available for extraction of data
2. MOBILE FORENSICS
Mobile forensics is the science of recovering digital evidence from mobile devices
under forensically sound conditions. It includes the extraction, recovery and analysis of
data from internal memory, SD cards and SIM cards of mobile devices. Secure forensic
extraction of data from a wide variety of mobile devices such as smart phones, GPS
navigations units, car infotainment units and tablets is challenging task.
Mobile phones present a unique challenge to law enforcement due to rapid changes
in technology. There are numerous models of mobile phones in use today. New families
of mobile phones are typically manufactured every three (3) to six (6) months. Many of
these phones use closed operating systems and proprietary interfaces making it difficult

2. for the forensic extraction of digital evidence. Extracting data safely from mobile phones is
not the same as recovering information from computers. It is a specialist skill as Mobile
devices do not share the same Operating systems or components. Most are proprietary
embedded devices with unique configuration. The different challenges faced by Forensic
professionals today across the World are as listed below:-
2.1 Use of proprietary OS.
2.2 Use of proprietary Chips.
2.3 Device level encryption of data.
2.4 Phone lock patterns, PIN and biometric locks for phones.
2.5 Encryption of application databases.
2.6 Second Space/ secure folder within the Mobile phones.
The data recovery from the mobile phone is possible through gaining access to
Phone’s OS through the communication port. Once the access to OS is gained, the data
can be recovered. It is also possible to bypass the OS and directly communicate with the
memory chip in order to take physical dump of chip and using different decoding
mechanism and data carving tools to recover the required data. Now I will give an overview
of mobile phone data extraction types generally adopted by Forensic Analysts to recover
data.
3. TYPES OF EXTRACTION
Depending on the request and the specific questions asked from the investigation
Team, the type of extraction and analysis is decided. Higher levels require a more
comprehensive examination, additional skills and may not be applicable or possible for
every phone or situation. Each level of the Mobile Forensics has its own corresponding
skill sets. The pyramid of the levels is given below :-
Figure 1 : Pyramid of Mobile Data Recovery Techniques
Broadly above mentioned mobile data recovery techniques used by Forensic
professional can be divided in two parts:-
3.1 Methods wherein Mobile phone is not required to be disassembled, also called as
non-invasive techniques, consisting of following methods :-
Micro
Read
JTAG/ ISP
Chip off
Physical
Extraction
File System Extraction
Logical Extraction
Manual Extraction
More
Complex

3. 3.1.1Manual Extraction.
3.1.2Logical Extraction.
3.1.3File System Extraction.
3.1.4Physical Extraction.
3.2 Methods wherein Mobile Phone is required to be disassembled, also called as
invasive techniques, consisting of following methods :-
3.2.1JTAG.
3.2.2In-System-Programming.
3.2.3Chip Off.
3.2.4Micro Read
4. METHODS WHEREIN MOBILE PHONE IS NOT REQUIRED TO BE
DIS-ASSEMBLED
In this section, I will cover the types of extraction wherein the Cyber Forensic Analyst
tries to extract data without opening the mobile phone. These techniques are also called
as non-invasive techniques. Large number of commercial hardware as well as software
tools are available in the market to carry out extraction of data without opening the mobile
phone. The types of extraction covered under this head are as given below.
4.1 Manual Read. This is the simplest process which allows investigators to extract and
view data through the device’s touchscreen or keypad to document data present in the
device’s memory. At a later stage, this data is documented photographically. Whatever is
seen on the screen is photographed/ recorded and it is the most time consuming and
limited data extraction technique from mobile phones. Furthermore it involves a great
probability of human error e.g. the data may get accidentally deleted or modified during
the examination. At this level, it is not possible to recover the deleted data. There are some
popular tools which have been developed to aid an investigator to easily document the
extraction. They are listed as below.
4.1.1Project-A-Phone. This is also known as Project Android Phone. This helps to
wirelessly project android device to the screen of the PC. It helps in display of phone
screen in real time, record audio and video, and take still images individually or in a
programmed sequence.
4.1.2Fernico ZRT. This camera system allows an examiner the ability to document
evidence items found on mobile devices. Direct integration with the Canon EOS DSLR
camera range, combined with professional grade camera equipment, enables ZRT 2 to
capture very high quality images for the built-in report generator. Photos and videos are
automatically resized into a customizable report template for presentation in Court.
Figure 2 : Fernico ZRT

4. 4.1.3EDEC Eclipse. This product is designed for digital forensic examiners and allows
then to capture images and video of cell phone screens, documents or any other type of
evidence.
Figure 3 : EDEC Eclipse Set
4.2 Logical Extraction. Logical extraction is the quickest but most limited data extraction
technique from mobile phones. This type of extraction does not include bit by bit copy of
memory phone and it creates a copy of the user accessible files. As the name suggests,
the data recovered is visible in plain in mobile device. In this type of extraction, forensic
tool communicates with the OS of the device using an Application Programming Interface
(API) which specifies how software components interact. The tool then requests data from
the OS through API. This process allows extraction of most of the live data on the device.
In this extraction process, only contacts, SMS, call logs, multimedia and application data
is recovered, however, the deleted data is not recovered. Most of the forensic tools
currently available such as MSAB XRY, Oxygen, MOBILedit do extract logical data from
the mobile phones.
Figure 4 : Snapshot of Logical Extraction by MSAB XRY

5. 4.3 File System Extraction. This type of extraction is often seen as a type of logical
extraction. It is more data rich compared to logical extraction. It is again not a bit by bit
copy of entire contents of mobile phone however it includes files not directly accessible to
the user via device interface. In this type of extraction, full access to the database files on
a mobile device is directly obtained by the forensic tool without interacting through API.
This direct access allows forensic tools to extract all files present in the internal memory
including and contacts, SMS, multimedia, application data, web browsing history and
hidden files. However, it does not extract data from unallocated space. Cellebrite
promotes UFED’s file system extraction and is amongst the few who refer to the method.
It’s ‘Advance Logical Extraction’ combines the logical and file system extractions for iOS
and Android devices and is an alternative to where physical extraction is not possible.
MSAB does not have a specific file system extraction. It has only XRY Logical and XRY
Physical. Magnet Forensics also says that it can obtain a full file system and it has
partnered with GreyKey to recover data from iOS devices as well. Unlike a logical
extraction, once the file system data is obtained it requires decoding in order to read it. All
the commercial vendors do not publically disclose what vulnerabilities are used to carry
out a full file system extraction from an iOS device as this will give chance to manufactures
a chance to patch exploits.
Figure 5 : View of Cellebrite Reader showing Extracted Data including Deleted
Data files numbers shown in Red Colour
4.4 Physical Extraction. This is the most extensive method of extracting data from
mobile phone without disassembling the same. In physical extraction, a bit by bit copy of
the entire contents of the flash memory of mobile phone is made. This is the only type of
extraction wherein mobile device is not required to be disassembled and still deleted data
is also recovered. It shares the same basic concept as the imaging of a computer hard
drive. In physical extraction, protected data is also revealed and it can obtain service data,
applications and user’s data including following deleted data:-
4.4.1 Deleted passwords.
4.4.2 Deleted files, photos and videos.
4.4.3 Deleted Snapchat pictures.
4.4.4 Deleted text messages, contacts and call logs.

6. 4.4.5 Location tags & GPS fixes.
Figure 6 : Chart showing type of data recovered
4.5 Commercial Tools available for data extraction from Mobile Phone
4.5.1 Cellibrite UFED. Cellebrite is the world leader in delivering cutting-edge mobile
forensic solutions comprising of hardware, software as well as premium services for
extraction of data from mobile platforms. Cellebrite provides flexible, field–proven and
innovative cross–platform solutions for lab and field via its Universal Forensic Extraction
Device (UFED) Series. With the support for more than 31,000 device profiles and the
widest device coverage ranging from Android and apple, UFED is designed to meet the
challenges of unveiling the massive amount of data stored in the modern mobile device.
The UFED Series can extract, decode, analyze and report data from thousands of mobile
devices, including, smartphones, legacy and feature phones, portable GPS devices,
tablets, memory cards and phones manufactured with Chinese chipset. One can use
UFED to bypass locks, perform advanced unlocks, perform logical/ Full file systems/
physical extractions perform selective extraction of apps data and cloud tokens and much
more. UFED 4PC is a cost effective, flexible and convenient software for any user requiring
access and extraction capabilities on PC/ Laptop. UFED Touch2 is hardware based
solution for comprehensive extraction capabilities in the lab/ remote location/ field which
extracts data quickly and securely. The UFED Ruggedized Panasonic Laptop is loaded
with UFED software and comes in a purpose-built ruggedized case that can withstand
drops, shocks and extreme temperatures to ensure a seamless workflow wherever the
investigation takes you.
Figure 7 : UFED Touch 2
Logical
Extraction
Calls
Contacts
SMS
Multimedia
Contents
File System
Extraction
Calls
Contacts
SMS
Multimedia
Contents
Hidden Files
Physical
Extraction
Calls
Contacts
SMS
Multimedia
Contents
Hidden Files
Deleted
Data

7. 4.5.1 Magnet Axiom. Magnet AXIOM is a multiplatform tool which recovers digital
evidence from the most sources, including smartphones, cloud services, computers, IoT
devices and third-party images. It also uses powerful and intuitive Analytics tools to easily
analyze all data in one case file. Magnet Forensics has built a global reputation for
excellence, reliability, and trustworthiness. Its technology solutions have been used in a
wide variety of cases and investigations from child exploitation to terrorism and intellectual
property by departments and agencies all over the world.
4.5.2 MSAB XRY. MSAB XRY solutions are one of the best mobile forensic solutions
available in the market. With latest XRY 9.0.2 release, MSAB is providing support for
Samsung Galaxy S, A and J series with Exynos chipsets and support for newer
Spreadtrum chipsets. Apart from these chipsets, it also supports extracting data from the
widely used messaging app Telegram with added enhancement for extracting Signal and
WhatsApp data from Android devices.
4.5.3 Oxygen Forensic. Oxygen Forensics, an US based Company, is one of the leading
global digital forensics software provider, giving law enforcement, federal agencies and
enterprises access to critical data and insights faster than ever before. Specializing in
mobile devices, cloud, drones and IoT devices, Oxygen Forensics, an all-in-one forensic
software platform, provides the most advanced digital forensic data extraction and
analytical tools for criminal and corporate investigations.
4.5.4. MobilEdit. MOBILedit is a product of Compelson Labs founded in 1991. MOBILedit
Forensic Express is a phone and cloud extractor, data analyzer and report generator all in
one solution. A powerful 64-bit application using both the physical and logical data
acquisition methods, MOBILedit is excellent for its advanced application analyzer, deleted
data recovery, live updates, wide range of supported phones including most feature
phones, fine-tuned reports, concurrent phone processing and easy-to-use user interface.
With the password and PIN breaker one can gain access to locked ADB or iTunes backups
with GPU acceleration and multi-threaded operations for maximum speed.
5. METHODS WHEREIN MOBILE PHONE IS REQUIRED TO BE DISASSEMBLED
The above mentioned extraction methods are followed without opening the mob
phone. However, if they are not successful in extracting the data, other methods are
required to be followed wherein the mob phone is disassembled in order to get access to
chip for extraction of data. These methods involve connecting to the specific ports on the
device and instructing the processor or eMMC controller to transfer the data stored on the
memory. These advanced data extraction methods are low-level hardware-based
techniques that leverage the advantage of PCB and IC (Internal Circuit) test interfaces
used for programming and quality control of the electronic devices during production. They
are explained in succeeding paragraphs.
5.1 Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)
JTAG is a short form of Joint Test Action Group. JTAG is an industry standard,
defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 1149.1 for verifying
designs. The device manufacturers uses these standards to test Printed Circuit Boards
(PCB) during the manufacturing process before launching them in the market. However,
JTAG is commonly used in the market to restore dead devices by flashing the device’s
memory as well as to allow for the reading of phone memory.
JATG forensic is an advanced acquisition process that involves connecting the Test
Access Ports (TAPs) on a PCB via solder, molex or JIG. Once the TAPs are connected
then using a supported JTAG Box like Riff, Z3X and ATF, the processor is instructed to

8. acquire the raw data stored on the connected memory chip in order to get a full physical
image from the device.
JTAG acquisition is available for many Android devices as well as some feature
phones having Android OS. By using specialized equipment and a matching device, one
can retrieve the flash memory contents from compatible devices. However JTAG is not
available for any Apple devices.
JTAG acquisition process involves using existing solder points on the device circuit
board generally called as TAPs that are found on the circuit board. These TAPs connect
to the controller chip via a bus and allow for communication to occur between the controller
and other chips on the circuit board. It is the memory chip in which we are interested in
communicating with. The JTAG ports are used to send read commands through the
controller to instruct it to read the content of the memory chip found on the circuit board,
and output it to the PC.
Figure 8 : Test Access Points
Each of the Test Access Points that make up the JTAG port has a function. The
location of TAPs will be different from device to device. There are various JTAG solutions
available, but each will have a feature to display the TAP pin out diagram so that you will
know which wire to solder to which Test Access Point. Test Access Points includes
following two types of pins.
5.1.1 Required Pins
5.1.1.1 TDI (Test Data In). This signal represents the data shifted into the device’s test or
programming logic. It is sampled at the rising edge of Test Clock (TCK) when the internal
state machine is in the correct state. Basically it is serial data from debugger to target.
5.1.1.2 TDO (Test Data Out). This signal represents the data shifted out of the device’s
test or programming logic and is valid on the falling edge of TCK when the internal state
machine is in the correct state. Basically it is serial data from target to debugger.
5.1.1.3 TCK (Test Clock). It has nothing to do with the board or system clock. This signal
synchronizes the internal state machine operations. It controls the timings of the test logic
independently of the system clock.
5.1.1.4 TMS (Test Mode Select). This signal is sampled at the rising edge of TCK to
determine the next state.
5.1.2 Optional Pins
5.1.2.1 TRST (Test Reset). This is an optional pin which, when available, can reset the
TAP controller’s state machine.

9. 5.1.2.2 RTCK (Return Test Clock).
5.1.2.3 GRN (Ground).
5.1.2.4 VCC (Power).
5.1.2.5 SRST (System Reset). A System Reset (SRST) signal is quite common, letting
debuggers reset the whole system, not just the parts with JTAG support. Sometimes there
are event signals used to trigger activity by the host or by the device being monitored
through JTAG or perhaps additional control lines.
5.1.3 JTAG Training
Special knowledge and training is required prior to undertaking the JTAG process.
Proper JTAG training, at a minimum, covers the following topics:-
5.1.3.1 Overview of boundary scanning and the JTAG process.
5.1.3.2 Repairing and disassembling mobile devices.
5.1.3.3 Soldering and de-soldering techniques.
5.1.3.4 Identification of TAPs through probing.
5.1.3.5 Electrical theory, multimeter and alternate power supply usage.
5.1.3.6 Digital forensic procedures and evidence handling.
5.1.4 Hardware for JTAG
The TAPs need to be connected to a box that knows how to access and interpret
the data. Devices such as Riff Box 2, Medusa Pro and Easy JTAG are some common
boxes that one can use. There are several JTAG solutions available in the market. Each
brand has support for a variety of handsets.
RIFF Box Medusa Pro
Figure 9 : JTAG Boxes
5.1.5 JTAG Process
In the JTAG process, the mobile device is connected to the JTAG box via wires
soldered to Test Access Points (TAPs). Then the JTAG box is connected to the computer
via cable. JTAG software communicates with the JTAG box, sending commands to the
TAPs on the circuit board and ultimately acquires a read of the memory chip. JIGs are an
alternative to soldering. A JIG is a printed circuit board (PCB) that has pins mounted
on its surface. Each device will have a unique JIG since the TAPs are different from
device to device. The JIG is held in place against the mobile devices circuit board so that
the pins on the JIG match up to the TAPs.

10. Figure 8 : Example of JTAGed Phone
5.1.6 Advantages
5.1.6.1 It allows extraction of data from locked or damaged device.
5.1.6.2 It is a Non-destructive method wherein the device can be taken in use.
5.1.6.3 It does not alter data on the device.
5.1.6.4 It does physical data extraction.
5.1.6.5 It can also be used for data extraction from gaming consoles, GPS units, Car
navigation sys, MODEMs, Routers and PVR etc
5.1.7 Disadvantages
5.1.7.1 Mobile device may need to dismantle and wires soldered to circuit board.
5.1.7.2 The improper use of JTAF software and hardware or improper soldering could
destroy data or permanently damage the device
5.1.8 Challenges
5.1.8.1 Identification of JTAG Points is a challenging task as some of the mobile phones
have hidden JTAG points. JTAG pins can be exposed on the phone´s PCB, but they can
also be hidden under a coating surface, in this case tools are needed to remove the coating
and leave the pins exposed for connection and testing. The following figure shows the
JTAG pins that have been hidden underneath the battery and covered by the product info
label and protected by the coating. However, manufacturers also tend to limit the access
of external parties to the JTAG ports and either by making them inaccessible after the end
of production testing or breaking them on purpose.
Figure 10 : Phones with Exposed TAPs and Coated TAPs
Coated TAPs
Exposed
TAPs

11. 5.1.8.2 Soldering Skills are necessary otherwise it may cause collateral damage in
the phone.
5.1.9 Commercial Tools Available
5.1.9.1 MD-Box. It is a JTAG reader hardware designed for JTAG extraction with MD-
NEXT by HancomGMD, a worldwide leading research group of mobile and digital
forensics. It is used for extracting data directly from the motherboard of a mobile device
using the JTAG interface. When a mob phone has suffered external damage but the
motherboard still works, an examiner can connect the motherboard to MD-BOX through
JTAG interface. Then the data can be acquired with JTAG via the JTAG extraction function
in MD-NEXT.
5.1.9.2 Teel Technologies. Teel Technologies provides a hardware for JTAG. However,
once the data is extracted, it is required to be opened up in other extension. Extension for
read will be done in UFED or XRY.
5.2 In-System Programming (ISP)
In System Programming (ISP) or sometimes called as In-Circuit Serial Programming
(ICSP) is again non-destructive method to retrieve the data. It is the practice of connecting
to an eMMC or eMCP flash memory chip for the purpose of downloading a device’s
complete memory contents. In contrast to JTAG that is used for the boundary scan of all
the components sitting on the PCB, ISP is designed to test only one particular component
(in our case eMMC) bypassing the processor. Communication with eMMC device is
performed by sending commands to the chip and receiving responses back. Due to direct
communication with the chip, the memory acquisition through ISP is much faster to
perform than through the JTAG. This practice enables examiners to directly recover a
complete data dump without removing the chip. Similar to JTAG extractions, the forensic
examiner has to solder wires to places on the board. This technique is useful as some
phones don’t have accessible TAPs and/ or the manufacturer has disabled data access
through the TAPs.
In this process the wires are soldered to resistors and capacitors on PCB. The difficult
part in ISP is to find pinouts of the device. This method is usually a bit tougher due to the
fact that the pins are usually much smaller than JTAG TAPs. The analyst requires a
microscope and a much finer solder tip with a steady hand. This process also works on
passcode enabled devices, but again, not on encrypted devices. The following is the list
of the usual pins to solder to:-
 DAT0 to DAT7= Serial Data line/ Data buses.
 VCC (Voltage Collector Constant sometimes also known as Positive Supply
Voltage) = 2.8 – 3.3 Volt.
 VCCq = 1.8 Volt.
 CLK = Clock.
 CMD = Command.
 GRN = Ground.
The diagram given below explains the internal structure of the eMMC chip and the
signals used to perform JTAG/ISP communication. The instructions/commands (in our
case “read”) are sent through the CMD (command) signal to the MMC controller of the
memory. The response (data output) is sent via data busses DAT0 to DAT7 synchronized
with the clock signal (CLK).

12. Figure 11 : eMMC structure and interface
Like JTAG, the pins need to be connected to a box that knows how to access and
interpret the data. There are many programmer tools commercially available which offer
support for different chipsets and cores (required to communicate with the eMMC via
JTAG). Devices such as the OctuplusRIFF2, Z3X, Riff Box 2, Medusa Pro, and Easy JTAG
are just some of the boxes one can use.
5.3 Chip-Off
Chip-off acquisition is a highly advanced technique of recovering data from mobile
phones. It is more of a destructive extraction technique that requires attaching wire leads
to the PCB contacts or physically removing (de-soldering) the phone’s flash memory chip.
Chip-off is considered more difficult compared to JTAG, however the amount of
information acquired via chip-off acquisition is similar to the amount of data acquired by
JTAGging the device. Since most smart phones use standard eMMC flash modules, the
process is standardized and presents no surprises to the examiner.
When imaging computer hard drives, one normally attempts to go as low level as
possible. In the world of mobile forensic, the lowest-level access is not always the best.
While reading the chips directly produces a complete raw dump of the memory chips, the
investigator may be faced with an encrypted partition with no decryption keys stored
anywhere around. Chip-off acquisition delivers the best result when used on unencrypted
devices. The expectations on the use of chip-off for mobile devices must be also moderate
as recent devices store encrypted data on their memory chip. Devices operating on
Android version 7.0 onwards are encrypted by default. However, Chip-off will still remain
viable for other IOT devices which usually store data in clear text.
5.3.1 Steps involved in Chip Off. The chip off process involves the following broad
steps.
5.3.1.1 Detect the memory chip typology of the device.
5.3.1.2 Physical extraction of the chip (for example, by unwelding it).
5.3.1.3 Interfacing of the chip using reading/programming software.
5.3.1.4 Reading and transferring data from the chip to a PC.
5.3.1.5 Interpretation of the acquired data (using reverse engineering).
5.3.2 Advantages. Carrying out chip off activities has certain advantages. They are as
follows:-

13. 5.3.2.1 It recovers data from damaged mob phones.
5.3.2.2 It is used for eMMC/ eMCP memory chips.
5.3.2.3 Full read of memory chip.
5.3.2.4 It carries out physical extraction and recovers deleted data also.
5.3.2.5 It does not alter the user data on memory.
5.3.2.6 It is used for extraction from Android, Windows, iOS based phones, Chinex,
Qualcomm, MTK generic, CDMA devices.
5.3.3 Disadvantages. The two distinctive disadvantages in chip-off activities which are
that it is a destructive technique of data extraction and if encrypted data is recovered, still
it requires to be decrypted.
5.3.4 Challenges
5.3.4.1 All modern device IC or Chips are often secured with protective shield i.e. epoxy,
which makes the task more challenging.
5.3.4.2 The connectors on a BGA NAND chip require, in many cases, rework through a
process known as “re-balling” or effectively rebuilding the connectors on the chip to be
connected to the chip-reading equipment.
5.3.4.3 Solid command of skills for dismantling and chip removal is crucial.
5.3.4.4 Locate and identify memory chip to ensure de-soldering of correct chip and not
the CPU or any other chip.
5.3.5 Precautions to be taken while carrying out Chip-off. Certain precautions are
required to be taken while carrying out the chip off activities. Some of them are listed below
5.3.5.1 The individual performing the Chip-off techniques should always wear protective
goggles where infrared heater is being used for chip off.
5.3.5.2 The individual performing the Chip-off techniques should never attempt to touch
any part of the heating equipment while they are turned ON.
5.3.5.3 The individual performing the Chip-off techniques should always use the tools
provided to handle the chip and boards as they may get too hot while working.
5.3.5.4 The cooling down period for items being used for Chip off will be varying in
between 5 to 15 minutes before it is safe to handle them without causing them burn
injuries.
5.3.5.5 There are chances of loss of data from the chip if it is over heated while removing
it from the board. Though the chips can retain data beyond 2750 Celsius, higher
temperature may lead to higher risk of data loss. The care must be taken not to overcook
the chip.
5.3.6 Commercial Tools for Chip-off
5.3.6.1 MD-MR (Memory Removal). It is a package of forensic hardware devices for
detaching the memory Chip from the motherboard of a mobile phone. When a mobile
device is severely broken or submerged in liquid, MD-MR is used to attempt Chip-off
Forensics. It includes standard devices like General Memory Chip Reader, Heat blowers
for the general dissemble Work, BFA Re-balling kit, Hot plate for Re-balling, Microscope,
Rework station (Optional), Mob phone dryer (Optional) and Mob device safety box
(Optional).
5.3.6.2 MD-Reader. MD-Reader is a piece of forensic hardware for extracting data from
chip-off memory. After detaching the memory chip from the board manually or with a
rework machine, the examiner can mount it into the one of the memory sockets included.
Then the data extraction can be done at Chip-of menu in MD-NEXT program.

14. 5.3.6.3 Teel Technologies. Teel Technologies Chip-Off Starter Kit is the one way to go
if someone looking for all of the basic tools someone need for Chip-Off forensics. This
starter kit features many essential components, all bundled to help to save money. They
provide a variety of UP-828P adapters that are suited for a variety of smartphones and
tablets. It includes the items like TeelTech UP828P Chip Reader, UP-828P Adapters, SD
Chip Reader Kit, Chip-off and JTAG Workbench Gear and T-862++ IRDA Rework Station.
Figure 10 : Equipment used for Chip-Off
5.4 Micro Read
This process involves interpreting and viewing data on memory chips. Generally
micro chips consist primarily of silicon, which is obtained from sand. The process of making
sand into silicon involves melting, cutting, polishing and grinding. The silicon is made into
an ingot, or single-crystal cylinder six to eight inches wide. The cylinder is then cut into
wafers that measure less than one-40th of an inch thick. These wafers are pressed into
various integrated circuit parts with the aid of computers. The circuit is coated with a layer
of glass by exposing the silicon to temperatures of 900 degrees Celsius for an hour or
longer. Afterward, the unit is coated in a nitride layer. A number of different textures are
created in the circuits during this process. The connecting pins or leads are added during
a process called bonding. The pins are made of either gold or tin. These pins are used to
electrically connect the chips to components they will comprise.
The investigators use a high-powered electron microscope to analyze the physical
gates on the chips and then convert the gate level into 1’s and 0’s to discover the resulting
ASCII code. This process is very expensive and time-consuming. It also requires thorough
knowledge of hardware and file systems. Due to the extreme technicalities involved in
micro read, it should be only attempted for very high-profile cases equivalent to a national
security crisis after all other level extraction techniques have been exhausted. The process
is rarely performed and is not well documented at this time. There are currently no
commercial tools available for micro read.
Figure 11 : Electron Microsope of Silicon

15. The steps involved in the micro read are as follows:-
5.4.1 Use chemical process to remove top layer of chip.
5.4.2 Use microscope to read gates manually.
5.4.3 The next step involves the translation of binary data to hex.
5.4.4 The last step is to translate hex to data.
6. OTHER METHODS : ROOTING OR JAILBREAKING
Another, less destructive, method that can be used with some mobile devices is
“Rooting” or “Jail Breaking”. This process involves leveraging features of the OS to
elevate the permissions and privileges of the running user (similar to the process of gaining
“Root” access in a Linux computer). This process is NOT considered as a forensic
technique as it involves the modification of system files and can potentially damage
the device and so should be low on the list of techniques used. The notified Forensic
Labs never resorts to rooting or jailbreaking of device in order to extract the data due to
legal implications involved.
The order of attempted extractions is important. Examiners should strive to conduct
the examination method that is least destructive but yields the most data. This allows
examiners to capture areas that might be damaged or overwritten at later stages. Methods
of extraction such as JTAG and Chip-Off should only be considered as a last resort,
especially with Chip-Off, as the process can be destructive and unrecoverable.
Generally all Forensic experts start from the easier and widely accessible data
recovery methods moving to more demanding ones. The Table 1 explains the different
approaches of data recovery that can be implemented during data extraction from Mobile
Phones, varying from the normal user interface (UI) (i.e. via the phone's Operating System)
through to the most advance tactics. Table 1 also highlights the degree of destruction
required to perform the extraction techniques and gives a brief description of that particular
extraction tecnhiques.
The level
of Skills
Required
Type of
Extraction
Method Characteristics Type of Data
extracted
Low Manual
inspection
Non-invasive Manual navigation of
the User Interface
-
Low -
Medium
Forensic
imaging
(COTS
tools)
Non-invasive Connecting the phone
to the PC or dedicated
forensic hardware via
USB.
Logical /
File System/
Physical
Medium -
High
JTAG/
eMMC ISP
Invasive and
can be
destructive
Connection to the TAPs
ports on device
motherboard
Physical
High Chip-off Invasive and
destructive
De-soldering the
memory chip from the
PCB.
Physical
Very High Micro Read Invasive and
destructive
Using proprietary or
custom-made tools to
retrieve the data from
the NAND flash directly
by-passing the
controller.
Physical
Table 1: Data recovery tactics performed during testing

16. 8. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The large number of devices were used in the lab and data extraction as mentioned
above except JTAG, ISP, Chip off and Micro Read were tried upon them without opening
the mobile phones. The results are given at Table 2.
9. CONCLUSION
Data extraction from Mobile phones is a challenging task and rapid changes in the
field of mobile technology are posing number of difficulties to every Forensics professional
today. OEMs are coming with innovative ways of securing the data stored in the mobile
phone and LEAs are trying to overcome this enormous challenge of extracting the data
from these sophisticated mobile phone. As the use of mobile phone extraction proliferates,
whether it is used by law enforcement or border security, the data from these devices will
be used to challenge an individual whether in criminal or civil proceedings and procedures.
The delivery of justice depends on the integrity and accuracy of evidence and trust that
society has in it.
References:-
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.teeltech.com
3. www.msab.com
4. www.swgdf.com
5. ‘Chip-Off and JTAG Analysis for Mobile Device Forensics’ by Detective Bob Elder.
6. ‘Basic Overview of JTAG, ISP and Chip Off Extractions’ by Jack Farley.
7. ‘NIST tests forensic methods for getting data from damaged mobile phones’ by Rich
Press.
8. ‘Analysis of data remanence after factory reset, and sophisticated attacks on memory
chips’ by Mariia Khramova, Sergio Martinez.
9. www.hancomGMD.com
10. www.Oxygen.com
11. www.Mobiledit.com
12. ‘A Technical look at phone extraction’ by Cellibrite.

17. Ser
No
Make and Model of
Mob Phone
Version Patch Level Type of Extraction Tools Used Remarks,
if any
Logical/
Advance Logical
File System Physical
1 One Plus A 6000 Adv Logical
2 Vivo 1601 Android 6 03 May 2018 Yes
3 Vivo Z1 Pro Adv Logical UFED 4PC, XRY
4 Vivo V3 01 Apr 2020 Adv Logical File System UFED 4PC, XRY
5 Vivo V 17 (vivo1919) Android 10 04 Jan 2020 Adv Logical UFED4PC
6 Vivo V9 Android 8.1.0 Mar 2019 Adv File System UFED 4PC, XRY APK Downgrade
7 Vivo 1601 Android 6 05 Mar 2018 Yes
8 Samsung Guru 1200 Yes
9 Samsung Duos Yes UFED 4PC, XRY
10 Samsung J7 Android 6 04 Jan 2018 Yes UFED Touch2 Decrypted Boot
Loader
11 Samsung A750F Android 9 9 May 2019 Yes UFED4PC
12 Samsung Galaxy S7
Edge
Android 8 Nov 2019 Yes UFED 4PC
13 Samsung S7 Edge Yes UFED4PC
14 Lava Z60 Adv Logical UFED 4PC, XRY
15 Micromax X073 Yes UFED 4PC, XRY
16 Honor 9I (LLD-AL10) Adv Logical File System
17 Redmi Note 4 Android 6 05 Jan 2017 Yes UFED4PC
18 Redmi Note 6 Pro Adv Logical
19 Redmi Note 6Pro Android 8 01 Jan 2019 Yes UFED4PC
20 Redmi Note 6 Pro Android 9 04 May 2019 Yes UFED/ XRY
21 Redmi Note 6 Pro Android 8 01 Jan 2020 Yes UFED4PC
22 Redmi 6 Pro Android 9 05 May 2019 File System (APK
downgrade)
UFED4PC
23 Redmi ME17G Android 8 12 Jan 2018 Yes UFED 4PC
24 Redmi ME17G Android 8 05 Sep 2019 File Sys (APK
Downgrade)
UFED/ XRY
25 Nokia 105 File System
26 Realme-2 pro Android 8 03 Ma 2019 Adv Logical
27 iPhone 5S iOS 11.4.1 Adv Logical UFED4PC
28 JIO Mob (LYF) F220B Yes XRY
29 Realme 1801 Android 9 12 May 2019 Adv Logical UFED4PC
Table 2 : Array of Mobiles used and type of data extracted.