Robert Hooke first observed plant cells in the 1600s when examining a sliver of cork under a microscope. He coined the term "cell" to describe the structures he saw that resembled an "empty boxes". Cells are the basic units of all organisms. There are two main types of cells - plant cells and animal cells. Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose which provides structure and support. Animal cells do not have a cell wall. Both plant and animal cells contain cytoplasm and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that carry out essential functions. The document provides details on the structures and differences between plant and animal cells.

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Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
Observed sliver of cork
Saw “row of empty boxes”
Coined the term cell

3. Cells are the basic units of organisms
Cells can only be observed under
microscope
Two basic types of cells:
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Animal Cell Plant Cell

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5.  Made of cellulose
which forms very thin
fibres
 Strong and rigid
 In plant cells only
• Cell wall

6. – Protect and support
the enclosed
substances
(protoplasm)
– Resist entry of excess
water into the cell
– Give shape to the cell
• Cell wall

7. –A dead layer
–Large empty spaces
present between
cellulose fibres
freely permeable
• Cell wall

8. –Lies immediately
against the cell wall
–Made of protein and
lipid Selectively
permeable
• Cell membrane

9. –A living layer
–Can control the
movement of
materials into and
out of the cell
• Cell membrane

10. –Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
–Provide a medium for
chemical reactions to
take place
• Cytoplasm

11. –Contains organelles
and granules :
•e.g. chloroplast
•e.g. mitochondrion
• Cytoplasm

12.  very small size – can only be
observed under electron
microscope

13. –Contain the green
pigment chlorophyll
•To trap light energy,
to make food by
photosynthesis
• Chloroplast

14. –Rod shape
–For respiration
• Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )

15. –Starch granules
–Oil droplets
–Crystals of insoluble
wastes
• Non-living
granules

16. – large central vacuole
– Surrounded by tonoplast
– Contains cell sap
• a solution of chemicals
(sugars, proteins,
mineral salts, wastes,
pigments)
• Vacuole

17. –Control the normal
activities of the cell
–Bounded by a
nuclear membrane
–Contains thread-like chromosomes
• Nucleus

18. –Each cell has fixed
number of chromosomes
• Chromosomes carry
genes
• Nucleus

19. AND ANIMAL CELLS
Relatively smaller in
size
Irregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in
size
Regular shape
Cell wall present
Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole
Glycogen granules as
food store
Starch granules as
food store
Nucleus at the centre Nucleus near cell wall

20. ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ANIMAL CELL

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23. solvent + solute = solution
Hypotonic
Solutes in cell more than outside
Outside solvent will flow into cell
Isotonic
Solutes equal inside & out of cell
Hypertonic
Solutes greater outside cell
Fluid will flow out of cell

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26. Eyepiece
Fine adjustment
Arm
Stage
Condenser
control knob
Base
Body tube
Course
adjustment
Iris diaphragm
Revolving
nosepiece
Objective
Clip
Condenser
Mirror

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