1. Tradisi Keranda Kayu Balak
di Asia Tenggara

2. Pengenalan
Merupakan kebudayaan prasejarah lewatMerupakan kebudayaan prasejarah lewat
Wujud pada Zaman LogamWujud pada Zaman Logam
Ditemui di beberapa tempat di kawasan AsiaDitemui di beberapa tempat di kawasan Asia
Tenggara terutamanya di kawasanTenggara terutamanya di kawasan
pedalaman yang berbatu kapur.pedalaman yang berbatu kapur.
Diamalkan oleh sejenis masyarakat iaituDiamalkan oleh sejenis masyarakat iaitu
masyarakat pedalaman.masyarakat pedalaman.

3. Asal-usul dan penyebaran
Mungkin bermula di Vietnam Utara atauMungkin bermula di Vietnam Utara atau
selatan Chinaselatan China
Mungkin tersebar ke luar daripada indukMungkin tersebar ke luar daripada induk
semenjak zaman logam lewat – penghujungsemenjak zaman logam lewat – penghujung
millenium sebelum masihi atau awal masihi.millenium sebelum masihi atau awal masihi.
Tersebar melalui 2 jalan;Tersebar melalui 2 jalan;
A) melalui kepulauanA) melalui kepulauan
B) melalui tanah besarB) melalui tanah besar

4. Fungsi
Merupakan wadah kepada beberapaMerupakan wadah kepada beberapa
bentuk pemikiran dan worldviewbentuk pemikiran dan worldview
mereka – pengabdian kepada Tuhan,mereka – pengabdian kepada Tuhan,
tafsiran terhadap pelbagai benda alamtafsiran terhadap pelbagai benda alam
di sekelilingdi sekeliling
Lambang status seseorang danLambang status seseorang dan
keluargakeluarga

5. SulawesiSulawesi
• Diamalkan oleh masyarakat suku kaumDiamalkan oleh masyarakat suku kaum
Toradja di Tana Toradja (Sulsel)Toradja di Tana Toradja (Sulsel)
• Merupakan bawaan tradisi dari BorneoMerupakan bawaan tradisi dari Borneo
dan mungkin Pantai Timur Borneo (+/-dan mungkin Pantai Timur Borneo (+/-
Sabah)Sabah)
• Amalan diteruskan sehingga pada hari iniAmalan diteruskan sehingga pada hari ini
• Ada beberapa jenis motif – kerbau,Ada beberapa jenis motif – kerbau,
perahu, tongkongan, babiperahu, tongkongan, babi

8. Bentuk amalan
Pengebumian sekunderPengebumian sekunder
Dilakukan selepas beberapa tahun atauDilakukan selepas beberapa tahun atau
mengikut tempoh kemampuan ahli keluargamengikut tempoh kemampuan ahli keluarga
untuk mengadakan upacarauntuk mengadakan upacara
Satu keranda untuk satu keluarga atauSatu keranda untuk satu keluarga atau
sekurang-kurangnya beberapa orangsekurang-kurangnya beberapa orang
Pengebumian ini sememangnyaPengebumian ini sememangnya
melambangkan status simati danmelambangkan status simati dan
keluarganya.keluarganya.

11. Masih diteruskan sehingga pada hari iniMasih diteruskan sehingga pada hari ini
tetapi dengan menggunakan jenis kayu yangtetapi dengan menggunakan jenis kayu yang
lain kerana kekurangan bahanlain kerana kekurangan bahan
Selalunya gunakan batang pokok nangka –Selalunya gunakan batang pokok nangka –
urat yang halus dan mudah diukirurat yang halus dan mudah diukir

18. ThailandThailand
Di kawasan tanah tinggi pedalaman ThailandDi kawasan tanah tinggi pedalaman Thailand
bersempadan dengan Burma.bersempadan dengan Burma.
Antara contoh tapak ialah di Phang Ma Pha –Antara contoh tapak ialah di Phang Ma Pha –
Mae Hong Son ProvinceMae Hong Son Province

19. LokasiLokasi

20. • Highland Pang Mapha is a small district in Mae HongHighland Pang Mapha is a small district in Mae Hong
Son Province, Northwestern Thailand. This area is aSon Province, Northwestern Thailand. This area is a
borderland between Thailand and Myanmar. Pangborderland between Thailand and Myanmar. Pang
Mapha has great biological and cultural diversity. ItsMapha has great biological and cultural diversity. Its
population comprises various ethic groups whopopulation comprises various ethic groups who
migrated to this area over the past few decadesmigrated to this area over the past few decades
including Shan (Tai), Karen, Lahu, Lisu, Hmong, andincluding Shan (Tai), Karen, Lahu, Lisu, Hmong, and
Lua. Pang Mapha has a long been the target ofLua. Pang Mapha has a long been the target of
several government modernizing policies which haveseveral government modernizing policies which have
been forced by international donor agencies includingbeen forced by international donor agencies including
opium eradication, elimination of shifting agriculture,opium eradication, elimination of shifting agriculture,
and forest degradation.and forest degradation.

22. • This area has been unknown to Thai archaeologistsThis area has been unknown to Thai archaeologists
and the general public since an Americanand the general public since an American
archaeologist, Chester Gorman, excavated Spiritarchaeologist, Chester Gorman, excavated Spirit
Cave in a search for the origin of agriculture inCave in a search for the origin of agriculture in
Southeast Asia in 1969. In 2002, the HighlandSoutheast Asia in 1969. In 2002, the Highland
Archaeology Project, a multidisciplinary researchArchaeology Project, a multidisciplinary research
involving archaeology, physical anthropology, andinvolving archaeology, physical anthropology, and
dendrochronology, began long term research in Pangdendrochronology, began long term research in Pang
Mapha, Mae Hong Son Province and will continueMapha, Mae Hong Son Province and will continue
working in this area through 2006. The project hasworking in this area through 2006. The project has
contributed a body of knowledge to the archaeologycontributed a body of knowledge to the archaeology
of Thailand and Southeast Asia.of Thailand and Southeast Asia.

23. • From a local community perspective, thisFrom a local community perspective, this
project has increased the experience of Thaiproject has increased the experience of Thai
archaeologists working closely with multi-archaeologists working closely with multi-
ethnic communities who do not shareethnic communities who do not share
languages and cultures with the majoritylanguages and cultures with the majority
“Thai” ethnic group. The research results“Thai” ethnic group. The research results
form an important knowledge-base for localform an important knowledge-base for local
communities to use in managing their culturalcommunities to use in managing their cultural
resources such as using the archaeologicalresources such as using the archaeological
sites as learning centers for school childrensites as learning centers for school children
as well as tourist attractions.as well as tourist attractions.

26. • Recently, globalization, especially tourism, has made aRecently, globalization, especially tourism, has made a
strong impact on Thailand’s economy. Local governmentstrong impact on Thailand’s economy. Local government
policy is to promote the natural and archaeologicalpolicy is to promote the natural and archaeological
resources of this area for tourism. This mountainous arearesources of this area for tourism. This mountainous area
has become increasingly popular for eco-tourism andhas become increasingly popular for eco-tourism and
adventure tourism among the Thai and foreigners. Amongadventure tourism among the Thai and foreigners. Among
the major attractions are caving, rock climbing, andthe major attractions are caving, rock climbing, and
archaeological sites discovered by the Highlandarchaeological sites discovered by the Highland
Archaeology project. Tourism in Pang Mapha has createdArchaeology project. Tourism in Pang Mapha has created
a number of problems as most of archaeological sites area number of problems as most of archaeological sites are
the burial sites and temples, which are “unownedthe burial sites and temples, which are “unowned
heritage”. Most tribal groups believe that the sites are lociheritage”. Most tribal groups believe that the sites are loci
of tribal spirits. In the past couple years, someof tribal spirits. In the past couple years, some
communities have forbidden archaeologists to work incommunities have forbidden archaeologists to work in
sites found in their villages because they are afraid thatsites found in their villages because they are afraid that
someone in the villages will die; however, this attitude issomeone in the villages will die; however, this attitude is
rapidly changing due to tourism.rapidly changing due to tourism.

29. SabahSabah
Tertumpu di bahagian pantai timur Sabah – di
daerah Kinabatangan dan Lahad Datu
Didukung oleh masyarakat Dusun Sungai
dan Subpan
Tradisi semenjak 1000 tahun dahulu atau
lebih dan berterusan sehingga ke hari ini.

30. Tapak pertaburanTapak pertaburan
Kinabatangan – Gua Gomantong, Batu Tulug,
Batu Supu, Miasias, Sarupi, Batu Timbang,
Tongod
Segama – Batu balos, Tapadong
Madai, Baturong, Sipit, Segarong dan
Melanta Tutup.
Terdapat lebih daripada 1000 keranda kayu
balak telah ditemui setakat ini.

48. KaltimKaltim
Masih belum dikaji sepenuhnya.
Hanya Karina Ariffin yang pernah
membuat reconnaissance setakat ini.
Mempunyai kaitan yang rapat dengan
keranda-keranda yang terdapat di
Sabah khususnya dari segi bentuk dan
cara perletakan.
Mungkin sezaman dengan Sabah

49. FilipinaFilipina
Ditemui di Kuruswanan Ledge,
Palawan, Panay

50. Hanging coffin - SagadaHanging coffin - Sagada

53. Southern ChinaSouthern China
• The Hanging CoffinThe Hanging Coffin
First appearing during the Spring and Autumn PeriodFirst appearing during the Spring and Autumn Period
(722-481BC), hanging coffin is a unique funeral and(722-481BC), hanging coffin is a unique funeral and
sacrifice custom of the minority groups in southernsacrifice custom of the minority groups in southern
China. People put the bodies of their ancestors intoChina. People put the bodies of their ancestors into
wooden coffins that were later placed in caves ofwooden coffins that were later placed in caves of
precipitous cliffsides.precipitous cliffsides.
• Most coffins were made with one whole piece ofMost coffins were made with one whole piece of
wood into various shapes. It was said that thewood into various shapes. It was said that the
hanging coffins could prevent bodies from beinghanging coffins could prevent bodies from being
taken by beasts and also bless the soul eternally.taken by beasts and also bless the soul eternally.

54. • Famous Hanging Coffin Sites:Famous Hanging Coffin Sites:
• While hanging coffins can be found in manyWhile hanging coffins can be found in many
places in China, the strange thing is all ofplaces in China, the strange thing is all of
them only existed for a certain period inthem only existed for a certain period in
history. Those in Wuyi Mountain are the firsthistory. Those in Wuyi Mountain are the first
appear in China, as early as in the Zhouappear in China, as early as in the Zhou
Dynasty (1027-777BC) while those inDynasty (1027-777BC) while those in
Gongxian County of Southwest china'sGongxian County of Southwest china's
Sichuan province are the most recent, whichSichuan province are the most recent, which
also marked the end of the hanging coffinalso marked the end of the hanging coffin
customcustom

55. DistributionDistribution
A) Hanging Coffins in Gongxian County
• Location: Gongxian County of Yibin, Sichuan
Province
B) Hanging Coffins in Longhu Shan (Dragon
Tiger Mountain)
• Route: Within the Longhu Shan (Dragon Tiger
Mountain) Scenic Area, 20 kilometers
southwest of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province.

56. C) Hanging Coffins in Wuyi MountainC) Hanging Coffins in Wuyi Mountain
• Location:Within the Wuyishan ScenicLocation:Within the Wuyishan Scenic
Area of Fujian ProvinceArea of Fujian Province

57. Guiyang's Cave BurialGuiyang's Cave Burial
On top of a nameless mountain, at leastOn top of a nameless mountain, at least
200 coffins, surrounded by vibrant200 coffins, surrounded by vibrant
shrubs, lie in a giant cavern about 40shrubs, lie in a giant cavern about 40
meters tall, 70 meters wide and moremeters tall, 70 meters wide and more
than 100 meters in depth. Here, life andthan 100 meters in depth. Here, life and
death coexist in great harmony.death coexist in great harmony.

58. ……cont…cont…
In Gaopo, which is located in a high and coldIn Gaopo, which is located in a high and cold
mountainous area, the highest point reachesmountainous area, the highest point reaches
1,712.1 meters, and the northern part is1,712.1 meters, and the northern part is
higher than the southern part, as the northernhigher than the southern part, as the northern
area consists mainly of high mountains andarea consists mainly of high mountains and
mesas. The area boasts of typical karstmesas. The area boasts of typical karst
topography, and caverns of various sizes cantopography, and caverns of various sizes can
be seen everywhere. According to the locals,be seen everywhere. According to the locals,
the cave burial custom dates back to 600the cave burial custom dates back to 600
years ago, and cave burials abound there.years ago, and cave burials abound there.

60. As revealed in a survey by a scholar in 1981,As revealed in a survey by a scholar in 1981,
there are eight cave burial sites, butthere are eight cave burial sites, but
researchers believe the real number is farresearchers believe the real number is far
more.more.
"Since these burial sites are ages old, and the"Since these burial sites are ages old, and the
custom is no longer popular at present, manycustom is no longer popular at present, many
sites have been forgotten. Up to now, theresites have been forgotten. Up to now, there
are two sites that have been kept intact: oneare two sites that have been kept intact: one
is the Jiading cave burial site, and the other,is the Jiading cave burial site, and the other,
the Shaping cave burial site," said thethe Shaping cave burial site," said the
researchers.researchers.

62. Sekian…