1. Packet switching
Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted
data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized blocks, called packets.
Packet switching features delivery of variable-bit-rate data streams (sequences of packets) over
a shared network. When traversing network adapters, switches, routers and other network
nodes, packets are buffered and queued, resulting in variable delay and throughput depending
on the traffic load in the network.
Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a
method which sets up a limited number of dedicated connections of constant bit rate and
constant delay between nodes for exclusive use during the communication session. In case of
traffic fees (as opposed to flat rate), for example in cellular communication services, circuit
switching is characterized by a fee per time unit of connection time, even when no data is
transferred, while packet switching is characterized by a fee per unit of information.
Two major packet switching modes exist; (1) connectionless packet switching, also known as
datagram switching, and (2) connection-oriented packet switching, also known as virtual circuit
switching. In the first case each packet includes complete addressing or routing information. The
packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order
delivery. In the second case a connection is defined and preallocated in each involved node
during a connection phase before any packet is transferred. The packets include a connection
identifier rather than address information, and are delivered in order
Circuit switching
Circuit switching is a methodology of implementing a telecommunications network in which
two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the
network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the
channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The circuit
functions as if the nodes were physically connected as with an electrical circuit.
The defining example of a circuit-switched network is the early analog telephone network.
When a call is made from one telephone to another, switches within the telephone
exchanges create a continuous wire circuit between the two telephones, for as long as the call
lasts
Examples of circuit-switched networks
ISDN B-channel
X.21 (Used in the German DATEX-L and Scandinavian DATEX circuit switched data network)
optical mesh network

2. Repeater:-
The term "repeater" originated with telegraphy in
the 19th century, and referred to
an electromechanical device used to regenerate
telegraph signals. Use of the term has continued
in telephony and data communications.
In telecommunication, the term repeater has the
following standardized meanings:
1. An analog device that amplifies an input signal regardless of its nature (analog
or digital).
2. A digital device that amplifies, reshapes, retimes, or performs a combination of
any of these functions on a digital input signal for retransmission.
In computer networking, because repeaters work with the actual physical signal, and do
not attempt to interpret the data being transmitted, they operate on the physical layer,
the first layer of the OSI model.
Amplifier :-
An amplifier is a device for increasing the power of a signal by use of an external
energy source.
In an electronic amplifier, the input "signal" is usually a voltage or a current. Other types
exist; a fluidic amplifier increases the power of signals represented as flow of gas or
liquid, for example. Amplifiers may be classified in a variety of ways depending on their
application, the frequency range they cover, or the active devices used. Ideally an
amplifier increases the power of a signal without otherwise altering it; practical
amplifiers have finite distortion and noise which they invariably add to the signal.

3. Ten Latest Technologies in The Information Technology:-
1. Toggle Touch Remote
Toggle is a multi-mode touch remote concept. A simple sliding architecture allows you
―toggle‖ between multiple interfaces as the top of the device is moved in relation to the
base. Small physical shifts expose new sets of graphics allowing people to type, surf,
play and move easily through content. The design uses a touchpad containing graphics
and a slidable mask to create an innovative, low-tech solution to one of the modern
living room’s toughest problems.
2. Features of FLIP-Out Blood Pressure Monitor-MDMouse
I’m no doctor, but I don’t think the best time to measure one’s blood pressure is while
using a PC. But that’s exactly what a company called CalHealth wants you to do with
their MDMouse which features a miniature flip-out finger cuff that auto-inflates to
accurately measure a user’s blood pressure.
The sphygmomanometer mouse, which was probably tossed around as a name option
before they settled on MDMouse, comes with its own software too which not only
records the blood pressure readings, but allows you to analyze the collected data over
time. The readings can even be exported to a format that’s hospital system friendly if
you’d prefer a bona fide doctor to look over your readings.

4. 3. Quirkly Trek Support Keeps
I bet that many geeks have the same issues when they travel that I do. The biggest
problem is that I tend to travel with as many gadgets as I do clothing. It’s also really hard
to keep the things charged up when I am on the road, and stuff always runs out of juice
when I want to use it.
Help has arrived. Quirky has a cool new product in the works called the Trek Support.
The thing is a backpack that can hold your gadgets and a notebook, but with an added
bonus. The gadget section has pockets for four different items and the thing can charge
three items at one time.
The notebook sleeve is removable and is held in place with Velcro. Inside the backpack
is a battery that you charge from the AC outlet in your home or hotel. That battery
charges the gadgets and is good for 7 hours depending on what you are charging. The
laptop section will fit machines with up to a 15-inch screen. As is the case with all Quirky
products, it won’t be made until enough people decide to order one. If you’d like one,
you can pre-order now for $130 (USD). As of the moment, they’ve taken orders for 58
out of 1200, so there’s a way to go before this thing becomes a reality, so head on over
if you want to make it so.

5. 4. BookBook iPad
Some of our readers will remember the BookBook hardback leather MaBook case from
the guys over at Twelve South, the have now released a new version of the Apple
iPad,the BookBook iPad case. Just like the MacBook version,the BookBook iPad case
is a hardback leather case that is designed to look like a book, and the iPad version can
also be used as a stand to watch movies.
Along with its vintage looks, the super cool case makes iPad feel as if you’re holding a
real book,and in many ways you are holding a book. BookBook for iPad forms a safe
cocoon around your prized iPad.
The hardback cover and spine provide impact protection,while the hard protective inner
frame offers crush protection

6. 5.Amazing Pen:-
Bond and his clan are always sporting innovative gadgets that look cool and make us
plebs feel in-adept! Taking a pot-shot at Q’s ability is the U Drive Memory Pen and will
hopefully be a fitting answer to pen and memory needs! Let me explain, the tip of this
slick ink-less pen actually holds sensors that ―read‖ and store the written text / sketches
into the built-in memory card. The info thus stored can be accessed via the USB key at
the rear of the pen. In short you don’t need any paper to jot down notes, just the action
of writing on any surface (hand, table, paper etc.) is sufficient. It doesn’t even require
external battery and recharges when hooked into the comp.
The stored data is easily edited once retrieved via the computer, and this feature makes
it an absolutely brilliant product! Picture sitting in the train, on your way home and
suddenly inspiration hits you! Use this pen to draw up an imaginary sketch and later on
refine it via your computer. Awesome

7. 6.Magical Custom KeyBoard
The MagicBoard is the perfect toy for the computer savvy and holds features that make
me wanna drool! Picture this: a wireless Bluetooth, Wi-Fi enabled keyboard that
features gesture control and touchscreen surface. Totally customizable with
personalized configuration options, the board transforms smoothly from computer keys
to piano keys to a drum skin! Set your own shortcuts, record tracks, playback or use it
for polishing your photoshop skills! Basically all you need is a screen, CPU and a lots of
imagination to create magic with this board!

8. 7.Toshiba Air Swing
We’ve seen a Minority Report-esque interface or two hundred by this point, but
Toshiba’s AirSwing really caught our attention. Using little more than a webcam and
some software, this bad boy places a semi-transparent image of the operator on the
display — all the easier to maneuver through the menus. And according to Toshiba, that
software only utilizes about three percent of a 400MHz ARM 11 CPU — meaning that
you have plenty of processor left for running your pre-crime diagnostics. There is no
telling when something like this might become commercially available, but the company
plans to bundle it in commercial displays for malls and the like. Video after the break.
8.Doggy bone Is A USB Hub
The SMARTE is a smart USB Extender that saves you the embarrassment of pulling out
the wrong plug out of a the hub. Imagine losing out precious data or function just coz
you pulled the wrong plug! How lame!
The practical dog-bone shape diversifies the sockets to the four ends and keeps the
wires under control. Hopefully this won’t stay a concept for too long.

9. 9.Luxury Clock for You ECO 2
Modern sundials to see time with a new perspective. Watch has been designed with
true elegance. This watch design is 100% made of recyclable material, aluminum alloy,
and glass. In this way, we can enjoy time while preserving nature.
Eco 2 is a simple to install. Just drill 4 holes on the magnetic holder and mount the clock
onto the wall. All you need to worry is about the placement of Eco 2 according to the
decor of your house. Simple, trendy and sophisticated, all at the same time. It comes
with a wooden box and a magnetic wall-mount that you can place on any wall without
the screws. It also goes well in any style of environment, be it colored or brick walls.

10. 10. Photonic Glucose Sensor : A blessing For Diabetics
People suffering from diabetes have to prick themselves so many times, just to keep
themselves updated about their body glucose levels. This is not only painful but also
leads to added frustrations. But PGS (Photonic Glucose Sensor) – a next-generation
diabetes management device is here to change the way you think about body glucose
monitoring systems.
Designed by Alain Poirier, all one has to do is simply secure the armband around their
upper arm and attach the sensor as well. The non-invasive glucose sensor will
intelligently keep a check on the body glucose levels by using near-infrared light
technology and other physiological indications at an interval of 5 minutes. On a single
charge it will read the glucose count for up to 30 hours. So, all the blood sight attached
with glucose examining takes a back seat with the very modern alarm monitoring
system.