1. Ms Meenakshi Dhiman
Assistant Prof. SILB,Solan

2.  Need of the hour is to prepare suitable strategies
of environmental education for saving our
environment. Environment education denotes a
study of environment and its dynamics
environmental degradation and it various forms,
factors degrading environment and its impact
on man’s life.
 The Supreme Court of India Issued directives to
the government in 1991 to introduce
environment education at all levels of formal
education.

3.  Atmosphere-Air
 Hydrosphere-Water
 Lithosphere-Soil
 Biosphere-LivingOrganisms

4.  The atmosphere of Earth is composed of
 nitrogen (about 78%),
 oxygen (about 21%),
 argon (about 0.9%) ,
 carbon dioxide (0.04%) and other gases in
trace amounts.

5.  The atmospheres of the planetsVenus and Mars are primarily composed
of carbon dioxide, with small quantities of nitrogen, argon, oxygenand traces of
other gases.
 The composition of Earth's atmosphere is largely governed by the by-products of
the life that it sustains. Dry air from Earth's atmospherecontains 78.08%
nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of
hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally a variable
amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level.
 The low temperatures and higher gravity of the Solar System's giant planets—
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—allow them more readily to retain gases
with low molecular masses.These planets have hydrogen–helium atmospheres,
with trace amounts of more complex compounds.
 Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres.Titan, a
moon of Saturn, andTriton, a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly
of nitrogen.When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun, Pluto has an
atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar toTriton's, but these gases are
frozen when it is farther from the Sun.
 Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in
equilibrium.These include the Moon (sodium gas), Mercury (sodium
gas), Europa (oxygen), Io (sulfur), and Enceladus (water vapor).

7.  Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the
planets Mercury,Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the
satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interplanetary
medium.The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic energy (mostly in the form of heat and
light) in the solar system.The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called
Proxima Centauri, at a distance of 4.3 light years away.The whole solar system, together with the
local stars visible on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion
stars we call the Milky Way.The Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which are
visible from the southern hemisphere.They are called the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small
Magellanic Cloud.The nearest large galaxy is the AndromedaGalaxy. It is a spiral galaxy like the
Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2 million light years away. Our galaxy, one of billions of
galaxies known, is traveling through intergalactic space.The planets, most of the satellites of the
planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in the same direction, in nearly circular orbits.
When looking down from above the Sun's north pole, the planets orbit in a counter-clockwise
direction.The planets orbit the Sun in or near the same plane, called the ecliptic. Pluto is a special
case in that its orbit is the most highly inclined (18 degrees) and the most highly elliptical of all
the planets. Because of this, for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the Sun than is Neptune. The
axis of rotation for most of the planets is nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic. The exceptions
are Uranus and Pluto, which are tipped on their sides.

8.  Sun: 99.85%
 Planets: 0.135%
 Comets: 0.01% ?
 Satellites: 0.00005%
 Minor Planets: 0.0000002% ?
 Meteoroids: 0.0000001% ?
 Interplanetary Medium: 0.0000001% ?

10.  Hydrosphere, discontinuous layer of water at
or near Earth’s surface. It includes all liquid
and frozen surface waters, groundwater held
in soiland rock, and atmospheric water
vapour.

11. Water masses at Earth's surface
reservoir
volume (in cubic
kilometres)
percent of total
oceans 1,338,000,000 96.5
ice caps, glaciers, and
permanent snow
24,064,000 1.74
ground ice and
permafrost
300,000 0.22
groundwater (total) 23,400,000 1.69
groundwater (fresh) 10,530,000 0.76
groundwater (saline) 12,870,000 0.93
lakes (total) 176,400 0.013
lakes (fresh) 91,000 0.007
lakes (saline) 85,400 0.006

12. soil moisture 16,500 0.001
atmosphere* 12,900 0.001
swamp water 11,470 0.0008
rivers 2,120 0.0002
biota 1,120 0.0001
total** 1,409,560,910 101.67

14.  Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost
mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of
the Earth.The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic
plates.The uppermost part of the lithosphere that
chemically reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
and biosphere through the soil forming process is called
the pedosphere.The lithosphere is underlain by
the asthenosphere which is the weaker, hotter, and deeper
part of the upper mantle.The Lithosphere-Asthenosphere
boundary is defined by a difference in response to stress:
the lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of
geologic time in which it deforms elastically and through
brittle failure, while the asthenosphere deforms viscously
and accommodates strain through plastic deformation.

16.  Igneous Rocks
 Sedimentary Rocks
 Metamorphic Rocks

17.  Igneous Rock
 Igneous rock is one of the three main rock types.
Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and
solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock may
form with or without crystallization, either below the
surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface
as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.
 This magma can be derived from partial melts of
existing rocks in either a planet’s mantle or crust.
Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of
three processes: an increase in temperature, a
decrease in pressure, or a change in composition.

19.  Sedimentary Rock
 Sedimentary rocks are formed by the
deposition and subsequent cementation of
that material within bodies of water and at
the surface of the earth.The process that
causes various organic materials and minerals
to settle in a place is termed as
sedimentation.

21.  Metamorphic Rocks
 Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth’s
crust and are classified by texture and by chemical and
mineral assemblage.They may be formed simply by being
deep beneath the Earth’s surface, subjected to high
temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers
above it.
 Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of
existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism,
which means “change in form”.The original rock is
subjected to heat with temperatures greater than 150 to
200°C and pressure around 1500 bars, causing profound
physical and/or chemical change.

24.  Geochemists define the biosphere as being
the total sum of living organisms (the
"biomass" or "biota" as referred to by
biologists and ecologists).

26.  Wangari Maathai was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 2004. In its citation, the
Norwegian Nobel Committee noted
Professor Maathai’s contribution to
“sustainable development, democracy and
peace.”The Committee further stated that
Professor Maathai “stands at the front of the
fight to promote ecologically viable social,
economic and cultural development in Kenya
and in Africa.

27. GretaThunberg-16 years old-Nominated

28.  The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international
awards bestowed in several categories
by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition
of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.
 The will of the Swedish scientistAlfred
Nobel established the five Nobel prizes in 1895.The
prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics,
and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in
1901.The prizes are widely regarded as the most
prestigious awards available in the fields of chemistry,
literature, peace activism, physics, and physiology or
medicine.

29.  Awarded for Outstanding contributions for
humanity in
 chemistry,
 literature,
 peace,
 physics,
 physiology or medicine, and
 economic sciences
 Country-Sweden (all prizes except the Peace
Prize)
 Norway- (Peace Prize only)

30.  Reward(s)Prize money of 9 million SEK,
approx. US$986,000 (2018);
a medal; and a diploma
 First awarded1901

31.  RabindranathTagore (1861-
1941): RabindranathTagore was the first
Indian ever to receive a Nobel Prize
 ChandrashekharVenkataraman (1888-
1970): India's first Nobel Prize for Physics was
claimed in 1930 by the renowned physicist Sir
C.V. Raman.
 Hargobind Khorana (1922-2011): Hargobind
Khorana was awarded the Nobel Prize for
Medicine in 1968.

32.  MotherTeresa (1910-1997):The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to MotherTeresa in 1979.
 Subramanian Chandrashekhar (1910-
1995):The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983 was
awarded to Dr S. Chandrashekhar, an Indian-
born astrophysicist.
 Amartya Sen (b-1933): Prof. Amartya Sen is the
recipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics for
the year 1998, becoming the first Asian to have
been honoured with the award.

33.  "Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present,
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."

34.  The Sustainable Development Goals are the
blueprint to achieve a better and more
sustainable future for all.They address the
global challenges we face, including those
related to poverty, inequality, climate,
environmental degradation, prosperity,
and peace and justice.The Goals
interconnect and in order to leave no one
behind, it ís important that we achieve
each Goal and target by 2030.

35.  No poverty
 Zero hunger
 Good health
 Quality Education
 Gender equality
 Clean water and
sanitation
 Affordable and clean
energy
 Economic growth
 Industry,innovation and
Infrastructure
 Reduced inequality
 Sustainable communities
 Responsible production
and comsumption
 Climate action
 Life below water
 Life on land
 Peace,Justice,Strong
institutions
 Partnerships for goals

37.  Population growth
 Poverty
 Unemployment
 Climate Change

38.  MaheshChandra Mehra
 Lawyer by Profession
 Known as Green Advocate.
 He is responsible for shifting of polluting
industry from Agra and Delhi and formation
of GangaAction Plan

39.  Sunderlal Bahuguna (born 9 January 1927) is a
noted Garhwali environmentalist and Chipko
movement leader.
 The idea of Chipko movement was of his wife and the
action was taken by him. For years he has been fighting
for the preservation of forests in the Himalayas, first as a
member of the Chipko movement in the 1970s, and later
spearheaded the Anti-Tehri Dam movement starting
1980s, to early 2004.
 He was one of the early environmentalists of India, and
later he and people associated with theChipko movement
started taking up environmental issues, like against large
dams.

40.  Chipko movement was started in 26 March
1974 spontaneously in Uttar Pradesh, in an
effort to save areas of trees and forests from
cutting by forest contractors.In Hindi,
"Chipko" literally means "stick" and people
started sticking to trees when it was being
cut. Chipko movement later inspiredAppiko
Movement in Karnataka.

41.  He has remained behind the anti-Tehri
Dam protests for decades, he used
the Satyagraha methods, and repeatedly went
on hunger strikes at the banks of Bhagirathi as a
mark of his protest. In 1995, he called off a 45-
day-long fast following an assurance from the
then Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao of the
appointment of a review committee on the
ecological impacts of the dam.Thereafter he
went on another long fast which lasted for 74
days at Gandhi Samadhi, Raj Ghat,

42.  Rajendra Singh (born 6 August 1959) is a
well-known water conservationist &
environmentalist fromAlwar
district, Rajasthan in India.Also known as
"waterman of India", he won the Magsaysay
Award in 2001 and StockholmWater Prize in
2015. He runs an NGO called 'Tarun Bharat
Sangh' (TBS), which was founded in 1975.

43.  The NGO based in village hori-Bhikampura in
Thanagazi tehsil, near SariskaTiger Reserve,
has been instrumental in fighting the slow
bureaucracy, mining lobby and has helped
villagers take charge of water management in
their semi-arid area as it lies close toThar
Desert, through the use of johad, rainwater
storage tanks, check dams and other time-
tested as well as path-breaking techniques

44.  Medha Patkar (born 1 December 1954) is an Indian social
activist working on various crucial political and economical
issues raised by tribals, dalits, farmers, labourers and
women facing injustice in India.She is an alumnus ofTISS,
a premier institute of social science research in India
 Patkar is the founder member of the 32 years old people's
movement called Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) in
three states: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
NBA has been engaged in a struggle for justice for the
people affected by the dam projects related to the Sardar
Sarovar dams project, especially those whose homes will
be submerged, but have not yet been rehabilitated.

45.  A businessman by profession and founder
trustee ofWWF-INDIA.
 Associated with mangroves conservation.

46.  Sálim Moizuddin Abdul Ali (12 November
1896 – 20 June 1987) was
an Indian ornithologist and naturalist.
Sometimes referred to as the "Birdman of
India", SalimAli was the first Indian to
conduct systematic bird surveys across India
and wrote several bird booksthat
popularized ornithology in India.

47.  Kinkri Devi (1925 – 30 December 2007) was an
Indian activist and environmentalist, best known
for waging a war on illegal mining and quarrying
in her native state of Himachal Pradesh. She
never knew how to read or write and learned
how to sign her name a few years before her
death.
 She became well known for her poverty, which
was eventually eased by a US-based charity
organisation of Himachal Pradesh later in life
after reading a Punjabi newspaper account of
her living condition

48.  A local volunteering group, the People's
Action for People in Need, backed Devi as she
filed a public interest lawsuit in the High
Court of Shimla against 48 mine owners. She
accused that the quarriers were being
reckless in their mining of limestone, though
the group denied all allegations against them,
claiming she was simply blackmailing them

49.  Natural resources are resources that exist without
actions of humankind.This includes all valued
characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational,
electrical properties and forces etc.
 On Earth it
includes sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes
all minerals) along with all vegetation, crops and
animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the
heretofore identified characteristics and substances

50.  On the basis of origin, natural resources may
be divided into two types:
 Biotic — Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living and organic
material), such as forests and animals, and the materials that can be obtained
from them. Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this
category because they are formed from decayed organic matter.
 Abiotic – Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living, non-organic
material. Examples of abiotic resources include land, fresh water, air, rare
earth metals and heavy metals including ores, such
as, gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.

51.  Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be
referred to in the following ways:
 Potential resources — Potential resources are those that may be
used in the future—for example, petroleum in sedimentary rocks
that, until drilled out and put to use remains a potential resource
 Actual resources —Those resources that have been surveyed,
quantified and qualified and, are currently used—development,
such as wood processing, depends on technology and cost
 Reserve resources —The part of an actual resource that can be
developed profitably in the future
 Stock resources —Those that have been surveyed, but cannot be
used due to lack of technology—for example, hydrogen

52.  Renewable resources — Renewable resources can be
replenished naturally. Some of these resources, like
sunlight, air, wind, water, etc. are continuously
available and their quantities are not noticeably
affected by human consumption.Though many
renewable resources do not have such a rapid
recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to
depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use
perspective are classified as renewable so long as the
rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the
rate of consumption.They replenish easily compared
to Non-renewable resources.

54.  Non-renewable resources – Non-renewable resources either form
slowly or do not naturally form in the environment. Minerals are
the most common resource included in this category. By the
human perspective, resources are non-renewable when their rate
of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a
good example of this are fossil fuels, which are in this category
because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially
millions of years), meaning they are considered non-renewable.
Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount without
human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active
elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy
metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling
them,[5] but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.Once they are
completely used they take millions of years to replenish.

56.  Desertification is a type of land
degradation in which a relatively dry area of
land becomes a desert, typically losing its
bodies of water as well as vegetation and
wildlife.

57.  such as drought,
 climatic shifts,
 tillage for agriculture,
 overgrazing and
 deforestation for fuel or
 construction materials.
 Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away with the wind
 washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil
layers that bake in the sun and become an unproductive
hardpan.
 Many scientists think that one of the most common
causes is overgrazing, too much consumption of
vegetation by cattle.

58.  The Inter-State RiverWater Disputes are one
of the most contiguous issues in the Indian
federalism today. In extreme cases, it may
hamper the relationship between the
different states.The recent cases of the
CauveryWater Dispute and the Satluj
Yamuna Link Canal case are examples.

59.  Article 262 of the Indian Constitution:
 Constituent Assembly anticipated the
emergence of water disputes in future.
A specific provision of Article 262 is
mentioned in the constitution itself due to
the sensitivity of such disputes.

60.  Parliament has enacted two laws according to Article 262:
 1) River Board Act, 1956
 The purpose of this Act was to enable the Union Government to
create Boards for Interstate Rivers and river valleys in consultation
with State Governments.The objective of Boards is to advise on
the inter-state basin to prepare development scheme and to
prevent the emergence of conflicts.
 Note:Till date, no river board as per above Act has been created.
 2) Inter-State Water Dispute Act, 1956
 Provisions of the Act: In case, if a particular state or states
approach to Union Government for the constitution of the
tribunal:
 Central Government should try to resolve the matter by
consultation among the aggrieved states.
 In case, if it does not work, then it may constitute the tribunal.

61.  Active River Water sharingTribunals in India
 Krishna Water DisputesTribunal II (2004) –
Karnataka,Telengana,Andra Pradesh,
Maharashtra
 Mahanadi Water DisputesTribunal (2018) –
Odisha& Chattisgarh
 Mahadayi Water DisputesTribunal (2010)-
Goa,Karnataka, Maharashtra
 Ravi& Beas WaterTribunal (1986)- Punjab,
Haryana,Rajasthan
 Vansdhara Water DisputesTribunal (2010)-
Andra Pradesh & Odisha.

62.  Inter-State river water disputes under the Inter-State
River Water Disputes Act (ISRWD), 1956
 River(s)-States
 Krishna-Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka-
Godavari-Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh and Odisha
 Narmada-Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat,
Maharashtra
 Cauvery-Kerala, Karnataka,Tamil Nadu and Union
Territory of Pondicherry
 Krishna-Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra
 Model/ Mandovi/Mahadayi/-Goa, Karnataka and
Mahasrashtra
 Vansadhara-Andhra Pradesh & Odisha

63.  Founded-October 5, 1948; (as International
Union for the Protection of Nature)
Fontainebleau, France
 Type-International organization
 Focus-Nature conservation, biodiversity
 Location-Gland, Switzerland
 Area served-Worldwide
 Members-1400Key people
 Inger Andersen (Director General)
Zhang Xinsheng (President)

65.  Critically Endangered Species
 Critically Endangered (Cr) is the highest risk
category assigned by the IUCN for wild
species. Critically endangered species means
a species numbers have decreased, or will
decrease by 80% within three generations. It
is therefore considered to be facing an
extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

66.  Endangered (EN) species
 Endangered (EN) species is a population of
organisms which is at risk of becoming
extinct because it is either few in numbers, or
threatened by changing environmental or
predation parameters.Also it could mean
that due to deforestation there may be a lack
of food and/or water. It is therefore
considered to be facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild.

67.  Vulnerable (VU) species
 Vulnerable (VU) species is a species which has
been categorised by the IUCN as likely to
become endangered unless the
circumstances threatening its survival and
reproduction improve. It is therefore
considered to be facing a high risk of
extinction in the wild.

68. Sr.No
Common Name Scientific Name
1 Baer’s Pochard Aythyabaeri
2 Forest Owlet Heteroglauxblewitti
3 Great Indian Bustard Ardeotisnigriceps
4 Bengal Florican
Houbaropsisbengalens
is
5 Siberian Crane Grusleucogeranus
6 Spoon-billed Sandpiper
Eurynorhynchuspygme
us
7 Sociable Lapwing Vanellusgregarius
8 Jerdon’s Courser Rhinoptilusbitorquatus

69. 9
White backed
Vulture
Gyps bengalensis
10
Red-headed
Vulture
Sarcogypscalvus
11
White-bellied
Heron
Ardeainsignis
12
Slender-billed
Vulture
Gyps tenuirostris
13 IndianVulture Gyps indicus
14 Himalayan Quail Ophrysiasuperciliosa
15 Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessacaryophyllacea

70.  Critically Endangered Fishes
 Pondicherry Shark (Carcharhinus hemiodon)
 Ganges Shark (Glyphis gangeticus)
 Knife-tooth Sawfish (Anoxypristis cuspidata)
 Large-tooth Sawfish (Pristis microdon)
 Long-comb Sawfish or Narrow-snout Sawfish
(Pristis zijsron)

71.  Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)
 HawksbillTurtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)
 LeatherbackTurtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
 Four-toed RiverTerrapin or RiverTerrapin
(Batagur baska)
 Red-crowned RoofedTurtle or the Bengal
RoofTurtle (Batagur kachuga)
 Sispara day gecko (Cnemaspis sisparensis)

72.  Critically Endangered Mammals
 Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania).
 AndamanWhite-toothed Shrew (Crocidura
andamanensis)
 Jenkin’sAndaman Spiny Shrew (Crocidura jenkinsi)
 NicobarWhite-tailed Shrew (Crocidura nicobarica)
 Kondana Rat (Millardia kondana)
 Large Rock Rat or Elvira Rat (Cremnomys elvira)
 Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi)
 Malabar Civet (Viverra civettina)
 Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
 Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

73.  Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (RDBRF),
also known as Red Book (Russian: Красная книга)
or Russian Red Data Book is a state document
established for documenting rare and endangered
species of animals, plants and fungi, as well as some
local subspecies(such as the Ladoga seal) that exist
within the territory of the Russian Federation and its
continental shelf and marine economic zone.The
book has been adopted by Russia and all CIS states to
enact a common agreement on rare and endangered
species protection.

74.  Environment Protection Act, 1986
 In the wake of Bhopal tragedy, the Government of India
enacted the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA)
under article 253 of the constitution. The purpose of the
Act is to act as an “umbrella” legislation designed to
provide a frame work for Central government co-
ordination of the activities of various central and state
authorities established under previous laws, such asWater
Act & Air Act.The potential scope of the Act is broad, with
“environment” defined to include water, air and land and
the inter-relationships which exist among water, air and
land, and human beings and other living creatures, plants,
micro-organisms and property. Environment protection
rules were also enacted as a corollary to this Act.

75.  National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on
Environment and Development, 1992
 The National Conservation Strategy and the Policy Statement on
Environment and Development are in response to the need for
laying down the guidelines that will help to weave environmental
considerations into the fabric of our national life and of our
development process. It is an expression of India’s commitment
for reorienting policies and action in unison with the
environmental perspective.
 It talks about the nature and dimensions of the environmental
problems, actions taken in response to the problems and lists out
priorities and strategies for action. It also views development
policies from environmental perspectives and the support policies
and systems required.


76.  National Environment Policy, 2006
 A diverse developing society such as India provides numerous
challenges in the economic, social, political, cultural, and
environmental arenas. All of these coalesce in the dominant
imperative of alleviation of mass poverty, reckoned in the multiple
dimensions of livelihood security, health care, education,
empowerment of the disadvantaged, and elimination of gender
disparities.The present national policies for environmental
management are contained in the National Conservation Strategy
and Policy Statement on Environment and Development 1992,
Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution 1992, National
Agriculture Policy 2000, National Population Policy 2000 and
National Water Policy, 2002 have also contributed towards
environmental management.

77.  The Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act 1981, amended 1987
 This is an Act to provide for the prevention,
control and abatement of air pollution in the
country so as to preserve the quality of air.
Central and State Boards constituted under
section 3 and 4 ofWater (Prevention and
Control Pollution) Act, 1974 were deemed
also as Central and State Boards for
Prevention and Control of Air Pollution.

78.  The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, amended 1993, 2002 and
2006
 This was enacted with the objective of effectively protecting the
wild life of this country and to control poaching, smuggling and
illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives.The Act was amended in
January 2003 and punishment and penalty for offences under the
Act have been made more stringent. It provides a powerful legal
framework for prohibition of hunting, protection and
management of wildlife habitats, establishment of protected
areas, regulation and control of trade in parts and products
derived from wildlife etc. Specifically it provides for creation of a
network of Protected Areas consisting of National Parks,Wildlife
Sanctuaries,Tiger Reserves, Conservation Reserves and
Community Reserves. No wild mammal, bird, amphibian, reptile,
fish, crustacean, insects, or coelenterates listed in four Schedules
of the Act can be hunted either within or outside protected areas.

79.  The Indian Forest Act, 1927
 The main objective of the Indian Forest Act (1927) was to secure
exclusive state control over forests to meet the demand for
timber. Most of these untitled lands had traditionally belonged to
the forest dwelling communities.The Act defined state ownership,
regulated its use, and appropriated the power to substitute or
extinguish customary rights.The Act facilitates three categories of
forests, namely reserved forests,Village forests and protected
forests. Reserved forests are the most protected within these
categories. No rights can be acquired in reserved forests except by
succession or under a grant or contract with the government.
Felling trees, grazing cattle, removing forest products, quarrying,
fishing, and hunting are punishable with a fine or imprisonment.
Although the Indian Forest Act is a federal act, many states have
enacted similar forest acts but with some modifications

80.  Biodiversity
 Biodiversity
 Act
 Biological Diversity Act, 2002
 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was inspired by the
world community’s growing commitment to sustainable
development. It represented a step forward in the conservation of
biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the
fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of
genetic resources. In pursuance to the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD), to which it was a signatory, India enacted the
Biological Diversity Act in 2002 following a widespread
consultative process over a period of eight years.The Biological
Diversity Rules were notified thereafter in 2004.The Act gives
effect to the provisions of the CBD.

81.  In 1995, the Central Government established the National Environment
Tribunal (through the National EnvironmentTribunal Act 1995) to provide
for strict liability for damage arising out of accidents caused from the
handling of hazardous substances.
 2011 is distinctive for the establishment of the NationalGreenTribunal
(NGT) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).The MoEF
was galvanised by the Supreme Court in this direction. Created to focus
on environmental issues, the law constituting the NGT received
presidential assent in June 2010, but was only enforced by October 18
that year, through a Central Government notification.The coming into
force of the NGT Act implied an automatic repeal of two existing laws:
the National EnvironmentTribunal Act 1995, and the National
Environment AppellateAuthority Act, 1997, and, therefore, the closure of
the National Environment AppellateAuthority (NEAA) — a quasi-judicial
body empowered to hear appeals against the environmental approvals
granted (or not) to projects. All the cases pending before the NEAA were
to be heard by the NGT.

82.  National GreenTribunal Act, 2010 (No. 19 of 2010)
 The National GreenTribunal has been established on 18.10.2010 under the
National GreenTribunal Act 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases
relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other
natural resources including enforcement of any legal right relating to
environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and
property and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. It is a
specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to handle environmental
disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.TheTribunal shall not be bound by
the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be
guided by principles of natural justice.TheTribunal’s dedicated jurisdiction in
environmental matters shall provide speedy environmental justice and help
reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts.TheTribunal is mandated to
make and endeavour for disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6
months of filing of the same. Initially, the NGT is proposed to be set up at five
places of sittings and will follow circuit procedure for making itself more
accessible. New Delhi is the Principal Place of Sitting of theTribunal and Bhopal,
Pune, Kolkata and Chennai shall be the other 4 place of sitting of theTribunal.

83.  Animal Welfare
 Animal Welfare
 Act
 The Prevention of Cruelty toAnimals Act, 1960
 This was enacted in 1960 to prevent the
infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on
animals and to amend the laws relating to the
prevention of cruelty to animals. After the
enactment of this Act, the Animal Board of India
was formed for the promotion of animal welfare.

84.  Montreal Protocol:The Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer (a protocol to theViennaConvention
for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an
international treaty designed to protect
the ozone layer by phasing out the
production of numerous substances that are
responsible for ozone depletion. It was
agreed on 26 August 1987, and entered into
force on 16 September 1989

85.  signed26 August 1987
 Location-Montreal,Canada
 Effective-26 August 1989
 Condition ratification by 20 states
 Signatories-46
 Ratifiers-197 (all United Nations members, as
well as Niue, the Cook Islands, the Holy See and
the European Union)DepositarySecretary-
General of the United Nations
 Languages-Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Russian, and Spanish.

86.  The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends
the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific
consensusthat (part one) global warming is occurring and
(part two) it is extremely likely that human-
made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
 The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
There are currently 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the
protocol, effective December 2012)to the Protocol.

87.  Signed-11 December 1997
 Location-Kyoto, Japan
 Effective-16 February 2005
Signatories-84
Parties-192 (European Union, Cook Islands, Niue,
and all UN member states exceptAndorra,
Canada, South Sudan, and the United States)
Depositary-Secretary-General of the United
Nations
Languages-Arabic, Mandarin, English, French,
Russian, and Spanish

88.  A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring
over a relatively short time, of the functioning
of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or
environmental loss and impacts, which
exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own
resources.

89. Natural:
Earthquake
Volcanoes
Floods
Cyclones
Man Made:
Nuclear Leaks
Chemical Leaks
Structural Collapse

90. Atmospheric:
Blizzards
Thunderstorms
Lightening
Tornados
Tropical Cyclone
Drought
Hailstorm
Frost
Loo
ColdWaves
Terrestrial:
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions
Landslides
Avalanches
Soil Erosion

91.  Aquatic:
Floods
Tides
Ocean Currents
Tsunami
Storm surge
 Biological:
Insect Infestations
Diseases
Plants and animal
(Colonisers-Locusts)

100.  Pollution is the introduction
of contaminants into the natural environment
that cause adverse change. Pollution can take
the form of chemical substances or energy, such
as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the
components of pollution, can be either foreign
substances/energies or naturally occurring
contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point
source or nonpoint source pollution. In 2015,
pollution killed 9 million people in the world.

101.  Major forms of pollution include:Air
pollution, light pollution, littering, noise
pollution, plastic pollution, soil
contamination, radioactive
contamination, thermal pollution, visual
pollution, water pollution.

102.  Air pollution is a mix of particles and gases
that can reach harmful concentrations both
outside and indoors. Its effects can range
from higher disease risks to rising
temperatures. Soot, smoke, mold, pollen,
methane, and carbon dioxide are a just few
examples of common pollutants.

103.  The air pollutants can be classified in many ways as shown below:-
According to origin:The air pollutants are classified into:
Primary pollutants:
The pollutants that are emitted directly from identifiable sources
produced by natural events
( eg: dust storms and volcanic eruptions) and human activities (eg:
emissions from vehicles, industries etc.) are called primary
pollutants. Eg: smoke, dust, oxides of sulphur & nitrogen,
hydrocarbons and particulate matter etc.
 Secondary pollutants:
The pollutants that are formed in the atmosphere by chemical
interactions between primary pollutants and atmospheric
constituents are known as secondary pollutants. Eg. Sulphur
trioxide, ozone, ketones, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid
etc.

104.  According to state of matter:The pollutants
are classified into:-
Gaseous air pollutants:
These pollutants exist in a gaseous state at
normal temperature and pressure.They are
carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur oxides
etc.
Particulate air pollutants:
These are not gaseous substances.They are
suspended droplets, solid particles or mixtures
of the two.

105.  According to sources: Pollutants originate from
Natural sources:
These include volcanic eruptions, deflation of sand and
dust, forest or wild fires of natural vegetation, sulphur
springs, natural geysers, organic and inorganic decays,
vegetative decays, marsh gases, cosmic dust, pollen
grains of flowers, photochemical reactions, soil debris etc.
Man-made sources:
These include human activities such as industries,
factories, urban centres, aircraft, nuclear experiments,
automobiles, agriculture, domestic burning of wood and
burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, mining, waste
treatment plants and power plants.

107.  Global warming is a long-term rise in the
average temperature of the Earth's climate
system, an aspect of climate changeshown
by temperature measurements and by
multiple effects of the warming.

108.  Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from Earth to space.This heat, in
the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases
in the planet's atmosphere thus warming the lower atmosphere and the
surface. On Earth, an atmosphere containing naturally occurring
amounts of greenhouse gases causes air temperature near the surface to
be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their
absence.[59][d]Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average
temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of
water.[60]The major greenhouse gases are water vapour, which causes
about 36–70% of the greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide(CO2), which
causes 9–26%; methane (CH4), which causes 4–9%; and ozone (O3),
which causes 3–7%.[61][62][63]
 Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative
forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous
oxide.

111.  When chlorine and bromine atoms come into
contact with ozone in the stratosphere, they
destroy ozone molecules. One chlorine atom can
destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before it
is removed from the stratosphere.Ozone can be
destroyed more quickly than it is naturally
created.
 Some compounds release chlorine or bromine
when they are exposed to intense UV light in the
stratosphere.These compounds contribute to
ozone depletion, and are called ozone-depleting
substances.

114.  Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is
unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen
ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic
animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions
of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water
molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Some
governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the
release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere
with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced
naturally by lightning strikes, and sulfur dioxide is produced
by volcanic eruptions. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse
impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic
life-forms, causing paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such
as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well
as having impacts on human health.

117. Drug Plant source Use
Atropine Belladonna Diarrhea
Bromelain Pineapple Wt loss,Inflamation
Caffeine Tea,Coffee Stimulates CNS
Camphor Camphor tree Increases blood supply
Cocaine Cocoa For pain
Codiene Opium poppy For pain
Gossypol cotton Male contraceptive
Menthol Mint Increases blood
supply,reduces pain
Papain Papaya Digestive

119.  The UN Environment Programme (UNEP, or UN
Environment) annually organizes events for
World Environment Day, which encourages
worldwide awareness and action for the
protection of the environment. It is celebrated
on 5 June in over 100 countries. In 2019, China
will host the global World Environment Day
celebrations on the theme, ‘Air Pollution’.
 date: 5 June 2019
location: China (worldwide)

120.  Year: 1983
 Place: Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of
Karnataka State
 Leaders: Appiko’s greatest strengths lie in it
being neither driven by a personality nor having
been formally institutionalised. However, it does
have a facilitator in Pandurang Hegde. He
helped launch the movement in 1983.
 Aim: Against the felling and commercialization
of natural forest and the ruin of ancient
livelihood.

121.  Year: 1982
 Place: Singhbhum district of Bihar
 Leaders:The tribals of Singhbhum.
 Aim: Against governments decision to
replace the natural sal forest with Teak.

122.  Year: 1700s
 Place: Khejarli, Marwar region, Rajasthan
state.
 Leaders:Amrita Devi along with Bishnoi
villagers in Khejarli and surrounding villages.
 Aim: Save sacred trees from being cut down
by the king’s soldiers for a new palace.

124.  Year: 1978
 Place: SilentValley, an evergreen tropical
forest in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India.
 Leaders:The Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad
(KSSP) an NGO, and the poet-activist
Sughathakumari played an important role in
the SilentValley protests.
 Aim: In order to protect the SilentValley, the
moist evergreen forest from being destroyed
by a hydroelectric project.

127. Thankyou