ppt on life process of class 10 ( CBSE based )

2. LIFE PROCESSES

3. MADE BY :-
AYAN
CHAKRABORTY
Class : x-c
Roll no. : 05

5. The seven life processes
1 Move1 Move
2 Reproduce2 Reproduce
3 Sensitive3 Sensitive
4 Nutrition4 Nutrition
5 Excrete5 Excrete
6 Respire6 Respire
7 Grow7 Grow

6. Difference between living and non-living thing
LIVING THINGS NON-LIVING THINGS
Movement- body,
molecules
Even though there is
movement they are not alive.
Nutrition It is not taking place.
Excretion There is no excretion.
Growth Growth is not taking place.
Respiration – breathing There is no respiration.
Reproduction It is not taking place.
Sensitivity There is no sensory organs.

7. Imagine that you are space traveler who lands on an
unknown planet. How could you determine if what you
are looking at is alive. Ex. A rock and a blade of grass.

8. What are the life processes?
NUTRITION
TRANSPORT
RESPIRATION
EXCRETION
SYNTHESIS
GROWTH
REGULATION
REPRODUCTION

9. Includes the activities involved in ingestion
(obtaining food from the environment) and
digestion (processing food for use by the
organism). It also includes egestion (removal of
solid wastes)
NUTRITION

10. How organisms grow?
Living organisms need to grow, they need
energy for living and growth.
This is accomplished by breaking down food to
produce energy.
Life on earth depends on obtaining energy by
breaking down carbon-based compounds
(carbohydrates, fats and proteins).

11. FATS CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
ENERGY
OXIDATION- REDUCTION
REACTIONS

12. Energy
Molecular
movements inside
cells
Maintaining living
structures
Growth of
body
To run series of biochemical
reactions inside cells

13. Chemical reactions inside cells
Oxidation-reduction reactions are most
common inside cells to breakdown molecules of
glucose or fatty acid or amino acid (molecules
used by cells).
These reactions use oxygen.
Living organisms use oxygen to carryout
oxidation-reduction reactions, so they are
called as cellular respiration.

14. How do organisms obtain their nutritionSingle
cellular organisms
These organism live with one cell.
They carry out all life processes with its single
cell.
They are not having any specific organ
system for taking in food, exchange of gases or
removal of wastes.
The entire surface of the organism is in contact
with the environment.
Single cellular organisms carryout Simple
Diffusion process to meet some of the life
processes.

15. Nutrition in amoeba

20. Multicellular organisms
Multicellular organisms are organisms that
consist of more than one cell, in contrast to
single-cell organisms. To form a multicellular
organism, these cells need to identify and attach
to the other cells.

22. Multicellular continues….
All cells are not in direct contact with
environment.
Simple diffusion is insufficient and will not meet
the requirements of all the cells.

23. FOOD OXYGEN
Body cells need both to perform biochemical
reactions to produce energy
Digestive system digests
complex food and
absorbs simpler form of
nutrients and then
transported to cells.
Respiratory system is
responsible for inhaling O2.
Then O2 is transported to
all cells.
Transport system
Excretion

24. Nutrition

25. How do living things get their food?
Green plants and some bacteria make their own
food.
They use raw materials like water and carbon
dioxide(inorganic raw materials).
Green plants and some bacteria are autotrophs.

26. What is an autotroph?
An organism capable of making its own food
from inorganic substances, using light or
chemical energy. Plants are autotrophs. They take
in light (the sun) and convert this into food or
energy. E.g. plants , bacteria and algae.
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that must ingest complex organic
substances in order to create energy. These
organisms use biocatalysts called enzymes.
Examples of heterotrophs are humans. Humans
must ingest food in order to create energy. They
do this through digestion. Other e.g. animals,

30. Photosynthesis in equation

31. photosynthesis
Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

32. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

33. Splitting of water molecules into Hydrogen and oxygen
and 1pair of electrons.

34. Desert plants takes up carbon dioxide and
prepare starch at night.
Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll
during day time.

35. Nutrition in green plants
Green plants are also called autotrophic
organisms, as they can produce their own
food.
Autotrophic = auto+ trophic, means- making
food by self without depending other living
beings.
Green plants produce food by
photosynthesis process, so they are known as
producers in the environment.

37. Starch test

39. Leaves tested for starch-IODINETEST
Variegated leaf

40. Opening and closing of stomata
Stomata: They are tiny openings or pores,
found mostly on the underside of a plant leaf
and used for gas exchange.
The pore is formed by a pair of specialized cells
known as guard cells which are responsible for
regulating the size of the opening.

48. glucose NITROGEN
Amino
acids

49. Roots of leguminous plants can absorb nitrate /
nitrite compounds (nitrogen source) from the
soil.
Rhizobium bacteria helps in converting
atmospheric nitrogen into organic
nitrates/nitrites.

51. Heterotrophic nutrition
Heterotrophic nutrition is classified into three
types : (i) Saprophytic nutrition (ii) Parasitic
nutrition (iii) Holozoic nutrition.
SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION : Organisms obtaining
nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter
are called saprophytes and their mode of nutrition
is called saprophytic nutrition. Many species of
bacteria and different types of fungi are
saprophytes.

52. Heterotrophic nutrition in non green plants
Types: Saprophytes: These organisms get their
food from dead and decaying plants and
animals.
They release digestive enzymes to break down
complex organic matter into simpler ones.
E.g. Fungi, Bacteria.

53. PARASITIC NUTRITION : If an organism
depends on another living organism for
nutrition, its mode of nutrition is called
parasitic nutrition. Such organisms are
called parasites and the organism from
which they obtain nutrition is called host.
The host organism is harmed by the parasite.
Parasitic nutrition is observed in some
bacteria, fungi, flowering plants like cuscuta
and animal like ascaris.

54. Cuscata (amber -bel)

56. leeches

58. HOLOZOIC NUTRITION : Holozoic
nutrition involves intake of parts of
plants or animals or an organism as a
whole by the process of ingestion which
is then digested and absorbed. Some
examples are amoeba, frog, insects,
human being, etc.

59. Nutrition in humans
Digestion: The conversion of complex food
into simple soluble forms.
Parts of digestive system:
Teeth – biting, chewing food.
Alimentary canal - it consists of several
organs oesophagus, stomach, the small and
large intestines, rectum and anus.
Digestive glands - secrete digestive juices.

60. Human Nutrition
INGESTION taking of food into to the mouth
DIGESTION break down of food into small soluble
pieces
ABSORPTION taking in of useful food into the
bloodstream
ASSIMILATION use of food for growth, repair and energy
EGESTION removal of unused food from the body.

61. NUTITION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Human alimentary canal

62. Click below :

64. Identify the labellings

65. Location of the salivary glands in mouth

66. Digestion in mouth
What happens in mouth?
Grinding
of bolus
by teeth
S alivary
glands
produce saliva
Saliva contains
salivary amylase
Starch maltose

67. Digestion of starch in
mouth

68. Peristalsis

69. Peristaltic waves of contraction push food through
the lower esophageal sphincter into the stomach.

70. Parts of stomach

71. Gastric glands and mucous membranes

72. Digestion in stomach
CHYME: when
stomach churns food,
it is converted into
semi solid state.
Digestion in stomach
Pepsin action is favored by HCl, mucus protects
inner lining of stomach

77. main digestive enzymes found in our body
S.NO Digestive
organ
Enzyme/juice Food
acted
upon
Substances produced.
1. Mouth
(salivary
glands)
Salivary amylase Starch Maltose (sugar)
2. Stomach Gastric juice -
Pepsin
Proteins Peptides (fragments of
protein)
3. Pancreas Pancreatic juice:
•Amylase
•Trypsin
•Lipase
•Starch
•Proteins
•Fats
(lipids)
•Maltose (sugar)
•Peptides (very small
fragments)
•Fatty acids+ glycerol
4. Small
intestine
•Lipase
•Maltase
•Sucrase
•Peptidase
•Fats
•Maltose
•Sucrose
•Peptides
•Fatty acids+ glycerol
•Glucose
•Glucose and fructose
•aminoacids

78. Small intestine structure

79. Absorption in the small intestines

80. Assimilation
It is the final stage of digestion.
When the soluble food absorbed into the
blood stream is used to provide energy and
materials for growth and repair of body
tissues.

81. assimilation
Food material Assimilation
Glucose •Provides energy.
•Stored in liver and muscles.
Fatty acids+
glycerol
•Energy reserves.
•It is stored in liver and in
under skin.
Amino acids •Repairs damages in body
parts.
• Forms enzymes, hormones.
•Responsible for growth

82. Egestion
The removal of undigested food or waste
moves to large intestines where water is
absorbed from them, making a semi solid.
This is Faeces.
It is stored in the large intestine called
rectum.
It is sent out of the body through anus.

84. RESPIRATION
The process of releasing energy from organic
molecules for use by cells.
During respiration glucose is broken down,
and the energy released is stored in the
compound ATP.
Energy released by the compound ATP is used
by organisms to perform life functions.

85. Respiration is the release of energy from
glucose or another organic chemical.
Aerobic Respiration requires oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration does not require
oxygen and releases less energy.

88. Respiration
Respiration: is the release of energy from food,
takes place in animal and plant cells.
Aerobic Respiration requires: Glucose, Oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration produces:
 Energy,
Carbon Dioxide,
 Water.
Anaerobic Respiration requires: Glucose.
Anaerobic Respiration produces:
Energy (not as much),
Carbon Dioxide,
Lactic Acid or Alcohol.

89. Anaerobic respiration
C6H12O6 2C2 H5OH +
ethanol
2CO2 +
Energy
Yeast can carry out respiration in the absence of
oxygen.

90. Anaerobic respiration in humans
During vigorous physical exercise.
Glucose Lactic acid + Energy

91. In cytoplasm
Glucose (6C) Pyruvate (3C) + Energy
Lactic acid (3C) + Energy
BREAK DOWN OF GLUCOSE BY ANAEROBIC
PATHWAYS IN MUSCLE CELLS
Lack of oxygen
in muscle cells

92. In cytoplasm
Glucose (6C) Pyruvate (3C) + Energy
Ethanol (2C) + CO2 + Energy
Absence of
oxygen in yeast
ANAEROBIC PATHWAY FOR GLUCOSE BREAK
DOWN IN YEAST

93. In cytoplasm
Glucose (6C) Pyruvate (3C) + Energy
Water + CO2 + Energy
Presence of oxygen
in mitochondria
Aerobic pathway for glucose break down in
mitochondria

94. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Presence of oxygen. Absence of oxygen.
6 Carbon glucose
3Carbon pyruvate
CO2, water inside
mitochondria.
6 Carbon glucose 3Carbon
pyruvate ethanol or lactic
acid
in cytoplasm.
More energy is released. Very less energy is released.
It takes place in most of
cells like RBC, Brain
cells, heart muscle cells.
It takes place in yeast
(ethanol fermentation),
muscle cells (lactic acid)
muscle cramps during muscle
exercise.

95. Types of respiration

96. What form of energy used by cells?
The energy used during cellular respiration is
used to synthesis ATP.
ATP – Adenosine Tri Phosphate (currency of
cells)
ATP is the fuel to all cell activities.
ATP s are broken down to release energy which
can be used by cells to carry out movement in
molecules, biochemical reactions.

97. Endothermic reactions (reactions that
absorbs heat from outside source) use ATP
to drive their reactions.
The terminal phosphate linkages are broken
down using water (hydrolytic reactions).
1 ATP = 30.5 KJ/mol is released.
ATP can be used for:
 Muscle contraction
Protein making and cell repairs
Conduction of nerve impulse messages
Molecules to enter and exit plasma membrane.

98. ADP + PHOSPHATE
ADP~PHOSPHATE
ATP
Energy

100. Diffusion
The process by which molecules spread
from areas of high concentration, to areas
of low concentration. When the molecules
are even throughout a space - it is called
EQUILIBRIUM.

101. Diffusion contd…..
Molecules will always move down the
concentration difference, toward areas of
lesser concentration. Think of food coloring
that spreads out in a glass of water, or air
freshener sprayed in a room.

103. Water movement in plants

104. Diffusion in plants
Plants exchange gases through stomata.
The large intracellular space ensures cells are in
contact with environment air.
CO2 and O2 are exchanged by diffusion here.
Direction of diffusion depends on
environmental conditions and requirements of
plants.
Night no photosynthesis occurs CO2
exchange.
Day CO2 used by plants  Photosynthesis
 no CO2 released to air. O2 is released.

105. Diffusion in terrestrial animals
Animals respire using different organs.
Terrestrial animals use lungs for breathing.
These animals have respiratory system.
That has large surface area that is in close
contact with air as well as they are protected
inside our body, because they are so delicate to
carry out diffusion of gases.
These organs have special mechanism to carry
out breathing and diffusion of gases

106. Diffusion in aquatic animals
Breathing rate is
comparatively
faster in aquatic
animals.
Takes in
water by
mouth

109. Respiration in humans

115. Gas exchange in alveoli

119. The circulatory system in humans
3 distinct components
Blood - fluid circulates in our body.
Blood vessels- tubes that help the blood to
circulate.
Heart - pumping organ that
circulates the blood around
the body.

120. Composition of blood
PLASMA
(55%) BLOOD
CELLS(45%
)Red blood cells
(Erythrocytes)
White blood cells
(Leucocytes)
Platelets
(thrombocytes)

121. Red blood cells
Disc shaped.
O2 and CO2 transport.
1 cubic millimetre of blood has
5 million RBC.
Haemoglobin

122. White blood cells
Colourless and larger than RBC.
Protects your body against infection by killing bacteria.

124. Single circulation in
fishes, amphibians
and reptiles

129. Blood pressure

132. Blood pressure
Force exerted by blood on the walls of artery.
It is greater in arteries than in veins.
The Pressure of blood inside the artery during
ventricular systole (contraction) is called
systolic pressure.
Pressure in artery during ventricular diastole
(relaxation) is called diastolic pressure.
The normal systolic pressure -120mm Hg.
The normal diastolic pressure-80 mmHg.

136. Maintenance by platelets

137. Lymph
Lymph or tissue fluid is involved
in transportation.
The almost colourless fluid that bathes body
tissues and is found in the lymphatic vessels that
drain the tissues of the fluid that filters across
the blood vessel walls from blood. Lymph
carries lymphocytes that have entered the lymph
nodes from the blood.

140. Transport in plants

143. Water absorbed into roots through root hair cells
Water carried to leaves through xylem vessels
Water evaporates from underside of leaves
Water escapes through holes called stomata
As water evaporates, more is sucked up xylem
Stomata open and close to control water loss
Open – O2and CO2enter and exit
Closed – Reduce water loss

144. Water is absorbed in plants by young roots and
in the dermal cells by osmosis
Cell sap of the epidermal cells has higher
concentration than water in the soil
Root hairs significantly increase water
absorption
Root hairs increase the root surface area and
catchment space for water uptake
Epidermal cells do not have a cuticle > water

146. Diffusion and osmosis

147. osmosis

148. Osmosis in plants

149. transpiration

151. substances

153. Excretion in humans

154. i) Kidneys
Place of filtration and reabsorption
ii) Ureter
Urine flows from the collecting tubes in the kidneys to the
ureter (a pipe)
iii) Urinary Bladder
Urine flows from ureter to this place where it is temporarily
stored
iv) Urethra
Periodically, urine is EXCRETED from the bladder through the
urethra

157. Urine formation

165. EXCRETION

166. Oxygen- waste product.
Photosynthesis
Excretion in plants
Water – transpiration
Dead cells/waste
stored in leaves -
removed by falling
leaves
Waste products
are stored in
cellular vacuoles
Plants excretes
waste into soil

167. Thank you