Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Ch 4 greece_and_rome_in_summary
1. AP World
Chapter 4: Greece and Rome
Greece: 1750 BCE -133 BCE (Ancient and
Classical)
Rome: 509 BCE – 476 CE (Classical)
The Classical Era is generally noted as
spanning from 1000 BCE – 500 CE
3. The Minoan Civilization
Isle of Crete
King Minos
Knossos Palace
Trading w/Egypt
and Mesopotamia
Poof! They’re
Gone.
4. Mycenaeans
Spread all over Greece – named after
their largest city, Mycenae
City-states with super thick fortresses
Influenced by Egypt and Mesopotamia
Linear B
5. The Trojan War
The Political Side:
◦ Went down ~1250 BCE
◦ Mycenae v. Troy (Troy was in
Turkey)
◦ Troy controlled straits that
connected the Mediterranean
and Black seas
◦ Legend:
Trojan Paris kidnaps Helen of
Mycenae, etc.
◦ Result?
Greeks burn Troy to the ground
after 10 years of off and on fighting
6. After the Trojan war, Mycenaean
Civilization crumbles
Greece’s dark age
◦ People actually got dumber…okay not
quite
Priorities changed
Well, less skilled – they forgot how to write
Epic Poems emerge
◦ Illiad and Odyssey (credited to you know
who) (750 BCE ish)
◦ Was it all a Myth? No! Heinrich
Schliemann
8. City-States
Acropolis – the high city, that had a
marble temple for the gods and
goddesses
Lower ground – walled main city
containing a
marketplace, theatre, public
buildings, and homes
11. Warfare!
Bronze out, Iron in
Iron is cheaper, so
middle class can get
armed
Iron
helmets, shields, and
swords
Phalanx formation – lots
of practice
12. Sparta
Spartan government had 2
kings + council of elders
who advised them
Assembly of “approved”
citizens
Citizens=male, native-born
Spartans who were 30+
5 ephors – elected officials
who handled daily affairs
Newborns examined
Age 7: military training begins
◦ Move to military barracks
◦ Coarse diet, hard exercise, rigid
discipline
Age 20: may marry, but must
remain in barracks until 30 and
eat there until 60
Age 30: more special
training, but allowed to join the
Assembly
13. Women
Should produce
healthy sons
Expected to exercise
to strengthen
Must obey fathers
Could inherit property
Often ran family
estates (b/c men were
off at war)
Were educated
14. Disliked trade and wealth
No travel
Didn’t bother with new ideas or the
arts
Other Greek’s perceptions of the
Spartans:
◦ “Spartans are willing to die for their
city, because they have no reason to live”
16. Developing a Democracy
Athenians continually Limited Rights
demand better
government system Male citizens only
Will evolve into a
democracy Citizenship
Early beginnings restricted
include Slaves restricted
Council of 500
◦ All citizens eligible BUT…Athenians
◦ Worked on laws had more say than
Assembly
◦ Legislative body
anywhere else
17. Women
Secluded existence
Aristotle:
◦ Women are
imperfect beings
who lacked the
ability to reason as
well as men
Poorer women
18. Education
(Raphael’s Renaissance Painting of the “School of Athens” – featured in the
Vatican)
Girls – little to no school
Boys – school if families had enough $
◦ Reading, writing, music, memorizing poetry, public speaking
◦ Military training
◦ Athens encouraged exploration of knowledge
19. Perception of Non-Greeks
Greeks see non-Greeks as “barbaroi”
Sense of prideful, defiant uniqueness
among the Greek people
Phoenicians and Egyptians seen as
barbarians
◦ Despite the fact the Greeks borrowed
many inventions from them…
20. Persian War
King Darius I – demands gifts of earth and
water from powerful Greek city-states
Ionia and Athens
“Master, remember Athens”
Marathon and Themistocles
Darius – Xerxes
Thermopylae and K. Leonidas
Salamis and Themosticles
Athens emerges
21. Athens and direct democracy
◦ Large number of citizens take direct part
in the day-to-day affairs of government
◦ Organizes Delian League
◦ Transfers treasury from Delos to Athens
Uses other city-states’ $ to rebuild Athens
22. Pericles
Aristocrat who ruled through wisdom
and negotiation
◦ Assembly (of 6,000+) met frequently
◦ All male citizens should take part in the
government
◦ Stipend given to men in public office
(enables poor men to hold public
positions)
◦ Jury – male citizens over 30, chosen to
serve for a year, receive stipend
Urged expansion of empire to bolster
wealth and economy
Funeral Oration – Athenian power
rests in the hands “not of a minority
but of the whole people”
Hired architects to rebuild Acropolis
(Persians had destroyed it)
23. Peloponnesian War
Delian League – Athens and democracy
Peloponnesian League – Sparta and
oligarchy
27 year battle
Pericles – lets rural people retreat within
city walls – plague and death of 1/3
Sparta allies with Persia to capture Athens
– 404 BCE
End of Athenian Domination
24. Socrates
Athenian stonemason and philosopher
◦ Did not record his thoughts
◦ Challenged others with his Socratic Method
Patient examination is a way of seeking truth and knowledge
Methods of questioning seemed threatening to traditions of
Athens
◦ Seen as a threat, “corrupting Athenian youth”,
◦ Trial at 70, death by hemlock
◦ Men surpass women in mental and physical tasks, but
some talented women should be educated to serve the
state
25. Plato
student of Socrates
◦ Socrates death makes
Plato distrust
democracy, flees city for
10 years
◦ Emphasized importance
of reason
◦ The Republic – describes
an ideal state
Gvt should regulate every
aspect of its citizens’ lives
to provide for their best
interests
Society in three classes
Workers to produce
necessities of life
Soldiers to defend the
state
Philosophers to rule
The wisest of them all
“Philosopher King” -
ultimate authority
◦ Men surpass women in
mental and physical
tasks, but some talented
women should be
educated to serve the
26. Plato’s most famous student
Aristotle Developed his own ideas about
government
Suspicious of democracy – could
lead to mob rule
Favored rule by
single, strong, virtuous leader
People out to live with the
“golden mean”
◦ Balance between extremes
Created the Lyceum
◦ Study of all branches of
knowledge
Politics, ethics, logic, biology, literat
ure, and more
The first European universities
based courses mainly on Aristotle
27. Art and Architecture
Greek works reflect balance, order, and beauty
Architecture
◦ Perfect balance and harmony
◦ Parthenon – temple dedicated to Athena
Sculpture and Painting
◦ Transition from rigid poses to natural poses in their most peaceful, graceful
form
28. Historians
Herodotus
◦ History should be researched and
recorded
◦ Persian War
Thucydides
◦ History should be written with as little bias
as possible
◦ Peloponnesian War from Athenian
perspective
29. Macedonia
Backward, half-civilized region in the N
People of Greek origin
Philip II of Macedonia
◦ Throne in 359 BCE
◦ Dreamed of conquering prosperous city-states to the south
◦ Built superb army
◦ Threats, bribery, and diplomacy – formed alliances with
many Grk city-states
◦ B. of Chaeronea in 338 – defeats Athens and Thebes
◦ Greece is under Philip’s control
◦ Intends to take over Persia
◦ Assassinated at his daughter’s wedding
30. Alexander the Great
Tutored by Aristotle
Took over at 20 years old
Already experienced and
continues his father’s dream
Conquers Asia
Minor, Palestine, Babylon, and
Egypt
Crossed Hindu Kush into N. India
Soldiers refuse to continue
Returns to Babylon to continue
campaign
Dies of a sudden fever
Asks commanders to give the
empire “to the strongest”
◦ Macedonia and Greece
◦ Egypt
◦ Persia
◦ For 300 years, their descendants
competed for power over the lands
Alex had conquered
31. Legacy
Spread Hellenistic Culture far and wide
Alexandria, Alexandria, and hmm, Alexandria!!
◦ Alexandria, Egypt – sea lanes between Europe and Asia
◦ Greek architect constructed
◦ Center of learning
◦ Great Museum
◦ Library
Blending of eastern and western cultures
◦ Persian wife and clothing
Women
◦ Women no longer restricted to their homes
◦ Learned to read and write
New Schools
◦ Stoicism – high moral standards, protecting the rights of fellow humans
◦ All people, including women and slaves, were morally equal because all
had the power of reason
32. Don’t forget…
Pythagoras
Euclid – The Elements
Aristarchus (Earth rotates on its axis
and orbits the sun)
Archimedes (lever and the world)
Hippocrates
33. Rome!
Geography
Ancestors of Rome – “Latins” – arrived
around 800 BCE
People in Italy – Etruscans (Greek
city-state)
◦ Adapt many things from the Etruscans
including their alphabet, arches, and
religion
34. Roman Republic
Republic – “thing of the people” –
keeps any one person from having too
much power
Patricians – landholding upper class
Plebeians –
farmers, merchants, artisans, and
traders
Consuls
Senate
Tribunes
35. Roman Society
Family was the basic unit
“Pater familias” - Male head of the
household had absolute power (was
an actual Roman law)
Wife was subject to his authority and
was expected to be
loving, dutiful, dignified, and strong
36. Women
Roman women had a greater role than Greek women
Ran businesses (small shops to major shipyards)
Most worked at home, raised families, spinning, and
weaving
Gained freedom over centuries – patrician women
went to public baths, dined out, attended theatre, and
entertainment with husbands
37. Education
Boys and girls were educated
Most Romans learned to write
◦ Archaeologists even found graffiti on Roman walls
Wealthy Romans often hired Greek tutors to
supervise and educate their kids
◦ Memorize major events and developments in Roman
history
Rhetoric important (again the public speaking
thing)
38. Expansion in Italy
Romans conquered the Etruscans to the
north and Grk city-states to the south
By ~270 BCE Romans controlled Italian
peninsula
How?
◦ Skillful diplomacy + loyal, well-trained army
◦ Legion – military unit of about 5,000 men
◦ All Roman citizens-soldiers who fought without pay
and supplied their own weapons
◦ System of rewards and punishments
39. Conquered Lands
Treated defeated enemies
with justice
Those conquered had to
acknowledge Roman
leadership, pay taxes, and
supply soldiers for Roman
army
◦ Sounds tough, but allowed to
keep their own
customs, money, and local
government
Partial citizenship to
some, full citizenship to very
few
**Generous policies kept
conquered lands loyal**
40. Soldiers were posted in each
conquered area
Network of military roads to link
territories
Latin spreads through
trade, travel, etc.
Italy slowly unites under Roman rule
41. WARS WITH
CARTHAGE
Recap – Rome’s taken the Italian peninsula
As Rome spreads they brush elbows with the Phoenician city of Carthage
Carthage ruled trading in N. Africa and W. Mediterranean
42. PUNIC WARS
•264 BCE – 146 BCE
•Punic Wars b/c “Punic” is Latin for
Phoenician
•First Punic War
• Rome defeats Carthage and wins
Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
•Second Punic War –
• Carthage seeks revenge
• Hannibal is very sneaky
• 218 BCE, Pyrenees, French
Alps, and elephants
• Results?
• Hannibal loses half his army, all but one
elephant
• Nevertheless, SURPRISE!
• 15 years of Hannibal and
Carthaginian foolery
• But, Rome isn’t captured
• And then, Rome gets sneaky too
43. Hannibal is tromping around Rome
SO, Scipio Africanas and the Romans go
tromp around N. Africa and Carthaginian
territory
Hannibal flees Italy and goes home to
defend
44. So the Punic Wars are
over, Right?
Not quite.
Romans Hold a
Grudge
Senator Cato
“Carthage Must Be
Destroyed”
Third Punic War –
◦ Rome completely
destroys Carthage
Survivors are killed or
enslaved
Salt is plowed into the
earth
Romans now in
charge of Western
Mediterranean
45. Roman Imperialism
Mare Nostrum “Our Sea”
Romans continue imperializing – further
establishing control over foreign lands and
peoples
Rome expanded into the eastern
Mediterranean as well
Romans fight to take over some of Alex the
Great’s old holdings
◦ Macedonia
◦ Greece
◦ Asia Minor (Turkey)
◦ Egypt allies with Rome
46. Republic to Empire
Julius Caesar
◦ Crosses the Rubicon
◦ Becomes first dictator of Rome
◦ Killed 44 BCE
Octavian – 1st official emperor
33 CE – Crucifixion of Jesus
70 CE – Jewish temple
destroyed, Jewish Diaspora
begins
Pax Romana “Roman Peace”
◦ 96-180 CE (The 5 good emperors)
http://www.coins-auctioned.com/themes/coins/images/roman-empire.jpg
◦ Time of tremendous
intellectual, technological, and
architectural developments
Extensive Empire
◦ N
Africa, Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Fra
nce, all the way up to Hadrian’s
Wall (border for Scotland)
47. Once the Pax Romana
ends…
The next 100 yrs are full of turmoil and
power struggles
High taxes placed heavy burdens on
the people
Farmland was overused and lost its
productivity
48. Diocletian
Divided empire into 2
to make it easier to
govern
Wanted to increase
emperor’s prestige
(purple
robes, gold, jewels, “kn
eel and kiss”, etc.)
Fixed prices to slow
inflation
49. Constantine
Granted toleration to
Christianity
◦ Ensured Christianity’s
success
Built a new capital –
Constantinople on the
Bosporus Strait (Black
and Med. Sea)
Rome in the West was
declining, but
Constantinople in the
East was flourishing
50. Social Causes
•Erosion of traditional
values
•Self-serving upper class
•Bread and Circuses
Military Causes Economic Causes
The Decline and
•Germanic Invasions •Heavy Taxes
•Weakened Roman Legions Fall of Rome •Population Decline
Political Causes
•Oppressive Government
•Corrupt Officials
•Divided Empire