2. Nervous system controls your emotions,
movement, thinking and behavior
2 parts:
central nervous system (CNS)- the brain and
spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)-consists of
smaller branches of nerves that reach other parts
of the body
4. Long, thin cells of nerve tissue that send
messages to and from the brain; they fire on
an “all-or-nothing” principle
Parts of a neuron- cell body, dendrites, axon
Cell body-nucleus; produces energy to fuel
activity
Dendrites-short, thin fibers that receive impulses
Axon- long fiber that carries impulses towards the
dendrites of the next neuron
9. Neurons transmits impulses by releasing
chemicals- neurotransmitters that excite or
inhibit
Norepinephrin- involved with memory and
learning (undersupply = depression)
Endorphin- inhibits pain
Ecetylcholine- movement and memory (paralysis
and Alzheimer’s)
Dopamine- involved in learning, emotional
arousal, and movement (oversupply =
schizophrenia, undersupply = Parkinson’s)
10. Its function is motor movement
and maybe memory.
To much and you will….
Not enough and you will….
Lack of ACH has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease.
11. Its function is motor movement
and alertness.
Lack of dopamine is associated with
Parkinson’s disease.
Overabundance is associated with
schizophrenia.
12. Function deals with pain control.
We become addicted to endorphin causing
feelings.
13. Function deals with mood control.
Lack of serotonin
has been linked to
depression.
14. It is an electrochemical process
Electrical inside the neuron
Chemical outside the neuron (in
the synapse in the form of a
neurotransmitter).
The firing is call Action
Potential.
15. The idea that
either the
neuron fires or
it does not- no
part way firing.
Like a gun
30. Hindbrain- rear base of skull; most basic
processes of life
Cerebellum- helps control posture, balance and
voluntary movements
Medulla- breathing, heart rate and reflexes
The pons- bridge between spinal cord and brain;
produces chemicals for sleep
Midbrain- small part above the pons; integrates
sensory info and relays it upward
RAS- reticular activation system- alerts the rest of
brain to incoming signals
31. Cerebrum consists of 2 hemispheres connected by a
band of fibers- corpus callosum
Cerebral cortex is divided into 4 lobes
Occipital lobe- processes visual signals
Parietal lobe- processes info from senses from all over the
body
Temporal lobe- hearing, memory, emotion and speaking
Frontal lobe- organization, planning and creative thinking
Somatosensory cortex- receives info from touch
sensors
Motor cortex- controls fine movement
33. Structures on top of our spinal cord.
Controls basic biological structures.
The brain in
purple makes up
the hindbrain.
34. Located just above
the spinal cord.
Involved in control of
blood pressure
heart rate
Breathing
Reflexes
35. Located just above
the medulla.
Connects hindbrain
with midbrain and
forebrain.
Involved in facial
expressions,
produces chemicals
for sleep
36. Bottom rear of
the brain.
“little brain”
Coordinates fine
muscle
movements –
posture, balance
37.
38. If stimulated
Coordinates simple
movements with
sensory information -
RAS- reticular activation
system- alerts the rest of
brain to incoming signals
controls arousal and
ability to focus our
attention (important!)
If Destroyed
39. What makes us
human.
Largest part of
the brain – central
core
.
40. Maybe most
important structure
in the brain.
Controls and regulates
Body temperature
Sexual Arousal
The most powerful structure in the brain. Hunger
Thirst
Endocrine System
41. Switchboard of the
brain.
Receives sensory
signals from the
spinal cord and sends
them to other parts
of the forebrain.
Every sense except
smell.
42. Made up of densely
packed neurons we call
“gray matter”
Glial Cells: support
brain cells.
Wrinkles are called
fissures.
outer layer; ability to
learn and store
complex and abstract
info and to project
thinking into the
future
44. Abstract thought and
emotional control.
Contains Motor Cortex: sends
signals to our body controlling
muscle movements.
Contains Broca’s Area:
responsible for controlling
muscles that produce speech.
Damage to Broca’s Area is
called Broca’s Aphasia: unable
to make movements to talk.
46. Contain Sensory
Cortex: receives
incoming touch
sensations from rest
of the body.
Most of the Parietal
Where would this girl feel the most
pain from her sunburn? Lobes are made up of
Association Areas.
47. Any area not associated with receiving
sensory information or coordinating muscle
movements.
49. Deals with vision.
Contains Visual
Cortex: interprets
messages from our
eyes into images
we can understand.
50.
51. Process sound sensed
by our ears.
Interpreted in
Auditory Cortex.
NOT LATERALIZED.
Contains Wernike's
Area: interprets
written and spoken
speech.
Wernike's Aphasia:
unable to understand
language: the syntax
56. Involved in how
we process
memory.
More involved in
volatile emotions
like anger.
The emotion of anger has not changed much
throughout evolution.
57. Pituitary Gland
•“master gland”
•Key hormone is the growth
hormone.
•Overproduction may result in
gigantism.
•Major growth in hands, feet, and chin.
59. Divided into to
hemispheres.
Contralateral control:
right controls left and
vice versa.
In general,
Left Hemisphere: logic
and sequential tasks.
Right Hemisphere:
spatial and creative
tasks.
60. The idea that the
brain, when
damaged, will
attempt to find
news ways to
reroute messages.
Children’s brains
are more plastic
than adults.
61. Left hemisphere Right hemisphere
Controls right side of Controls left side of
body body
Verbal Nonverbal
Mathematical Spatial/visual
Analytical Holistic
logic Perception, patterns
Creativity/intuition
62. •19 men and 19 women asked to determine if two nonsense words rhymed.
•All 19 men had left frontal lobe light up
•11 of 19 women had that plus lighting behind right eyebrow
•Left brain (reason) Right brain (feelings)
•Thus women draw on feelings as well as reason when they use words.
63. University of Pennsylvania
•37 men and 24 women told to think of nothing while linked to a PET
machine
•Men-reported being fixated on sex and football
•Women-fixated on stringing words together, such as “How much
longer?”, “Why are we doing this?”
64. Found that the women’s corpus callosum to be 23% larger than
men’s. This may be the reason for more hemispheric chit chat. Also
may help explain why women have better intuition.
65. Baby’s Brain
Genetics make up basic wiring of
the brain. Experience makes up
the majority. “Live” language
boosts
vocabulary. The downside to a baby’s brain is that it is very vulnerable to trauma.
Stress produces a hormone called cortisol, which acts like an acid on the brain.
66. Those who dues to epilepsy,
have their corpus callosum
removed.
67. The 2 hemispheres communicate through the
corpus callosum
Sometimes necessary to disconnect the 2
sides- severe seizures
Split brain people have difficulty verbalizing
objects in the left hand
Injuries to the specific areas of the brain
cause personality changes, emotional
changes, speech and memory issues, etc.
70. Phineas Gage- railroad foreman had temping
iron puncture his skull; changed his
personality- more aggressive
Lesions- experiments with animals;
destroying temporal lobe in rhesus monkeys
gave them violent tendencies
Broca’s area- left side of cortex was damaged
in his patient- could not produce speech
71. Electroencephalograph (EEG)- machine used to
record electrical activity of the brain
Computerized axial tomography (CAT)- uses x-ray
beams (radiation) to study the brain to pinpoint
injuries and brain deterioration
Positron emission tomography (PET)- uses
radioactive solution to see which brain areas are
activated while performing tasks
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- passes non-
harmful radio frequencies through the brain to
study structure and activity
FMRI- functional MRI uses blood oxygen level
72. A system of glands that secrete
hormones.
Similar to nervous system, except
hormones work a lot slower than
neurotransmitters.
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
74. Sends chemical messages (hormones) to and
from the brain
Hormones- chemical substances - carry
messages through the body in blood;
-growth of muscles and bones,
metabolic processes, energy, moods, and
drives
75.
76. Neurotransmitters - Send rapid and
specific messages
Hormones - Send slow, widespread
communication
77. Nature v. nurture
Flower analogy- genes establish what you
could be and environment defines the final
product
Studies done on identical twins raised apart
help to show how much of our personality is
from genetics and from environment
78.
79. Consciousness- a state of awareness
Sleep Cycles
Stage 1- pulse slows, irregular brain wave activity;
drifting; approx. 10 minutes
Stage 2- high amplitude, low frequency waves
Stage 3- after 30 minutes; large amplitude delta waves
Stage 4- deepest sleep; large delta waves
75% of sleep time is spent in stages 1-4
REM sleep- rapid eye movement; high level of brain
activity with deep relaxation of muscles and dreams;
lasts 15-45 minutes; run through cycles every 90
minutes
80. Circadian rhythm- biological clock genetically
programmed to regulate physiological responses
within 24 hours
How much sleep do you need?
Newborns- 16 hrs
Teens- 10-11 hrs
College age- 8 hrs
70 year olds- 5 hours
Lucid dreaming- you are aware that you are
dreaming; day dreaming
81. Insomnia Sleep apnea Narcolepsy Nightmares Night terrors Sleep-
walking
Failure to get Person has Sudden Unpleasant Sleep Walking or
enough sleep trouble falling asleep dreams disruptions carrying out
breathing or feeling during REM during stage 4 behaviors
while asleep; sleepy during sleep; vivid involving while
affects 1 in the day dreams screaming, sleeping; no
100 panic or memory of
Americans confusion; no doing so
memory of
night terror
Causes- Causes- Causes-
anxiety, enlarged stress,
depression, tonsils, fatigue,
alcohol or infections of sedative
drug abuse throat/middle medicines,
ear, obesity genetics
82.
83. Hypnosis- altered consciousness due to
narrowed focus; people are highly
suggestible to changes in behavior and
thought
Franz Anton Mesmer- 1st hypnotist
Neodissociation theory- “hidden observer”
part of the personality watches and reports
what happens to the hypnotized person
84. Posthypnotic suggestion- a suggestion made
during hypnosis that influences behavior
afterward; helpful with unwanted behaviors such
as smoking and over eating
Hypnotic analgesia- hypnosis used to reduce pain
Biofeedback- learning to control bodily states with
the help of monitoring machines; control
brainwaves, heart rate, blood pressure, skin
temperature; feedback makes learning possible
85. Meditation- focusing attention to clear one’s mind
and produce relaxation
Transcendental meditation- mental repetition of
a mantra; eyes closed 15-20 minutes a day
Mindful meditation- Buddhist tradition; focus on
present movement
Breath meditation- concentration on inhaling and
exhaling
Meditation has been found to help lower blood
pressure, heart rate and respiration rate
86. How drugs work-
Carried by the blood, work like neurotransmitters
at the end of nerve cells to send their own
messages
Psychoactive drugs- interact with nervous
system and alter consciousness, mood,
perception & behavior (caffeine, alcohol,
marijuana, LSD)
87. Marijuana- most often used illegal drug
THC- active ingredient
Effects vary from person to person- intensifies
sensory experiences, distorts perception of time,
intensifies unpleasant feelings, impairs learning,
disrupts memory formation
Psychologically addicting
Causes lung damage
88. Hallucinations- perceptions that have no direct
external cause
Hallucinogens/psychedelics- drugs that often
produce hallucinations; create a loss of contact
with reality (LSD)
Opiates/narcotics (opium, morphine, heroin); they
produce analgesia- pain reduction, euphoria and
constipation; leads to physical addiction; overdose
results in loss of control of breathing
Alcohol- most widely used/abused drug;
depressant that inhibits brain’s normal functions
90. Why do people abuse drugs?
What are the dangers?
How can we treat drug abuse?
How can we prevent drug use?
91.
92. Stimulus- any aspect of or change in the
environment to which an organism responds
Sensation- what occurs when a stimulus activates
a receptor
Perception- the organization of sensory
information into meaningful experiences
Psychophysics- the study of the relationship
between stimuli and sensory experiences
93. Absolute threshold- the weakest amount of a
stimulus required to produce a sensation
Difference threshold- smallest change in a
physical stimulus that can be detected between
two stimuli
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)- smallest
increase or decrease in the intensity of a stimulus
that a person is able to detect
Weber’s Law- the larger or stronger a stimulus, the
larger the change required for a person to notice
94. Signal-detection theory- humans can
choose what stimuli to attend to and block
out surrounding stimuli
Sensory adaptation- we respond to and
adapt to changes in our environment
The Stroop Effect-
97. Objects look the color of light they reflect; they
absorb all other light colors
Blind spot- where optic nerve exits the eye
Color deficient- when cones don’t function
properly
Binocular vision- combining images from each
eye into a single image
Retinal disparity- the differences between the
images which is essential to depth perception
Near sightedness and far sightedness
98.
99. Loudness- determined by amplitude (height of
wave)
Decibel- measure of loudness (sound pressure
energy)
Pitch- depends on frequency
Deafness- 2 types
Conduction-problems with outer or middle ear when
physical motion is hindered; can be helped with hearing
aids
Sensorineural- damage to cochlea, hair cells, or neurons
100. Regulated by vestibular system in the inner
ear (fluid)
3 semicircular canals
Stimuli for responses- spinning, falling, tilting
head
101. Gaseous molecules must come into contact
with smell receptors in nose
Olfactory nerve carries impulses from nose to
the brain
102. Liquid chemicals stimulate taste bud receptors
4 senses
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Sweet
Flavor is a combination of taste, smell and
tactile sensations
103. Receptors responsible for info about pressure,
warmth, cold & pain
2 kinds of pain
Sharp and localized
Dull and generalized
Gate control theory of pain- can lessen pain
by shifting attention away from pain impulses
or by sending competing signals
104. Sense of movement and body position
Receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints
It coordinates movement
105. Gestalt- organizing bits & pieces of
information into meaningful wholes
Proximity Similarity
Closure Continuity
simplicity
106. Figure-ground perception- ability to
discriminate between a figure and its
background
Perceptual inference- filling in gaps in what
our senses tell us
Subliminal messages- brief auditory or visual
messages presented below the absolute
threshold
107. Motion parallax- the apparent movement of
stationary objects relative to one another that
occurs when the observer changes position
Constancy- tendency to perceive objects in the
same way regardless of changing angle, distance,
or lighting
Illusions- perceptions that misrepresent physical
stimuli
Extra sensory perception (ESP)- ability to gain
information by some means other than ordinary
senses