2. Intercultural
Communication

3. “Language disguises thought.”
― Ludwig Wittgenstein

4. Intercultural Communication
The world today is characterized by an ever
growing number of contacts resulting in
communication between people with different
linguistics cultural background.
This communication take place because of
contacts in the areas of business, military
cooperation, science, education, mass
media, entertainment, tourism & immigration
because of labor shortage and
political conflicts.

5. Intercultural Communication
“We may say that intercultural
communication is
the communication among those people who
have so different cultural references that they
perceive themselves as pertaining to different
cultures.”
1Rodrigo Alsina, Miquel: “Comunicación
intercultural”, Anthropos Editorial, Barcelona 1999, p.
12

6. Why study Intercultural
 Increasing interaction between
people due to globalization.
 Increasing diversity in workplace.
 Increasing need to develop
caring, responsible and ethical
business leaders.

7. COMMUNICATION &
Characteristics of Language
An abstract system of word meaning,
and symbols for all aspects of culture. It
includes speech, written characters,
numerals, symbols and gestures (non-
verbal)
Language is primarily use for
communication
There are two types of communication
(verbal – use of language, non-verbal –
use of gesture, facial expression and
other body movements

8. COMMUNICATION &
Characteristics of Language
Its involves paralanguage – the
language of gestures, expressions and
postures.
Language enables people to stores
meaning and experiences to pass to new
generations.
Formulation of complex plans and ideas
were possible.
Language is only manifested to human

9. FOUR AREAS OF LANGUAGE
1. Phonology – the system of sound that a
particular language is used.
2. Semantics – the study of word meanings and
word combinations
3. Grammar – describes the structure of a
language which consist of two major parts:
morphology and syntax,
morphology – the study of language’s smallest
unit of meaning called morphemes (prefixes,
suffixes & root word.
Syntax – specifies how words are combines
into sentences
4. Pragmatics – rules for the use of appropriate
language in particular contexts.

10. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
1. Inventions are made possible because of
language
2. The learning of culture take place because of
language
3. From our enormous capacity to learn and use
of language is derived our collective memory
(myths, fables, saying, ballads, and the like.
As well as writing, art and all other media that
shape human consciousness and store and
transmit knowledge.
4. Language is an integral part of culture and
human culture cannot exist without it.
5. Norms, values, and ideas existed &
transmitted because of language
CULTURE

11. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
6. Language & culture were inextricably related
to one another. You could not understand or
appreciate the one without a knowledge of the
other. [Edward Sapir]
7. Language actually determines the possibilities
for thought and action in any given culture.
[e.g. a person who loves birds will have a much larger
vocabulary about birds compared to others] [linguistic-
relativity hyphothesis]
CULTURE

12. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
1. Learned behaviors, belief, attitudes, values
and ideals that are characteristics of a
particular society or population [Ember, 1999]
2. The learned norms, values, knowledge,
artifacts, language and symbols that are
constantly communicated among people who
share a common way of life [Calhoun, 1994]
3. The sum of total symbols, ideas, forms of
expressions and material products associated
with a system. [Allan Johnson 1996]
4. The complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws,, customs,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired
by man as member of society [Panopio, 1992]
WHAT IS CULTURE?

13. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
5. An organization of phenomena that is
dependent upon symbols, phenomena which
include acts [pattern in behavior]; object [tools
and things made by tools]; ideas [beliefs and
knowledge]; and sentiments [attitudes and
values]; In this sense the culture is the entire
way of life of people and everything learned
and shared by people in society. [Leslie White &
Hunt, 1998]
6. Consist of pattern, explicit and implicit, of and
for behavior acquired and transmitted by
symbols, constituting the distinctive
achievement of human groups, including their
embodiment in artifacts. [Hofstede, 1997]
WHAT IS CULTURE?

14. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
1. The culture is learned.
2. Culture is shared by a group of people.
3. Culture is cumulative.
4. Cultures can be change.
5. Culture is dynamic [ constantly changing]
6. Culture is ideational [has pattern which the
members are expected to follow]
7. Culture is diverse
8. Culture gives us a range of permissible
behavior patterns.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

15. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
A- COMMUNICATION
A1 – Language
A2 – Symbols
B. COGNITIVE COMPONENTS
B1. Ideas/Knowledge/Beliefs
Ideas – mental representation [concept,
categories, metaphor] use to organize stimulus
Knowledge – is the storehouse where we
accumulate representations, information, facts,
assumptions; once stored knowledge can support
learning to the next.
Beliefs – acceptance of the proposition,
statement, description of the facts.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

16. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
B2. VALUES
Standard of desirability, goodness and beauty
which served as the broad guidelines for social
living.
B3. ACCOUNTS
How people use the common language to
explain, justify, rationalize, excuse or legitimize
our behavior to themselves and others.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

17. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
C. Behavioral Components
C1 -Norms
Are rules and expectations by which a society
guides the behavior of its members.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

18. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
TYPES OF NORMS
1. Mores – the customary behavior patterns or
folkways which have taken on moralistic value
which includes respect to authority, marriage,
and sex behavior patterns, religious rituals and
other basic code of human behavior.
2. Laws – the most formal and important norms.
The formalized norms in which even the visitor
are required to obey.
3. Folkways – are behavior patterns of society
which are organized and repetitive. It involved
the way we eat, how we dress, and other
patterns that we follow because they have
been impressed upon us from the time we
were born.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

19. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
TYPES OF NORMS
1. Rituals – these are highly scripted
ceremonies or strips of interaction that follow a
specific sequences of actions.
e.g.
Ceremonies : graduation, baptism, funerals,
wedding, birthday
Holiday: Thanksgiving, Christmas
Everyday public rituals: handshake, greeting
Bonding ritual: exchanging cards, holding
hands, parties, gift giving.
Signal ritual: choosing menu in restaurant, eye
contact
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

20. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
D. Materials
Refer to physical objects of culture such as
machine, equipment's, tools, books, clothing,
etc. [artifacts]
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

21. RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE &
CULTURE
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
COMMUNICATION
COGNITIV
E
BEHAVIORAL MATERIAL
Languag
e
Symbols
Ideas
Knowledge
Beliefs
Values
Accounts
Norms
Mores
Laws
Folkways
Rituals
Tools/Medicin
es
Books
Transportation
Technologies
Rituals

22. HOW CULTURE TRANSMITTED?
A. Enculturation – the process of learning
culture of one’s own group.
B. Acculturation – the process of learning some
new traits from another culture.
C. Assimilation – the process in which an
individuals entirely loses any awareness of
his/her previous group identity and takes on
the culture and attitudes of another group.

23. IMPORTANCE & FUNCTION OF
CULTURE
A. Culture helps the individual fulfills his
potentials as a human being.
B. Through the development of culture, man can
overcome his physical disadvantages and
allows him to provide himself with fire,
clothing, food and shelter.
C. Culture provides rules of proper conduct for
living in a society.
D. Culture also provides the individual his
concepts of family, nation, and class.

24. IMPORTANCE & FUNCTION OF
CULTURE
E. provides people with different ways of thinking,
seeing, hearing and interpreting the world;
F. involves a number of man-made, collective
artefacts and is shared by the members of a
social group;
G. is something that shapes one‘s behavior or
structures one′s perception of the world

25. Intercultural
communication
develops
competitiveness
by several
means
developing
multiple cultural
perspectives and
approaches to
conducting
business
being skilful at
working with
people from
many cultures
simultaneously
adapting
comfortably to
living in different
cultures
learning to
interact with
international
partners as
equals
understanding
the worldwide
political, cultural
and business
environment from
a global
perspective
IMPORTANCE INTERCULTURAL
Thank you

26. The shortest way
between
two people is a smile

27. I. The Impact of Nonverbal
Communication
A. Nonverbal Communication:
Message exchange process involving the
use of nonlinguistic and paralinguistic
cues which are expressed through
multiple communication channels in a
particular sociocultural setting.
• Nonlinguistic cues e.g., eye contact, smiles, touch
etc.
• Paralinguistic cues e.g., tone, pitch, volume, pace
etc.
• Multiple channels e.g., facial expressions,
gestures etc.
• Sociocultural setting e.g., cultural norms, etc.

28. I. The Impact of Nonverbal
Communication
B. One Code, Countless Interpretations
C. Verbal and Nonverbal Comparisons
Nonverbal cues relate to verbal
messages
in five different ways:
1. Repeat
2. Contradict
3. Substitute
4. Complement
5. Accent

29. II. Forms of Nonverbal
Communication:
A. Physical Appearance: Artifacts and
clothing
B. Paralanguage: Sounds and tones
C. Facial expressions: Kinesics, SADFISH,
and cultural display rules
D. Gestures: four categories of hand
gestures
1. Emblems
2. Illustrators
3. Regulators
4. Adaptors
E. Haptics—touch behavior, high-, low-,

30. II. Forms of Nonverbal
Communication:
Can you
identify
the emotions?

31. III. Boundary Regulations: Four
broad themes
A. Regulating Interpersonal Boundaries
Proxemics: study of space.
Intimate zone: 0–18 inches. Reserved for those
closest to us.
Personal zone: 18–48 inches. Closer friends,
some acquaintances.
Social zone: 48 inches to 12 feet.
Public zone: 12 feet or more.back

32. Parting Thoughts…
Our first impressions are
generated by our
experiences
and our environment,
which means that we
can change our
first impressions . . .
by changing the
experiences
that comprise
those impressions.

33. (arigatō gozaimasu)
Muchas gracias
(kamsahamnida)