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Consciousness: 
Science’s Greatest Anomaly 
By: Ben Miller and Brooke Newman
Key Definitions 
● psychology - scientific study of mind & 
behavior 
● operations - what mind does; not what it 
contains
Voluntarist Movement 
● mind consisted of elements 
● stressed introspection 
● two types of consciousness 
o immediate experience 
o mediate experiences 
● tridimensional theory of feeling
Structuralism 
● mind is to be understood in terms of basic 
elements and their combination (chemistry) 
● three goals of psychology 
o describe consciousness 
o discover laws 
o understand relationship 
● sensations 
o quality, intensity, duration, clearness, extensity
Functionalism 
● focus on what mind could do 
● two kinds of thought 
o substantive 
o transitive 
● three major themes 
o mental operations 
o fundamental utilities of consciousness 
o psychological relations
Mental Physics/Gestalt Movement 
● emphasized importance of conscious whole 
● principles of perceptual organization 
o proximity 
o similarity 
o closure 
● insight learning 
o preparation 
o incubation 
o illumination 
o verification
Psychoanalytic Psychology 
● three tiered system of psychology 
o conscious mind 
o preconscious mind 
o unconscious mind 
● id, superego, ego 
● strong determinism belief (Freud)
Behaviorist Approach 
● focused entirely on study of behavior 
● rejected introspection → objective science of 
behavior 
● intervening variables determine behavior

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Consciousness

  • 1. Consciousness: Science’s Greatest Anomaly By: Ben Miller and Brooke Newman
  • 2. Key Definitions ● psychology - scientific study of mind & behavior ● operations - what mind does; not what it contains
  • 3. Voluntarist Movement ● mind consisted of elements ● stressed introspection ● two types of consciousness o immediate experience o mediate experiences ● tridimensional theory of feeling
  • 4. Structuralism ● mind is to be understood in terms of basic elements and their combination (chemistry) ● three goals of psychology o describe consciousness o discover laws o understand relationship ● sensations o quality, intensity, duration, clearness, extensity
  • 5. Functionalism ● focus on what mind could do ● two kinds of thought o substantive o transitive ● three major themes o mental operations o fundamental utilities of consciousness o psychological relations
  • 6. Mental Physics/Gestalt Movement ● emphasized importance of conscious whole ● principles of perceptual organization o proximity o similarity o closure ● insight learning o preparation o incubation o illumination o verification
  • 7. Psychoanalytic Psychology ● three tiered system of psychology o conscious mind o preconscious mind o unconscious mind ● id, superego, ego ● strong determinism belief (Freud)
  • 8. Behaviorist Approach ● focused entirely on study of behavior ● rejected introspection → objective science of behavior ● intervening variables determine behavior

Editor's Notes

  1. -- The voluntarist movement viewed the mind as consisting of elements but stressed that these elements were assembled into higher-level cognitive components through the power of will. -- Introspection = inward looking. One can look inward to experience and describe mental objects -- Immediate experience - direct awareness of something -- Mediate experiences - those that come from mental reflection about an object -- Tridimensional theory of feeling: any feeling can be characterized by pleasure-displeasure, tension-relaxation, or excitement-depression
  2. -- 3 goals of psychology: - describe consciousness in terms of simplest and most basic components - discover the laws by which these elements/components associate - understand the relation between the elements and their physiological conditions -- Sensations - quality: separates a sensation from any other sensation - intensity: how strong a sensation is - duration: how long the sensation lasts - clearness: the sensations one pays attention to - extensity: extent to which sensation fills/occupies space
  3. - Substantive thought occurs when the mind slows down (when focusing attention) - Transitive thought: less focused, more associative thinking - Mental operations: how mental process operates, what it accomplishes, and under what conditions does it occur - Fundamental utilities of consciousness: understand role consciousness plays in the survival of the organism - Psychological relations: relations between psychological mind and physical body
  4. - consciousness cannot be reduced to a listing/description of their parts - principles of perceptual organization - proximity: parts close to one another in visual field are perceived as whole - similarity: parts similar in color, shape, lightness, or some other characteristic group together - closure: parts that form a complete (or almost complete) and enclosed object go together - insight learning: spontaneous understanding of relationships that produces a solution to a problem - preparation: understand problem - incubation: set problem aside - illumination: “Aha!” moment, flash of insight - verification: insight confirmed
  5. - conscious mind → thoughts/feelings we are aware of and can directly access - preconscious mind → aspects of mind we can bring into awareness with effort - unconscious mind → aspects of mind we are completely unaware of. - id → unconscious impulses - superego → ethical sense - ego → balances id and superego