1. LEAD WASTE CLEANUP FROM ARTISENAL GOLD MINING ACTIVITIES Sunke Village, Anka Location, Zamfara State, Federal Republic of Nigeria, West Africa First Coast Joint Engineers Luncheon FES ASCE SAME EWB May 17, 2011 1
4. Artisanal GOLD EXTRACTION PROCESS EXCAVATE GOLD ORE AT MINES / VEINS BREAKING ROCK – Using tools to break large pieces of rock into gravel-sized pebbles GRINDING ROCK – Using grinding machines to break pebble-sized rocks into fine powder WASHING ROCK – Using water to wash dust or rocks in a pan to collect gold flakes DRYING ROCK – Leaving powder-like rocks out to dry SEPERATING – Using mercury in a large bowl to amalgamate gold flakes MELTING – Using heat to vaporize mercury that sticks to gold after the separating process 4
7. CDC Preliminary Survey June, 2010 Surveyed 119 family living compounds 2/3 reported processing ore within compound Families reported 118 of 463 children < age 5 (26%) died in previous 12 months (82% of deaths within previous 6 months) Soil sampled 45 ppm to >100,000 ppm lead (US EPA limit < 400 ppm) 85% of compounds had some readings > 400 ppm 205 living < age 5 children were blood sampled 100% > 10 ppm blood lead level 97 % > 45 ppm blood lead level values ranged 33.3 to 445 ppm blood lead level 7
8.
9. THE ROAD TO SUNKE(or Abare, Duza, TungarDaji) 9
11. REMEDIATION PROTOCOLS US EPA Standards (remediate if) ≥ 400 ppm Soil Lead Max in Child’s Play Area ≥ 1,200 ppm Soil Lead Avg in Occupied Areas ZAMFARA Standards for Living Compounds & Common Areas < 400 ppm: No Action ≥ 400 ppm: Clean Soil Cap (3 in ~ 8 cm of laterite) ≥ 1,000 ppm: Excavate to < 400 ppm, Clean Soil Cap 11
12. REMEDIATION PROCEDURES Meet with Chief to Hire Local Workers, Landfill Location and Co-ordinate Work Develop Landfill Outside Village Meet With Families (Mothers) for Compound Entry and Co-operation Test and Map Remediation Areas Excavate and Bag Contaminated Soils Transport and Dispose Bags in Landfill(s) Clean Soil Cap Areas per Protocols Post-Remediation Health Training of Families Close Landfill(s) 12
21. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE Post-Remediation Health Training of Families Advocacy Group from Nigerian Ministry of Health Wash All Compound Fixtures and Clothes Bathe The Children Raise a Ruckus if processing returns to compound Close Landfill(s) 1 Meter of Cover (bags below normal crop roots) Monuments and Placards 21
22. HEALTH & SAFETY End-of-Day Decontamination Washing Facilities for Contaminated Soil Handlers (Excavation and Disposal Crews) Purple Pants and T-shirts collected and laundered daily (nightly) Dust Masks Distributed, Collected, Disposed Daily Daily Meal White Rice Red Sauce Two pieces of meat or ½ cup of beans 22
30. AFTER THOUGHTS The Lure of Gold is Irresistible Subsistence Farmers; Gold is the Cash Crop Processing will return to the villages after cleanup Hydrocarbons (credit) vs Carbohydrates (free) Alternative Actions / More Economical Solutions Clean Soil Cap Everywhere (in lieu of excavation) Move The Village Do Nothing 30
32. STRATA DEVELOPED WORLD 1 BILLION $ 30,000 > GDP (PPP) Per Capita (Shepherding Abundance) North & South Maritime States USA Canada Western Europe Japan South Korea UAE Israel Australia New Zealand DEVELOPING WORLD 5 BILLION $ 30,000 > GDP (PPP) Per Capita > $ 2,200 (Social Services, Urbanization) BRICS& Asian Tigers & OPEC Brazil Russia (& Former Soviets) India China South Africa SE Asia Middle East Chile Argentina UNDERDEVELOPED WORLD 1 BILLION $ 2,200 > GDP (PPP) Per Capita (Disease, Famine, Survival) Failed States & Sub-Saharan Africa Cuba Venezuela Bangladesh Afghanistan North Korea Burma Sudan Somalia DRC Ref: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html 32
42. YOUR TOOLS INVENTORY LANGUAGES ENGLISH ( FIDIC) SPANISH, FRENCH, ARABIC, PORTUGESE RUSSIAN, MANDARIN CREDENTIALS ADVANCED DEGREES STEM Medical, Public Health Political, Legal INDUSTRY CERTS (i.e., USGBC/LEEDS; ISO9001) METRIC SYSTEM (Hard METRIC vs Soft METRIC) PROFESSIONAL LICENSURE (USA/INT’L) COMMUNICATIONS SOCIAL NETWORKS ( LinkedIn, Devex) SKYPE INT’L CONFERENCES 42
ThanksTwo presentation parts (Zamfara and International Development Opportunities)50 slides/30 minutes/LinkedIn/Questions at End/Handout with ReferencesGold currently trades at USD$ 1,400 per ozOil currently is USD$ 100 per barrel5/16/2011 - Zamfara weather (Sokoto Airport)Humidity; 5%Wind: 6 mph from the EastVisibility: 6.0 miles,Temp 90-108 F
During previous centuries and millennia,Islam was brought from north by desert Arab traders;Christianity to south by North Atlantic slave traders and missionaries operating along the coasts.Islam encourages polygamy (multiple wives and many, many little Islamists);Tsetse flies south of 10th parallel kill camels
Anka sits at the junction of the “tee” shaped preponderance of old gold sites (NW Nigeria).
Breaking, grinding and washing require energy and water;Primarily located at population centers
Left: Diesel driven grain grinder;Right: 2 pre-teens pounding grain;(collapsed wall in background, usual event during rainy season, quickly repaired within a few months of dry weather)
Class 1 - 3 are chronic toxicity effects;Class 4 - 5 are acute toxicity creating alerting and alarming medical effects;>10 ppm = potential damage;>45 ppm = seizures and brain damage
10 ppm = potential damage45 ppm = seizures and brain damageAlmost all children had BBL above 45 ppm
March Problem ??May Alert !June Action !!August Rains / RegroupSeptember Remobilize
Un-improved roads, tracks across the country-side,Some prior attempts at improvements (probably decades ago in the heady days following independence, circa 1960)Washed out in rainy season flash floods,No regular maintenance
Adobe construction;Compound courtyards;New construction;Adobe brickyard (end of harvest time frame,e.g., Nov,Dec , creates an available supply of straw)
3 in or 8 cm equals width of hand;laterite is red soil (“weathered” clay, e.g., rain and UV leaches all minerals except iron) in first 1-meter of landfill excavation
Repeated across 9 villagesExpanded upon in following slides
Meeting spot located in town center near Chief’s compound;woven plastic mats placed temporarily for meeting.
Komatsu 220 Excavator,“walked” 20 km (13 miles) over un-improved roads from nearest paved transport access (near Anka) to 9 village landfill constructionsLaterite soils boundary at ~ 1 meter deep
Advocacy Group consists of several women college graduates from the Nigeria Min of Health “loaned” to the projects;Emir of Anka issued fatwa allowing non-family male entry into living compounds for purposes of remediation for a limited period
Areas within the compound and exterior common areas were identified to reduce scope of work;advocacy group members help during visitation “slack” times
Areal Photos (Google Earth) overlaid with color codesDark blue(s) – no remediation, some coverRemainder – excavate, dispose and cover
H&S: dust masks, coveralls (purple pants & T-shirts), sprayers for dust control. Ground was dense tight clays (picks & shovels).Excavation of 1-3 inches was normally necessary to find clean ground beneath the contaminated soils.
Bags about 100#; hand loaded and unloaded on flatbed trucks
Red laterite clays from landfill or other borrow pits; Loader and dumptruck delivery to vicinity of village
1 meter estimated by body height (1-1/2 meters estimated as height of shoulder on a person)
Two pieces of meat together equal the size of your thumb;I was drinking 1-1½ gallons of water per day
Glamour shotDaily Meal
Expats from USA, Kenya, Sierra Leone; some expats with advocacy group members;expat living compound in Anka
Operator and mechanic of frontend loader,Sunke storekeeper’s staff, Driver at landfill wearing standard wear for truck and vehicle drivers (pants and full “overcoat”);
Gourd scoops; Anka Market Day; downtown Anka; commercial store in Anka
Camels; sheep (before and after)
Building a granary; delivering adobe bricks by bicycle;primary level classroom; cottage industry sewing shop
Mineral concentrations from Min of Solid Minerals Development Report (1990) ;Evidence at mines of tunneling to chase richer ore veins;Probably 100 tons of contaminated soil per oz of gold recovered;$2,300,000 budget / 13,400 tons = $ 170 /ton13,500 tons / (111 tons/oz) = 120 oz x $1,400/oz =$ 17,000$ 2,300,000 / $17,000 = 13.59 (cleanup cost to earnings ratio)
Create a new village ½ mile away:New wells @ $ 1,000 each, New granaries @ $ 250, Compounds ( adobe plus labor) @ $ 500
Let’s “pass the hat”.Follow the money and try to get some in our hats.Blacksmith,Terragraphics, UNICEF, CDC, Nigeria personnel got paid to workBlacksmith, Terragraphics took % for O/H (& Profit)
My career is Strata 1 & Lower 2/Upper 3Strata1 Too much/many: houses (storing stuff: bigger closets, bigger garages), food (obesity), toxins (asthma, cancer), “baby boomers”, leisure timeStrata 2 Improve Rural Life (water, energy, health, communications) vs Mega-Cities (27 Mega Cities >10mm pop (~ Mexico City, Mumbai, Lagos, Sao Paulo, Shanghai, Cairo, Jakarta) 1 billion of these 5 billion live slums and barrios Strata 3 Failed & Fragile States: Chicken/Egg Question (Capitalism/Democracy vs Wealth)
Developed World $37 Trillion Annual EconomyDeveloping World $ 34 Trillion Annual EconomyUnderdeveloped “Forget About ‘Em”
Blue is Mandatory Social Transfers, Red is DiscretionaryFederal BudgetThere are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics. Mark TwainForget 1% Focus on $ 37 BILLION
USAID is ONE of the Many Funding SourcesOther Donors add $ 13 billionGrants/Donations vs LOANSWorld Bank $ 120 billion (loans outstanding)IDB $ 15 billionADB $ 10 billionIsDB $ 5 billionAfDB$ 5 billion $ 155 billion
IRC $ 200 millionIRD $ 500 millionLBG $ 700 millionTetra Tech $ 1.4 billion total $ 500 million Engineering & Consulting
Funding Provides forFeasibilities Studies and DesignImplementation (Const Mgmt)Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E = QA/QC & Peer Review)
Similar to BizOps.Gov and Dodge ReportsTracks International Tenders and Awards~ $ 11/mo for Individual Professional Members~ $ 125/mo for Small Business Member
Weekly Awarded Contracts
Profiles of Professional and Business Members
LanguagesEnglish = GlobishFIDIC Contracts are usually English - basedCredentialsCountries have dumped BS/BA’s into dysfunctional economies – need advanced technologyLEED – water and energy are very cheap in the USAAudit existing and future resources (software, personnel) for metric complianceCommunicationsMost staff are nationals; A few top posts expats (US PC Dir, CFO, Program Officer) (IDB – Three Expat at posts in each capital, including the Caribbean)Devex Career Fair, panel discussion, USAID “desperate” for engineersAnd finally, your most important International Tool ………