Aristotle's poetics

Aristotle’s ‘The Poetics’,[object Object],Prepared by: AshishTrivedi,[object Object],Edited by : Sahdevbhai Mori and,[object Object], : Vijay Mangukiya.,[object Object], Submitted to,[object Object],Department of English,,[object Object], Bhavnagar University,,[object Object], Bhavnagar.,[object Object]

‘The Poetics’,[object Object],By Aristotle,[object Object]

Let’s see about Aristotles’s “The Poetics”,[object Object],The poetics is a short treatise of twenty-six chapters. Aristotle was the great disciple of Plato but his views are some what different than his master regarding poetry and ‘the poetics’ is a kind of covert reply to his great master. ‘The Poetics’ is a systematic exposition of the theory and practice of poetry.,[object Object]

Differences between Aristotle and Plato,[object Object],Plato considered imitation merely as mimicry or a servile copy of nature.,[object Object],Plato compared poetry to painting.,[object Object],Aristotle interpreted it as a creative process.,[object Object],Aristotle compared it to music.,[object Object]

Differences between Aristotle and Plato,[object Object],Poetry presents a copy of nature as it is. Poetry is twice removed from reality and it’s a ‘shadow of shadows’.,[object Object],Plato takes up the cudgel on behalf of philosophy and shows that philosophy is superior than poetry.,[object Object],Poetry may imitate men as they are, or better and worse. Poetry gives us idealized version of reality.,[object Object],He takes up the cudgels on behalf of poetry and effectively brings out its superiority.,[object Object]

Definition of Tragedy ,[object Object],“Tragedy is an imitation of an action,,[object Object],Serious, complete and of a certain magnitude in a language beautified in different parts with different kinds of embellishment, through action and not narration, and through scenes of pity and fear bringing about the ‘Catharsis’ of these emotions”,[object Object]

How can we differentiate the tragedy from other poetic forms?,[object Object]

Objects, Manner, and Medium of Imitation in Tragedy,[object Object]

Action must be complete,[object Object]

Completeness:-,[object Object]

Unity of Action:(Probability and Necessity),[object Object],Aristotle emphasizes Unity of Action ; he is against plurality of action as it weakens the final effect of Tragedy.,[object Object]

Imitation of an action, serious, complete and of a certain magnitude…….,[object Object],It must be long enough to permit an orderly development of action to a catastrophe. Too short an action cannot be regarded as proper and beautiful, for its different parts will not be clearly visible, as in the case of a very small living creature.,[object Object],It must be an ‘organic’ whole.,[object Object]

And another important word is embellishment:-,[object Object],Aristotle means verse and song.,[object Object],Verse and song beautify and decorate and give pleasure, but Aristotle does not regard them as essential or indispensable for the success of a tragedy.,[object Object]

About Catharsis:-,[object Object],#In the Poetics, while defining tragedy, Aristotle writes that the function of tragedy is to arouse the emotions of pity and fear, and in this way to affect the Katharsis of these emotion. ,[object Object],#Further the Greek word Katharsis has three meanings:-,[object Object],Purgation,[object Object],purification,[object Object],clarification,[object Object],All agree that Tragedy arouses fear and pity, but there are sharp differences as to the process, the way, by which the rousing of these emotions gives pleasure.,[object Object]

Having examined the definition, nature and function of ‘Tragedy, Aristotle comes to its formative parts.,[object Object],Six formative elements of a tragedy,[object Object],Song ,[object Object],Plot ,[object Object],Spectacle ,[object Object],Character ,[object Object],Diction ,[object Object],Thought ,[object Object]

Two kinds of Plots: simple and complex,[object Object],Simple:,[object Object],Plot is simple when the change in the fortunes of the hero takes place without peripety and discovery.,[object Object],Complex:,[object Object],The plot is complex when it involves one or the other or both. The Peripety is the change in the fortunes of the hero and the Discovery is a change from ignorance to knowledge.,[object Object],Aristotle prefers complex plot, for it startles and captures attention.,[object Object]

Complex plots are those which have Peripety and Anagnorisis or Discovery or Recognition,[object Object],Peripeteia :,[object Object],Peripeteia means that human actions produce results exactly opposite to what was intended: it is working in blindness to one’s own defeat.,[object Object],It is a false step taken in the dark.(e.g., Macbeth) ,[object Object],Anagnorisis:,[object Object],Anagnorisis or recognition is the realization of truth, the opening of the eyes, the sudden lightning-flash in the darkness. ,[object Object]

Characterization:-,[object Object],“A man who is not eminently good and just yet whose misfortune is not brought by vice or depravity but by some error of frailty”.,[object Object]

Further Traits of Characters:-,[object Object]

The Ideal Tragic Hero:-,[object Object],Suffering, not because of some deliberate villainy but because of some error of judgment.,[object Object]

“Hamartia”,[object Object],Ignorance,[object Object],Hasty or careless view,[object Object],Decision taken voluntarily,[object Object],Othello,[object Object],Oedipus,[object Object],Hamlet,[object Object],It may be accompanied by normal imperfection, but it is not itself a moral imperfection, and in the purest tragic situation the suffering hero is not morally to blame.,[object Object]

The Dramatic Unities,[object Object],Unity of Time ,[object Object],#Comparing the Epic and the Tragedy:-,[object Object],“Tragedy tries as far as possible, to live within a single revolution of the sun, or only slightly to exceed it, whereas the epic observes no limits in its time of action”.,[object Object],About the Unity of Time he merely says in the Poetics that tragedy should confine itself, “as far as possible”, to a single revolution of the sun.,[object Object]

Unity of Place,[object Object],Aristotle only mention when comparing the epic and the tragedy, that the epic can narrate a number of actions going on simultaneously in different parts, while in drama such simultaneous actions cannot be represented, for the stage is one part and not several parts, or places.,[object Object]

Unity of Action,[object Object],We have already discussed about the unity of action so there is no need to repeat it but I would like to say that just don’t think only but put your thoughts into action – not said by Aristotle but it’s a thought of the day.,[object Object]

My first PowerPoint Presentation,[object Object],This is my first PowerPoint Presentation. I know that there are lots of mistakes but I prepared it within a short time . But I assure you that I will make it better and at last thank you very much for watching and listening my presentation and me both.,[object Object], Yours,,[object Object],AshishTrivedi.,[object Object],Yours,,[object Object],AshishTrivedi,[object Object]

Aristotle's poetics

Aristotle's poetics

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Aristotle's poetics