The presentation provides the overview of the Republic Acts 7568 and 11038 of 1992 and 2018, respectively. The latter is the amendment of the former in which 94 new areas (some are initial components) have been declared under the protected areas system.
This report was presented in ENS (Environmental Science) 275: Contemporary Issues in the Environment and Development, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines.
Determination of antibacterial activity of various broad spectrum antibiotics...
National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act and E (expanded) - NIPAS Act of the Philippines
1. NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM
NIPAS Act of 1992 | E-NIPAS Act of 2018
Beverly Mae N. dela Cruz
ENS 275 2nd Sem AY 2018-2019
Section TV1-Lec
5. Environment sustains all
forms of life
-
Importance of protecting
and maintaining the natural
biological and physical
diversities of the
environment
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM COOPERATION
Effect of increasing
population, resource
exploitation and industrial
advancement
-
Impact of man’s activities
on the natural
environment
PRESSURES
Critical protection on
areas with biologically
unique features to
sustain human life and
development, as well as
plant and animal life
BIODIVERSITY
Effective administration
through cooperation
among national
and local government,
and concerned
private
organizations
6. Commitments
Biodiversity conservation in the
Philippines began to receive even
more attention after the country
became one of the signatories in the
1992 Convention on Biological
Diversity in the Rio de Janeiro “Earth
Summit.”
7. RA 7568
of 1992
Also known as the
NIPAS Act of 1992 or the
National Integrated
Protected Areas System
Act.
8. NIPAS ACT of 1992
This law provides the legal and developmental framework for
the establishment and management of protected areas (PAs)
in the Philippines.
PROTECTED AREAS
It has a vital role in implementing one of the
top ten major approaches of the
Philippine Strategies for
Sustainable Development.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
9. NIPAS is the classification and administration of
all designated protected areas:
to maintain
essential
ecological
processes and life-
support systems
to preserve
genetic
diversity
to ensure
sustainable use of
resources found
therein
to maintain their
natural conditions
to the
greatest
extent
possible
10. NIPAS ACT of 1992
The policy of the State to secure for the Filipino people of present and future generations the
perpetual existence of all native plants and animals
through the establishment of a comprehensive system
of integrated protected areas within the classification
of NATIONAL PARK as provided for
in the Constitution.
DECLARATION OF POLICY
11. Timeline of legislation (Part 1 of 2)
1932 1975 1987 1989 1991 1992
RA 3195
Establishment of
National Parks (Game
Refuges and Other
purposes)
EO 192
Reorganization of
DEENR into DENR;
Creation of Protected
Areas and Wildlife
Bureau (PAWB)
RA 7160
Local Government
Code
PD 705
Revising Forestry
Reform Code of the
Philippines
Res. No. 37
Cabinet Approval of
the Philippines
Strategy for
Sustainable
Development
RA 7586
NIPAS Act
1995
EO 263
Adopting Community- Based
Forestry Management as
National Strategy (SD of
Forestlands’ Resources)
1998
RA 8550
Fisheries Code of the
Philippines
1997
RA 8371
Indigenous Peoples
Rights Act
RA 7942
Adopting Community- Based
Forestry Management as
National Strategy (SD of
Forestlands’ Resources)
Philippine Mining Act
12. Timeline of legislation (Part 2 of 2)
2001 2004 2005 2007 2009 2011
RA 9072
National Caves and Cave Resources
Management Protection Act
Joint AO 2005-01
Guidelines for Bioprospecting in
the Philippines
RA 9729
Climate Change Act
PD 9237
Mt. Apo Protected Area Act
Joint MC 2007-01
Management of
Overlapping Pas and/or
their Buffer Zones and
Ancestral Domains/Lands
EO 23
Total Log Ban
(Natural and Residual
Forests)
2013
EO 366
Protected Areas and Wildlife
Bureau (PAWB) renamed to
Biodiversity Management
Bureau (BMB)
2018
RA 11038
E-NIPAS Act
2015
RA 10654
Amending Philippine Fisheries
Code of 1998
RA 9125
Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park Act
RA 9147
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act
RA 9154
Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park Act
2008
DAO 2008-26
Revised IRR of
NIPAS Act of 1992
13.
14. Philippine Forest Cover in Hectares over Time
Sources: Cuevas, 1991; GIZ, 2012 Kummer 1992a, Moya and Malayang, 2004
16. After 25 years….
1992
RA 7586
NIPAS Act
1995
EO 263
Adopting Community- Based Forestry
Management as National Strategy (SD
of Forestland Resources)
The need for harmonization
EO 263 which adopted community-based
forest management as the national
strategy for the sustainable development
of the country’s forest lands.
https://ejatlas.org/conflict/illegal-logging-in-northern-sierra-madre-national-park-isabela-
philippines
….. 2011
EO 23
Total Log Ban
RA 7942
Philippine Mining Act
19. After 25 years….
1992
RA 7586
NIPAS Act
1995
EO 263
Adopting Community- Based
Forestry Management as
National Strategy (SD of
Forestlands’ Resources)
1997
RA 8371
Indigenous Peoples Rights Act
The need for harmonization
To a large extent, NIPAS Act-designated
protected areas overlap with the ancestral
domain claims of indigenous peoples
recognized under the IPRA. The issue of
the legality of traditional forest utilization
vis-à-vis the general prohibition on the
use of forest resources without permits.
https://greedypeg.org/davao-del-sur/Mount-Apo-Natural-Park.html
20. 56% of all terrestrial Key Biodiversity
Areas including Protected Areas, parks,
critical watersheds, etc. overlap with
Indigenous Peoples’ Ancestral Domain
rites. Approximately 90% of the remaining
forest cover of the Philippines is situated
within ancestral domains.
Legend:
Key Biodiversity Areas
NIPAS National Parks
Ancestral Domains
Protected Areas and
Ancestral Domain Overlaps
Source: NCIP (http://www.sec.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/NCIP-PPT-PRESENTATION-SUSTAINABILITY-1.pdf)
Source: Forest Peoples Programme. 2016.
22. After 25 years….
1992
RA 7586
NIPAS Act
1995
EO 263
Adopting Community-
Based Forestry
Management as
National Strategy (SD
of Forestlands’
Resources)
1998
RA 8550
Fisheries Code of
the Philippines
1997
RA 8371
Indigenous Peoples
Rights Act
The need for harmonization
The overlap of the NIPAS Act and the
Fisheries Code is a contentious issue,
especially for local governments that have
primary jurisdiction over coastal areas
(municipal waters). This overlap created
confusion regarding powers and
responsibilities.
http://scalar.usc.edu/works/tropical-marine-protected-areas/app-island-marine-sanctuary
23. RA 11038
of 2018
Also known as the
E-NIPAS Act of 2018
or the Expanded
National Integrated
Protected Areas
System Act.
.
24. E-NIPAS ACT of 2018
DECLARATION OF POLICY
The policy of the State to secure for the Filipino people of present and future generations the perpetual
existence of all native plants and animals through the establishment of a comprehensive system
of integrated protected areas within the classification
of NATIONAL PARK as provided for
in the Constitution.
25. Definition of Terms
41 Terms e.g. Biodiversity, Ecosystem
Services, Endemic sp., Exotic sp., Invasive
Alien sp. Threatened sp., GMO, Wildlife,
Wetlands, Bioprospecting, Poaching
13 Terms e.g. NIPAS, Protected Area,
Buffer Zones, National Parks, Resource
Reserve, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tenured
Migrants, Indigenous Cultural Community
E-NIPAS NIPAS
Establishment and
Extent of the System
13 Areas (National Parks)
Terrestrial
Wetland
Marine
94 New Areas (National Parks)
Terrestrial
Wetland
Marine
NAMRIA Certification (Boundaries and
Technical Descriptions)
Buffer ZonesPrivate Lands (inclusion in the
coverage)
Private Lands (not considered)
26.
27. #
115
115
120
120
125
125
5
5
10
10
15
15
20
20
200 0 200 400
Kilometers
MAP SHOWING THE KEY
BIODIVERSITY AREAS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
N
EW
S
Biogeographic Zones
Batanes
Babuyanes
Greater Luzon
Lubang
Greater Mindoro
Greater Palawan
Burias
Sibuyan
Romblon - Tablas
Greater Negros - Panay
Greater Mindanao
Camotes
Siquijor
Camiguin
Greater Sulu
Sibutu
Key Biodiversity Areas
Initial Component of NIPAS
Proclaimed under NIPAS
LEGEND
S
o
u
th
ChinaSea
P
h
i l
i
p
p
in
e
S
ea
S u l u S e a
V i s a y a n
S e a
C e l e b e s S e a
E-NIPASNIPAS
28. E-NIPAS NIPAS
Suitability Assessment
(Proposed Protected
Area)
Land and Water Use Plans Land Use Plan only
Administration and
Management
DENR thru Protected Areas and
Wildlife Division (PAWD) in regions
DENR thru Biodiversity
Management Bureau (BMB)
Management Plan – should be
prepared within one year from the
establishment of the area.
Management Plan – no timeframe
specified
30. Mt. Kitanglad Range Nature Park Protected Area Management Board
(NIPAS Act of 1992)
31. E-NIPAS NIPAS
Ancestral Domains and
Customary Rights
Governance, maintenance,
development, protection and
conservation – in accordance with the
Indigenous Cultural Community/IP’s
customary law with full assistance from
NCIP, DENR, etc…
Rules and regulations on governance -
DENR
All projects or activities whether or
not included in the management
plan
Environmental Impact
Assessment
Projects or activities not included in
the management plan
32. E-NIPAS NIPAS
PROCESS 13 Steps:
1. Compilation of maps and technical
description
2. Initial screening
3. Public notification
4. Initial consultation
5. Survey/Census and Registration of
PA Occupants
6. Resource Profiling
7. Initial protected area plan
8. Public hearing
9. Regional review and
recommendation
10.National review and recommendation
11.Presidential proclamation
12.Congressional action
13. Demarcation
______ Steps:
SHOULD BE STREAMLINED
(Pending IRR)
33. E-NIPAS
Long-Term Framework Plan
Guide of annual operations plan and budget
New Components:
• CCAM
• DRRM
• Waste Sewerage and Septic Management
• GAD
Harmonization:
Ancestral Domain SD Protection Plan
CLUPs of LGUs in line with RA 7160 (Local Government
Code of 1991
Management Plans
34. E-NIPAS
New inclusions:
• Poaching
• Dumping/throwing of Toxic Substances and
Hazardous Wastes (RA 6969 of 1990)
• Engaging in “Kaingin”
• Establishment or introduction of exotic species,
GMOs, invasive aliens species
• Conducting Bioprospecting without prior PAMB
clearance
Prohibited Acts
35. E-NIPAS
TENURED MIGRANTS. Eligible to become stewards of portions of
lands within multiple – use zones.
EXISTING RIGHTS. Municipalities and cities within the protected
area shall continue to occupy such townships and town centers
provided that in the development of their CLUPs and development
plans, due consideration shall be given to the intended use for
conservation and biodiversity.
LGUs. LGUs within the PAs shall participate in its management
through representation in the PAMB. They shall align their CLUPs,
local development and DRRM and other plans
Additional Sections in RA 11038
36. E-NIPAS
PhP 200,000 – 1M or 1-6 years Imprisonment or both +
damages of triple value of the said resources
• Poaching, killing, destroying wildlife (within PAs)
• Hunting, collecting, possessing wildlife or by-products
derived without necessary permit
Penalties
37. E-NIPAS
PhP 1M – 5M or 6-12 years Imprisonment or both
• Undertaking mineral exploration or extraction
• Engaging in commercial or large-scale quarrying
• Prospecting, hunting or locating hidden treasures
• GMOs, exotic and invasive alien species establishment
or introduction
Penalties
38. E-NIPAS
244 PAs = 7.76 M Has.
Protected Areas
201420142014
201920192019 239 PAs = 5.40 M Has.
107 established under NIPAS classification of
National Park (13 thru NIPAS + 94 thru E-NIPAS)
40. National
Park
01
Refers to the lands of the public
domain classified in the
Constitution which include all
areas under the NIPAS
pursuant to this E-NIPAS Act,
primarily designated for the
conservation of native plants
and animals, their associated
habitats and cultural diversity.
#
#
#
#
#
N
EW
S
MAP
SHOWING THE LOCATION OF
PROTECTED AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Proclaimed Under NIPAS
Initial Component of NIPAS
Provincial Boundary
LEGEND
Prepared by:
Batanes PLS
Kal bario-Patapat PL
Pal aui Mari ne
Reserve
Penablanca PLS
Northern Sierra
Madre NTP
Magapit PL
Libunao PL
Bi gbiga PL
Lidlida PL
Sta.L ucia PL
Bessang Pass NLM
Upper Agno
River Basin RR
Agoo Damorti sPLS
Salinas NML
Qui rino PL
CasecnanPL
Amro River PL
Manl el uag
Hot spring PL
Masinloc-Oyon
Bay MR
Maul awin PL
Simbahan- Talaganas PL
Dinadi aw an PL
Roosevelt PL
Pami tinan PL
Ni noy Aquino Parks and Wil dl ife C ent er
Mts. Palay- Pal ay
Mat aas-na-Gul od PL
Hinulugang Taktak PL
Mts.Banahaw -
San Cristobal PL
Taal Volcano PL Quezon PL
Mt. Calavite WS
Marinduque W S
Buenavi sta PL
Abasig-Matugdong PL
Bicol NPMaulawin Spri ng
Lagonoy
NBA
Mt. Isarog NP
Mal abungot PLS
Mayon Volcano NP
Bul usan Volcano NP
Mt. Guiting-
Gui ting NP Bongsalay NP
Biri larosa PL S
Calbayog -Pan-As
Hayi ban PL
Jicontol WFR
Calbiga Cave PL
Naro Island W S
Northwest Panay NP
Sibalom NTP
Apo Reef NTP
El Nido Managed Resource
Protected Area
Mal ampaya Sound PLS
Cuatro Isals PLS
Mahagnao Volcano NP
Cent ral Cebu PL
Talibon PL S
Chocol ate Hill NM
Mt. Canlaon NP
Northern
Negros NP
Sagay MR
TanonStrait
Sel inog Is. PLSAliguay PLS
Jose Rizal Monument PL
Initao PLS
Mt. Mal indang NTP
Baliangao PLS
Mt. Bal atuakn Range NP
Mt. Timpoong Hibok- Hibok NM
Siargao PLS
Apo Is. WS
Alburquerque PLS
Bali nsasayaw Tiwin
LakesNP
Raj ah Si katuna
Mimbil isan PL
Mucielagos PLS
Siocon RR
Pasonanca NP
Great Litt le Sta Cruz Is. PLS
DumanquilasBay PLS
Buug NBA
Mt. Timolan PL
Mt. Kitanglad NTP
Mt. Kalat ungan Range NTP
Agusan Marsh WS
Mainit Hotspring PL
Mabini PL S
Mat i PL
Pujada Bay PS
Mt. Apo NTP
Mt. Matutum PL
Basilan NBA
Turtle Island WS
Tubbataha Reef NP
Rasa Island WS
Lake Danao NP
114
114
116
116
118
118
120
120
122
122
124
124
126
126
2
2
4
4
6
6
8
8
10
10
12
12
14
14
16
16
18
18
20
20
22
22
24
24
APAYAO
ILOCOS
NORTE
ILOCOS
NORTE
LAUNION
PANGASINAN
TARLAC
ZAMBALES
PAMPANGA
BATAAN
BULACAN
NUEVA
ECIJA
NUEVA
VIZCAYA
QUIRINO
ISABELA
CAGAYAN
BATANES
AURORA
NATIONAL
CAPITAL
REGION
CAVITE
BATANGAS
LAGUNA
RIZAL
QUEZON
MARINDUQUE
ORIENTAL
MINDORO
OCCIDENTAL
MINDORO
ROMBLON
CAMARINES
NORTE
CAMARINES
SUR
MASBATE
ALBAY
SORSOGON
PALAWAN
ANTIQUE
CAPIZ
ILOILO
AKLAN
GUIMARAS
NEGROS
OCCIDENTAL
NEGROS
ORIENTAL
CEBU
BOHOL
SIQUIJOR
CAMIGUIN
SOUTHERN
LEYTE
LEYTE
EASTERN
SAMAR
WESTERN
SAMAR
NORTHERN
SAMAR
BILIRAN
CATANDUANES
ZAMBOANGA
DEL NORTE
ZAMBOANGA
DEL SUR
MISAMIS OC.
BASILAN
SULU
TAWI-TAWI
MISAMIS OR.
LANAO
DEL NORTE
LANAO
DEL SUR
BUKIDNON
SURIGAO
DEL NORTE
SURIGAO
DEL SUR
AGUSAN
DEL NORTE
AGUSAN
DEL SUR
COTABATO CITY
MAGUINDANAO
SULTANKUDARAT
SOUTH
COTABATO
SARANGANI
DAVAO
DEL SUR
COTABATO
(NORTH)
DAVAO
DEL NORTE
COMPOSTELA
VALLEY
DAVAO
ORIENTAL
ABRA
KALINGA
MT. PROVINCE
IFUGAO
BENGUET
Mt. Mantal ingahan PL
Alamio, Buyaan,Carac-an
Pani kian & Sipangpang Falls WFR
Paoay L ake NP
Il ocos Norte WFR
Tanap WFR
Cassamat a Hill NP
Northern Luzon
Heroes Hi ll NP
Balbalasang-
Balbalan NTP
Mt. Data NP
Mt. Pulag NP
Pinamaca
Calabgan WFR
Dupax WFR
Dipaculao WFR
Bazal
DibaloSan Luis
Dingal an
Minalungao NP
Dona Remedios
Trinidad WFR
Hundred Is. NP
Bataan NP
Umi ray
Alabat WFR
Calauag
Tibiang-Dumadagundong WFR
Lopez WFR
Lake Sebu WFR
Mt. Sinaka
Lake Buluan GRBS
Loboc WFR Alijawan
Bohol WS
Kuapnit
Sohoton Cave NP
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
PROTECTED AREAS AND WILDLIFE BUREAU
Quezon Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
Telephone: 924-6031 to 35 Fax : 924-0109
email : planning@pawb.gov.ph
Mts. Iglit -Baco NP
Naujan Lake NP
Hinabanga
Cabil ao
Sudlon
Guadal upe
Olango Is.W S
Aklan River WFR
Dalanas Ri ver WFR
Jal aur River WFR
Maasin WFR
Pan de Azucar
Juban
Quinasag
Bali gui a
Wangag WFR
Bawa WFR
LUZON
VISAYAS
MINDANAO
Mt. Arayat NP
# Puerto Princesa
Subterranean River NP
# Alla Valley WFR
Naguil ian WFR
Note:
NP - Natural Park/National Park
NML - Natural Monument/Landmark
RR - Resource Reserve
NMR - Marine Reserve
WS - Wildlife Sanctuary
GRBS - Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary
PS - Protected Seascape
PL - Protected Landscape
PLS - Protected Landscape and Seascape
MRPA - Managed Resource Protected Area
Capas Death M arch
Lake Malim anga
Subic Bay
Biak-na-Bato
Angat WFR
PD 1636
S
o
u
t
h
C
h
in
a
Sea
P
h
ilip
p
in
e
S
e
a
S u l u S e a
C e l e b e s S e a
B
a
b
u
y
a
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
Cape Bolinao
Samar Isl and
Natural Park
Mariveles WFR
Polili o WFR
Calauit WS
BinahaanRiver WFR
Infanta WFR
Torrijos WFR
Caramoan NP
Libmanan Caves NP
Ol ongapo Naval Base Perimeter
Low er
Agno WFR
Catanduanes NP
Taklong Is. Nati onal
Marine Reserve
McArthur
Landing NP
109 NIPAS Proclaimed National Parks (2009)
Section 3, Article XII of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, lands of public domain are classified
into four categories: agricultural, forest or timber,
mineral lands, and national parks.
41. Natural
Biotic Areas
02
Refers to an area set aside to
allow the way of life of
societies living in harmony with
the environment to adapt to
modern technology at their
pace.
Basilan Natural Biotic Area (BASILAN)
Proclamation 321 (31 May 2000)
4,545,99 hectares
42. Refers to a relatively small
area focused on the protection
of small features to protect or
preserve nationally significant
natural features on account of
their special interest or unique
characteristics.
Natural
Monument
03
Chocolate Hills Natural Monument (BOHOL)
Proclamations 1037 (1 July 1997); 333 (26 February 2003)
13,994.95 hectares
43. Refers to a relatively large area
not materially altered by
human activity where
extractive resource uses are
not allowed and is maintained
to protect outstanding natural
and scenic areas of national or
international significance for
scientific, educational, and
recreational use.
Natural
Park
04
Mt. Isarog Natural Park (CAMARINES SUR)
Proclamation 214 (20 June 2002)
10,090.89 hectares
44. Refer to areas of national
significance which are
characterized by the
harmonious interaction of man
and land and water while
providing opportunities for
public enjoyment through
recreation, tourism and other
economic activities.
Siargao Island Protected Landscape and
Seascape (SURIGAO DEL NORTE)
Proclamation 902 (10 October 1996)
283,974.77 hectares
Protected
Landscapes
and Seascapes
05
45. Refers to an extensive, relatively
isolated, and uninhabited area which
is difficult to access and is
designated to protect natural
resources of the area for future use
and prevent or contain development
activities that could affect the
resources, pending establishment of
sustainable resource utilization
goals which are based upon
appropriate information and
planning.
Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (LAGUNA)
Proclamations 106 (1910) and 552 (1933);
RAs 3523 (1963 ) and 6967 (1990)
4,244 hectares
Resource
Reserve
06
46. Refers to an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem features and species of
flora and fauna of national scientific importance that should be maintained to
protect and preserve nature in its undisturbed state and to preserve ecologically
representative examples of the natural environment to ensure their availability for
scientific study, environmental monitoring, education, and for maintenance of
genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary state.
Strict
Natural
Reserve
07
47. Refers to an area which assures the
natural conditions necessary to
protect nationally significant
species, groups of species, biotic
communities or physical features of
the environment which may require
human manipulations for their
perpetuation.
Turtle Island Wildlife Sanctuary (TAWI-TAWI)
Proclamation 171 (26 August 1999)
249,958.29 hectares
Wildlife
Sanctuary
08
48. Refer to a wide variety of inland
habitats such as marshes,
peatlands, floodplains, rivers and
lakes, and coastal areas such as
saltmarshes, mangroves, intertidal
mudflats and seagrass beds, and
also coral reefs and other marine
areas no deeper than six (6) meters
at low tide, as well as human-made
wetlands such as dams, reservoirs,
rice paddies and wastewater
treatment ponds and lagoons.
Las Piñas- Parañaque Critical Habitat and
Ecotourism Area or Wetland Park (MANILA)
Proclamation 1412 (2007) and 1412A (2008);
175.307 hectares
RAMSAR SITE (March 15, 2013)
Wetlands
09
49. BATANES
P r o t e c t e d
L a n d s c a p e a n d
S e a s c a p e
hosts a number of
rare and endemic species.
Out of 256 species of
flowering plants, for instance,
42 are endemic to the
Philippines, and seven of
these can only be found
in Batanes.
50. TUBBATAHA
REEFS
N a t u r a l P a r k
Largest marine protected
area (MPA) in the
Philippines. Situated at the
apex of the Coral Triangle, an
area known to be
the global center of marine
biological diversity. Inscribed
in the RAMSAR List of
Wetlands of International
Importance and an ASEAN
Heritage Park.
51. APO ISLAND
P r o t e c t e d
L a n d s c a p e a n d
S e a s c a p e
The Apo Island is nestled
within the Coral Triangle.
It is one of the
world's best known
community-organized
marine sanctuaries
52. REFERENCES:
DENR-BMB. 2015. Guidebook to the Protected Areas of the Philippines.
DENR-PAWB. 2002. The Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities. A Second Iteration of the National Biodiversity Strategy and
Action Plan (Final Report).
La Viña, A.G.M., Kho, J.L. and MJ Caleda. 2010. Legal Framework for Protected Areas.
Forest Peoples Programme. 2016. The International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity and the Secretariat of the Convention on
Biological Diversity: Local Biodiversity Outlooks. Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Contributions to the
Implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. A complement to the fourth edition of the Global Biodiversity
Outlook. Moreton-in Marsh, England.
GIZ. 2011. An In-Depth Review of the NIPAS Law and Related Statutes on the Establishment and Management of Protected Areas in the
Philippines.
GIZ. 2013. Analysis of Key Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Philippines.
Pulhin, J.M. 2002. Trends in Forest Policy of the Philippines. Policy Trend Report 2002: 29-41.
Senga, R.G. Establishing Protected Areas in the Philippines: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Prospects. The George Wright Forum.
Republic Act No. 7586 or the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992.
Republic Act No. 11038 or the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018.
Suarez, RK and P.E. Sajise. 2010. Deforestation, Swidden Agriculture and Philippine Biodiversity. The Philippine Science Letters. Vol.3
No.1.