Blockchain Demystified

1. Game Changing Technology Philosophy, Concepts and Applications For BDNOG14 Conference (Bdnog.org) on Internet Operational Technology 11:30am – 1:00 pm Mon 1 Jul 2022 in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 1

2. K Atique e Rabbani B Tech (Hons), UK, FCA Managing Director, The Computers Ltd Chief, BARED (Blockchain Academy for Rresearch, Education and Development) Blockchain Evangelist, Software Project manager, Designer, Software Developer in UK and Bangladesh Director, Biman Bangladesh Airlines Ltd Board Independent Director, ADN Telecom Ltd Board Member and Past President, Institute of Internal Auditors Bangladesh Former VP, Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry Founder Member, Past Treasurer and Secretary General, BCS and BASIS Former Director, ICB Securities Trading Co. and Energypac Power Generation Ltd Life Member, MECA and Cadet College Club Ltd fb/atique.rabbani; www.linkedin.com/in/khondkar-atique-e-rabbani-4ab6846/: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCG43OKVAHzNwZ5SK_aN28yg 6/30/2022 2 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

3. Index 1. Blockchain Philosophy/ Concepts a. What is a block? What is a blockchain? b. Today’s predicaments in the digital world c. Why Blockchain now? d. Blockchain Philosophy e. Distributed Ledger Technology f. Cryptography g. Hash Functions, NONCE, Merkle Tree, Consensus Algorithm h. Smart Contracts 2. Blockchain Applications a. Bitcoin and other Cryptocurrencies b. Other Blockchain Applications c. Blockchain comes to rescue Networking Professionals and Blockchain DNS 3. Epilogue 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 3

4. 1 Blockchain Philosophy/ Concepts 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 4

5. 1a What is a block? What is a Blockchain? 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 5

6. Blockchain neither blocks nor chains, it frees you 6/30/2022 6 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

7. Blockchain keeps data in Blocks. Blocks form a specially linked impenetrable chain. Hence Blockcahin 6/30/2022 7 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

8. Database v Blockchain •Blockchain is a database but not all databases are Blockchain •Databases keep data in files or tables, Blockchain keeps data in blocks which are then chained linked by cryptographic hashes 6/30/2022 8 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

9. What is a Block? Identity of Previous Block Identity of This Block Transaction Data 6/30/2022 9 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

10. What is the Chain? Public or Private First Block (Genesis Block) Previous Block Identity X1Y1 Previous Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity X1Y1 This Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity GT6HYM Transaction Data A sends Tk 1000 to B Transaction Data B sends Tk 2000 to C Transaction Data B sends Tk 100 to A Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 6/30/2022 10 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

11. What is Immutable? First Block (Genesis Block) Previous Block Identity X1Y1 Previous Block Identity (Mismatch) 9845W This Block Identity X1Y1 This Block Identity (Block ID changes) RIC78 This Block Identity GT6HYM Transaction Data A sends Tk 1000 to B Transaction Data (Say, Some one hacks and changes Data) B sends Tk 333 to C Transaction Data B sends Tk 100 to A All transactions are recorded tamper proof in Blockchain- One Open Ledger 6/30/2022 11 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

12. What is Distributed? First Block (Genesis Block) Previous Block Identity X1Y1 Previous Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity X1Y1 This Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity GT6HYM Transactio n Data A sends Tk 1000 to B Transactio n Data B sends Tk 2000 to C Transactio n Data B sends Tk 100 to A First Block (Genesis Block) Previous Block Identity X1Y1 Previous Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity X1Y1 This Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity GT6HYM Transactio n Data A sends Tk 1000 to B Transactio n Data B sends Tk 2000 to C Transactio n Data B sends Tk 100 to A First Block (Genesis Block) Previous Block Identity X1Y1 Previous Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity X1Y1 This Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity GT6HYM Transactio n Data A sends Tk 1000 to B Transactio n Data B sends Tk 2000 to C Transactio n Data B sends Tk 100 to A A B C 6/30/2022 12 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

13. What is Decentralised? Central Authority | Peer to Peer First Block (Genesis Block) Previous Block Identity X1Y1 Previous Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity X1Y1 This Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity GT6HYM Transaction Data A sends Tk 1000 to B Transaction Data B sends Tk 2000 to C Transaction Data B sends Tk 100 to A First Block (Genesis Block) Previous Block Identity X1Y1 Previous Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity X1Y1 This Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity GT6HYM Transaction Data A sends Tk 1000 to B Transaction Data B sends Tk 2000 to C Transaction Data B sends Tk 100 to A First Block (Genesis Block) Previous Block Identity X1Y1 Previous Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity X1Y1 This Block Identity 9845W This Block Identity GT6HYM Transaction Data A sends Tk 1000 to B Transaction Data B sends Tk 2000 to C Transaction Data B sends Tk 100 to A A B C 6/30/2022 13 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

14. Four legs of Blockchain •Consensus driven •Immutable •Decentralised •Distributed/ Replicated 6/30/2022 14 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

15. Information is added when everyone agrees. Consensus 6/30/2022 15 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

16. Information is safe when no one can change it. Immutable 6/30/2022 16 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

17. Information is secure when everyone knows. Distributed Decentralised 6/30/2022 17 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

18. 6/30/2022 18 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

19. What is the big deal in Blockchain? Certainty In Digital World Blockchain, Distributed Ledger Technology, Cryptography, Smart Contract, Block ID, Previous Block ID, Hash function, Mathematical Algorithm, Proof of Work, Time Stamp, Nonce, Double Spend Problem, Peer to Peer (P2P) Network, Internet of Value, One way function, protocol, secure by design, Byzantine Fault tolerance, Decentralised, Documenting Provenance, Cryptocurrency, Identity Management, Merkle Trees, Satoshi Nakamoto (Bitcoin) , Vitalik Buterin (Ethereum) 6/30/2022 19 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

20. What is then Blockchain? Blockchain is a. a Concept b. a Ledger c. an Asset administration tool d. a technology (based on Cryptography and Distributed Ledger Technology) 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 20

21. Blockchain – Internet of Value 1. Printing press 1439 German Gutenberg – democratization of knowledge to masses – filled knowledge gap 2. Steam Engine 1781 Scottish Engineer James Watt – Industrial Revolution – filled power gap 3. Internet of Information – filled information gap 4. Internet of Value – Fourth Industrial Revolution – filling trust/faith/authenticity gap 6/30/2022 21 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

22. Blockchain gives us a World Wide Ledger It turns Internet of Information to Internet of Value 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 22

23. Blockchain – Internet of Value Just like information one can send value over internet instantly without double spend 6/30/2022 23 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

24. Blockchain is error free, super audit friendly Ledger and more Traceability, Provenance, Credentialling are its hallmarks We must know about it from a well informed user level 6/30/2022 24 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

25. Blockchain Trilemma • Centralisation – Decentralisation continuum • Secure – insecure continuum • Fast – slow continuum • More decentralization, more security, less speed of execution • Less decentralization, less secure, higher speed of execution • Innovations addressing these 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 25

26. Types of Blockchain • Public • Bitcoin, Ethereum • Permissionless • Any one can join • Decentralised, disintermediated, secure, slow • Public and Open - Currencies • Public and Closed – Voting • Private • Hyperledger • R3 CORDA • Quorum • Permissioned • Consortium – industry players controlled • Only permitted can join • Centralised – Decentralised, Less Secure, faster • Private and Open – Government records • Private and Closed – Tax returns, Military 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 26

27. 1b Today’s predicaments in the digital world 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 27

28. Internet today information at fingertips short on authenticity 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 28

29. Digital world today long on collecting data short on securing data 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 29

30. Digital world today long on collecting user data short on giving user ownership of data 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 30

31. Digital world today long on impersonation short on identity protection 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 31

32. Real Identity 6/30/2022 32 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

33. Mask of anonymity On the internet nobody knows you are a dog 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 33

34. Digital world today still centralised short on empowering user 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 34

35. 1c Why Blockchain Now? 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 35

36. Height of Toxic Centralised System 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 36

37. Boom in Computing Power Digitized Data 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 37

38. Rising Trends in ICT -1 Rise in Computing power 6/30/2022 38 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) • Gordon Moore ( born Jan 3, 1929 ) is the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation and the author of Moore's Law. • Under Gordon Moore, Intel introduced the world's first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 invented by Intel engineers

39. Rising Trends in ICT-2 Rise in Computing power 6/30/2022 39 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) • Moore's Law - observation made in 1965 by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel • Number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits would double every year since the integrated circuit was invented. • Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future.

40. Rising Trends in ICT-3 Rise in Information Storage from Analog to Digital format 6/30/2022 40 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) • 5 billion (63% of world population) internet users upto April 2022. • Compare this to the 3.42 billion users at the end of 2016. • Over 1.94 billion websites • info.cern.ch was the first-ever website on the Internet, published on August 6, 1991. • Over 7 billion search queries a day processed by Google (though some say it could be as high as 10 billion per day). • 15% of those queries are new - have never been searched for on Google before.

41. Rising Trends in ICT-4 Rise in Computing power Rise in Information Storage from Analog to Digital format Rising interest in Blockchain 6/30/2022 41 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

42. 1d Blockchain Philosophy 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 42

43. Blockchain is the difference between Vanity Digitisation and Sanity Digitisation 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 43

44. সৎসঙ্গে স্বর্গবাস, অসৎ সঙ্গে সবগনাশ You are known by the company you keep. 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 44

45. Ours is a digital world. No going away from that. 1. Be careful of the company you keep. Be careful of the technology we adopt. 2. What good is technology if it steals my identity, my privacy, hacks my data, my mind. 3. So far we had sort of vanity digitization. 4. Blockchain has ushered in sanity Digitisation. 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 45

47. Blockchain is a truth technology 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 47

48. Shared truth 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 48

49. Paradigm Shift One to Many 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 49

50. Blockchain moves Custody of Information From One to Many 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 50

51. When everyone knows truth is secured 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 51

52. 6/30/2022 52 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) Future is peer to peer. Future is Disintermediation

53. Blockchain is an age old village community idea extrapolated in this internet connected digital world 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 53

54. Blockchain – One truth Everyone knows the same 1. In a village called Abhaypara in Bangladesh there are about 200 people 2. Assume there is no “Matabbor” in Abhaypara 3. Everyone knows which house, piece of land, cow, goat, duck, chicken belong to whom 4. If some one sells something to someone everyone knows it 5. They all depend on synchronous common knowledge – one truth 6. Basis of Blockchain idea 6/30/2022 54 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

55. Essence •Blockchain is essentially a cash system for all value exchange done electronically •No intermediaries •Instant settlement 6/30/2022 55 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

56. Team sport/ Community Game Both Blockchain and most present day systems are team sport/ community game – Hence coordinated governance is crucial 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 56

57. 6/30/2022 57 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) The future will be decentralised

58. Take Blockchain’s calling Beyond all the technicalities Blockchain gives us reliable record keeping -the core need of our times 6/30/2022 58 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

59. Blockchain – Magic Dust Technologies like AI, ML, DL can intimidate. 1. AI mimics human intelligence 2. ML learns by itself and can improve for eternity. 3. This can challenge humans whose learning diminishes with time. 4. DL shaped around neural network gets better at recognition with each iteration 5. IOT senses, captures and communicates information. 6. More technologies like VR, AR, Robotics abound. 7. We see explosion of data. 8. Blockchain will provide the confidence that all data are correct. 9. Blockchain provides the inherently secure, authenticity lending, peer to peer deccentralised community governed, privacy preserving platform 10. It is the magic dust 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 59

60. DLT – Distributed Ledger Technology Tamper proof system of record Authenticity Data Security Decentralisaton No middle men Disintermediation Privacy protection Self sovereign ID User Owning Data User empowerment Rules without rulers Blockchain Foundational Technology 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 60

61. Blockchain is a freedom technology 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 61

62. 1e Distributed Ledger Technology 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 62

63. Distributed Ledger All parties write on the same ledger 6/30/2022 63 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

64. Double Entry Ledger – Over 600 years old 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 64 1. Luca Pacioli (1447-1517) 2. Franciscan Friar (Mendicant, live on alms) 3. Taught Mathematics to Leonardo da Vinci 4. In 1494 in Venice published Summa de arithmetica, geometria. Synthesis of mathematical knowledge, algebra and double entry accounting system.

65. FACT or FICTION Good Information – Reliable Data 1. Toshiba declared false profit of $1.2 billion in (2015) 2. Satyam (2009) falsely boosted revenue by $1.5 billion 3. Lehman Bros (2008) a 158 year old company collapsed, $50 billion worthless assets hidden 4. AIG (2005) booked loans as revenue 5. Worldcom (2002) underreported line costs by capitalizing rather than expensing and inflated revenues with fake accounting entries 6. Tyco (2002) siphoned money out through unapproved loans 7. Enron (2001) kept debts off Balance Sheet 6/30/2022 65 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

66. Ledger (System of Record) through times 1. Manual: Centralised, Middlemen, Very limiting, Untenable 2. Digital: Still Centralised, Middlemen, One point of vulnerability, privacy compromising, insecure data 3. Blockchain based Digital: Decentralised, No middlemen, Peer to peer, Consensus based information entry, Unerasable data, tamper proof record keeping, One state of information accessible by all users 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 66

67. Legacy - Individual Double Entry Ledgers 6/30/2022 67 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) A B C D Ledger for Ledger for Need Reconciliation, Debtors verification, Audit Ledger for Ledger for

68. Blockchain - Open Ledger No need for reconciliation or debtor circularization A sends Taka 100 to B B sends Taka 50 To C C sends Taka 40 To D D sends Taka 10 To A 6/30/2022 68 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) A B C D

69. Blockchain - Distributed Ledger No need for reconciliation or debtors circularization A sends Taka 100 to B B sends Taka 50 To C C sends Taka 40 To D D sends Taka 10 To A 6/30/2022 69 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) A B C D A sends Taka 100 to B B sends Taka 50 To C C sends Taka 40 To D D sends Taka 10 To A A sends Taka 100 to B B sends Taka 50 To C C sends Taka 40 To D D sends Taka 10 To A A sends Taka 100 to B B sends Taka 50 To C C sends Taka 40 To D D sends Taka 10 To A

70. Distributed Ledger Technology DLT / Shared Ledger 6/30/2022 70 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) • DLT – Same Ledger on every node across institutions, sites or countries • DLT – Consensus Ledger – Consensus algorithm (PoW, PoS, Voting System) • All nodes connected peer to peer • No central administrator • No centralized Data Storage • Blockchain is based on DLT • DL can be permissionless or permissioned • This determines if anyone or only approved people can run a node to validate transactions

71. Blockchain is an open (notarized realtime) ledger replicated over nodes. 6/30/2022 71 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

72. Blockchain is error free, super audit friendly Ledger and more Traceability, Provenance, Credentialling are its hallmarks We must know about it from a well informed user level 6/30/2022 72 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

73. Satoshi Nakamoto is Luca Pacioli of our times Luca Pacioli (1447-1515) v Nakamoto (31 Oct 2008) 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 73

74. 1f Cryptography 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 74

75. A word about Cryptography 1. If we wish to communicate without third party knowing we use Cryptography. 2. It is the study and practice of secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries. 3. It comes from Greek words meaning hidden, secret, to write and study. 4. Cipher text is unintelligble text as opposed to understandable plain text 6/30/2022 75 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

76. A word about Cryptography -3 Symmetric v Asymmetric Cryptography 6/30/2022 76 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

77. 1g Hash Function, NONCE, Merkle Tree, Consensus Algorithm 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 77

78. Cryptographic Hash Function 1. Mathematical Algorithm turns data (called message) of any size to a fixed size string called a hash or digest. 2. It is a one way function ie one cannot retrieve message from digest. It is infeasible to do so. 3. It is deterministic in that message will always produce same digest 4. It is quickly done 5. Any small change in message will produce a totally different digest 6. It is infeasible to have same digest from two different messages 6/30/2022 78 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

79. Hashing SHA 256 (Secure Hashing Algorithm) Text SHA 256 Hash of your string (https://passwordsgenerator.net/sha256-hash-generator/) Hi 3639EFCD08ABB273B1619E82E78C29A7DF02C1051B1820E99FC395DCAA3326B8 Welcome 0E2226B5235F0FF94A276EB4D07A3BFEA74B7E3B8B85E9EFCA6C18430F041BF8 Taka 3000 1445603B96C797AD81A6964BDE7414D46B595BDD709E35D23BADB3550D7E2A5C 1. In the case of SHA-256, no matter how big or small your input is, the output will always have a fixed 256-bits length (64 characters) 2. This becomes critical when you are dealing with a huge amount of data and transactions. 3. So basically, instead of remembering the input data which could be huge, you can just remember the hash and keep track. 4. https://emn178.github.io/online-tools/sha256.html 5. https://passwordsgenerator.net/sha256-hash-generator/ 6. https://andersbrownworth.com/blockchain/ 6/30/2022 79 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

80. 6/30/2022 80 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) Proof of Work

81. NONCE and PROOF OF WORK -1 NONCE – Number used ONCE • It is an arbitrary number used once • Used in cryptographic communication • Nonce are used to avoid replay attacks. • For example an attacker could order products over and over again under the same name and purchase information by getting hold of the encrypted order information and—without needing to decrypt—continue to repeatedly send that particular order to the supplier. • The nonce is used to give 'originality' to a given message so that if the company receives any other order from the same person with the same nonce, it will discard those as invalid orders. • In Bitcoin mining miners who find a nonce to obtain the desirable hash wins bitcoins. 6/30/2022 81 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

82. NONCE and PROOF OF WORK-2 Proof of Work • Proof-of-Work, or PoW, is the original consensus algorithm in a Blockchain network. • In Blockchain, this algorithm is used to confirm transactions and produce new blocks to the chain. • With PoW, miners compete against each other to complete transactions on the network and get rewarded • Nonce are used in Proof of Work • Nonces are used in proof of work systems to vary the input to a cryptographic hash function so as to obtain a hash for a certain input that fulfills certain arbitrary conditions. 6/30/2022 82 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

83. Blockchain Transaction Data represented as a Merkle Tree 6/30/2022 83 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

84. 1h Smart Contracts 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 84

85. Smart Contracts • Smart contracts are Blockchain-based contracts enforced in real-time by computer code and no human intervention. • They are created as an agreement between two or more parties without the involvement of any intermediary. • The contract exists across a distributed and decentralized Blockchain network. • Smart contracts are now a staple in healthcare, real estate, and even for government agencies. 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 85

86. 2 Blockchain Applications 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 86

87. 2a Bitcoin/ Cryptocurrencies 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 87

88. Myth Buster Bitcoin # Blockchain 6/30/2022 88 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

89. What is Bitcoin Bitcoin is Electronic Cash 6/30/2022 89 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

90. Just as Cash needs no intermediaries Bitcoin needs No Intermediaries 6/30/2022 90 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

91. Status Bitcoin Blockchain Distributed Ledger Technology 6/30/2022 91 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

92. Satoshi Nakamoto – Bitcoin creator 1. Lehman Bros collapsed on Sep 15 2008. 2. Satoshi Nakamoto is a pseudonym for a person or group of persons who released a white paper on Oct 31, 2008 called “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” 3. It created the world’s first peer to peer decentralized monetary system. First manifestation of Blockchain. 4. Internet based money enabled online payments without a third party 5. It (Bitcoin) was not issued by any Government or third party 6/30/2022 92 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

94. What is Ethereum? 1. Ethereum is an open software platform based on blockchain technology that enables developers to build and deploy decentralized applications. 2. Thirty big banks, tech giants, and other organizations—including J.P. Morgan Chase, Microsoft, and Intel—are uniting to build business-ready versions of the software behind Ethereum, a decentralized computing network based on digital currency. 3. Until relatively recently, building blockchain applications has required a complex background in coding, cryptography, mathematics as well as significant resources. 4. But times have changed. Previously unimagined applications, from electronic voting & digitally recorded property assets to regulatory compliance & trading are now actively being developed and deployed faster than ever before. Vitalik Buterin, Russian Canadian, born 1994, Co founder of Ethereum 6/30/2022 94 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

95. FIAT CURRENCY V CRYPTOCURRENCY •FIAT CURRENCY HAS PHYSICAL FORM •FIAT CAN ALSO HAVE ELECTRONIC FORM •CRYPTOCURRENCY IS VIRTUAL/ DIGITAL WHICH CAN TAKE THE FORM OF TOKENS OR COIN 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 95

97. Cryptocurrencies 6/30/2022 97 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

98. 2b Other Applications 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 98

99. Global Blockchain Market -1 • From $3 billion in 2020 to $40 billion in 2025 • CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 67.3% from 2020 to 2025 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 99

100. 6/30/2022 100 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) Which countries or regions have most blockchain innovations? Which markets are the hottest?

101. Blockchain uses Only Limited by imagination 6/30/2022 101 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

103. Blockchain Use Cases 1. Government – in most of its operations 2. Accounting 3. Audit 4. Financial Services Industry 5. Insurance (including micro insurance) 6. Supply Chain, Logistics, Procurement in all industry 7. Food Safety 8. Counterfeit protection 9. Manufacturing and Retail 10. Healthcare 11. Education 12. Defence 13. Airlines/ Aviation Industry 14. Real Estate 15. Transport and Tourism 16. Media 17. Marketing 18. Charity 19. Refugees 20. Cybersecurity 21. Digital Identity 22. Voting 23. Fundraising 24. Notary 25. Intellectual Property 26. Cryptocurrency 27. Any transaction/ process oriented task 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 103

104. Blockchain uses Only Limited by imagination 6/30/2022 104 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

105. Blockchain Applications in Bangladesh -1 1. In Bangladesh BCC has a pilot certificate credentialling application 2. IPDC has ‘Orjon’, blockchain based supply chain finance built on Hyperledger Fabric in 2019. 3. SCB and Contour facilitated using private blockchain to settle paperless local LC between Viyellatex Spinning and Viyellatex Garments. SCB, using ANT Group Blockchain technology launched remittance from Malaysia using bKash. 4. HSBC Bangladesh uses Blockchain to import 20,000 tons of fuel oil from United Group’s Singapore subsidiary United Mymensingh Power on the Contour DLT platform. Time was reduced from 5-10 days to less than 24 hours. 6/30/2022 105 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

106. Blockchain Applications in Bangladesh -2 1. Bank Asia incorporating Ripple X Current system with its CBS to connect to Ripplenet for smoother remittance transactions. 2. Robi has “Phone Loan” smartphone financing campaign, a solution using Alternative Credit Scoring powered by Blockchain and Big Data analytics. 3. We, in TCL (The Computers Ltd) are planning to produce “Sanad” for certifying any document anchored on a public blockchain. 6/30/2022 106 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

107. 2b Blockchain comes to rescue Networking Professionals, Blockchain DNS 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 107

108. Blockchain comes to rescue Networking Professionals 1. Networking professionals design, configure, monitor and secures network. 2. It is difficult to ensure whether data provided by networking analysis tools have been compromised or not. 3. Shifting network and packet management data to a smart contract based, decentralized Blockchain will certainly give networking professionals confidence that data is verifiable, auditable, tamper proof. 4. Multiple observers/ nodes can participate to create consensus for network data/ traffic. 5. Marconi protocol is a new blockchain protocol that uses programmable packets to enhance security, privacy and neutrality. 6. Marconi protocol provides for a new networking management infrastructure that retains the connectivity of Ethernet but supplements it with security, privacy, and decentralized networking. 6/30/2022 108 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

109. Blockchain DNS -1 Traditional DNS • Companies and Governments have full control • They control what can be said online. They can control who says it. Technology enables above Blockchain DNS • Domains are stored by the user in their cryptocurrency wallet. Completely different architecture. • Puts the user in control of what goes up or down 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 109

110. Blockchain DNS -2 Traditional DNS Registries • Registry .com owned by Verisign. • Domains are seizable by registries, say Verisign under orders from US Govt., say. • In 1990s one person owned French.com. France wanted that domain, entered into legal battle and eventually French.com was reassigned to French authorities. • A registry .cat for Catalonia was used for their independence movement. It was hunted down and shut down by Spanish authorities. Decentralised DNS Blockchain Registries • Blockchain registries (as against traditional domain registry) are launched on public blockchain. • Domain names not revocable by the registry. • Vulnerability is therefore is access to your private key. • If you control your private key you control your domain name and content within it. 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 110

111. Blockchain DNS -3 Traditional DNS Registrars • Registrars like GoDaddy are mandatory custodians of Domain names. • Domains can get hacked and made inaccessible. • Registrars can also act on behalf of some political motive and can take down domains. • In Lybia vb.ly taken down by Nic.ly, the registry for .ly. Decentralised DNS Blockchain Registrars • They are frontend apps. • They wont take custody of your domains. • They are just applications which will help you to update your website. 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 111

112. Blockchain DNS -4 Traditional DNS Hosting Services • These companies lke Amazon Web Services or other hosting services can not only remove your content from their platform but can make your content disappear completely from Internet. • Hosting services used for censorship. • A pretty damning power to prevent one from publishing one’s content. • Turkey banned some words like gay and naked (138 words) from appearing in any content in websites in Turkey. Decentralised DNS Decentralised hosting services • For decentralised hosting website content is stored on p2p storage networks like IPFS 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 112

113. 3 Epilogue 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 113

114. Blockchain matters Excitement and Scepticism 6/30/2022 114 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

115. Blockchain Acceptability Some countries provide favourable backdrop yet others have created massive roadblocks 6/30/2022 115 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

116. Blockchain brings equity 6/30/2022 116 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

117. Incentive to do better 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 117

118. Blockchain concept will certainly mutate for the better. Soon no one will know that they are using Blockchain technology. 6/30/2022 118 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

119. Advancement in 30 years .

120. Why should Bangladesh embrace Blockchain technology in all earnest 1. We are rightly on the pathway to become a Digital Bangladesh – Blockchain enabled Bangladesh 2. We need to achieve SDG by 2030 3. Blockchain technology (Blockchain 1.0 → Blockchain 2.0 → ..) brings the confidence in digital space that no data manipulations are possible even if we do not know how it is being done. 6/30/2022 120 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

121. A fair digital Bangladesh 1. $ 3.6 trillion dollars is paid in bribes each year around the world. 2. Corruption is like cancer. It must be eliminated. 3. Blockchain based data infrastructure including all public and private data is a must for Bangladesh. 4. Bangladesh will be run a like well oiled IT company. 5. Individuals will have all services, government and others, online at their fingertips. 6. We will have emancipated Blockchain powered Digital Bangladesh 6/30/2022 121 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

122. Blockchain 6/30/2022 122 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

123. ব্লকচেইন এই চেইন চেই চেইন নয় চেই চেইন চেয় োেত্ব আর এই চেইন চেয় মুক্তি 6/30/2022 123 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

124. Blockchain This chain is not that chain That chain enslaves This chain liberates 6/30/2022 124 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

125. Imagine by John Lennon and Yoko Ono A Blockchain song At the age of 30 in 1971 he dreamed of one world one country one people united in purpose to repair and change itself. He believed global harmony is within our reach if we reject social control that inhibit human potential and create economic class. 6/30/2022 125 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

126. Imagine by John Lennon and Yoko Ono Imagine there is no heaven it is easy if you try No hell below us above us only sky Imagine all the people living for today Ah ha ha Imagine there’s no countries it isn’t hard to do Nothing to kill or die for and no religion too Imagine all the people living life in peace Oohoo ooh You may say I am a dreamer but I am not the only one I hope some day you will join us and the world will be as one Imagine there’s no possessions I wonder if you can No need for greed or hunger A brotherhood of man Imagine all the people sharing all the world Oohoo ooh You may say I am a dreamer but I am not the only one I hope some day you will join us and the world will live as one 6/30/2022 126 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983)

127. Thank you for listening 6/30/2022 The Computers Limited (Estd 1983) 127

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