The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from the Trojan War through the conquests of Alexander the Great. It discusses several key periods: the Trojan War between Greeks and Trojans, the Greco-Persian Wars where Greek city-states resisted Persian invasions, the Peloponnesian War that was a civil war between Athens and Sparta, and the wars of Alexander the Great where he conquered the Persian Empire. It summarizes several important battles within these periods such as Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea against the Persians, and provides context on the leaders and locations involved.

1. Tuesday, April 23, 2013
•What do we
call the
undeciphered
writing system
that was used
by the
Minoans?
•Linear A

2. Introduction
•Greek history is split up into periods
of conflict and periods of cooperation
among the many city-states of Hellas.
•These periods had both positive and
negative consequences for the people
of the Greek peninsula.

3. Essential Question
•What would a social
scientist from each of the
five themes of social
studies learn about
ancient civilizations?

4. Learning Targets
1. I can explain how cooperation
helped the Greeks during the Trojan,
Persian, and Alexandrian Wars.
2. I can explain how conflict hurt the
Greeks during the Peloponnesian
War and time of Alexander the
Great.

5. KEY TERMS
Part 1

6. Persian Empire
•The largest,
and most
powerful,
empire in
the world
at the time
of classical
Greece.

7. Darius
•King of the
Persian
Empire
during their
first
invasion of
Greece.

8. Xerxes I
•King of the
Persian
Empire
during their
second
invasion of
Greece.

9. Marathon
•Large plain in
Greece. Site of
the Battle of
Marathon
fought by the
Athenian and
Persian
armies.

10. Thermopylae
•Narrow
mountain pass
in northern
Greece. Site of
the Battle of
Thermopylae
fought by the
Spartan and
Persian armies.

11. Salamis
•Island off of the
coast of Greece
near Athens.
Site of the Battle
of Salamis,
fought by the
Athenian and
Persian navies.

12. Plataea
• Ancient Greek city
located near
Thebes. Site of
the Battle of
Plataea fought by
the armies of
Persia and an
alliance of Greek
city-states.

13. Peloponnesian War
• Greek civil war
that was fought
between Athens
and the members
of the Delian
League vs. Sparta
and the members
of the
Peloponnesian
League.

14. Pericles
•Statesman and
general in
Athens during
the
Peloponnesian
War.

15. Sicily
•Island off
of the
southern
tip of Italy.

16. Syracuse
•Powerful
Greek colony
located on
the island of
Sicily.

17. Macedonia
•Region to the
north of
Greece. The
Greeks
considered the
people of
Macedonia to
be barbarians.

18. Philip II
•King of
Macedonia
who
conquered
most of the
Greek city-
states.

19. Alexander the Great
•King of
Macedonia
and creator
of the
Hellenistic
Empire.

20. THE TROJAN WAR
Part 2

21. Who were the combatants in the
Trojan War?
The Trojans Alliance of Mycenaeans
VS

22. What was the trojan war?
•The
Mycenaeans
invaded and
possibly laid
siege to Troy
until the
Trojans starved
and gave up.

23. Where did the fighting
occur?
•Troy was a
city-state
located in
Asia Minor, in
what is today
Turkey.

24. When did the Trojan War
take place?
•Most likely
around
1700-1600
BC.

25. Why was the Trojan War
fought?
•The Greeks
went to war
with Troy most
likely over
trade and
pursuit of
wealth and
resources.

26. How did the Trojan War
go down?
• An alliance of
Mycenaean city-states
worked together
against a common
enemy.
• The Mycenaeans won,
but the loss of life
weakened them so
much that not much
later they were
conquered by the
Dorians.

27. THE GRECO-PERSIAN
WARS
Part 3

28. Whowere the combatants
inthe Greco-PersianWars?
Alliance of Greek city-states,
led by Sparta and Athens
The Persian
Empire

29. Whatwere the Greco-
PersianWars?
•A series of
invasions of
Greece by the
Persian Empire
under the kings
Darius and his
son, Xerxes.

30. Wherewerethemajorbattles
oftheGreco-persianwar?
•Marathon
•Thermopylae
•Salamis
•Plataea

31. When was the Greco-Persian
war fought?
•The war was
fought
between
502 and 449
BC.

32. Why was the Greco-
PersianWar fought?
• The Greeks (primarily
Athens) had
supported some city-
states in the Persian
region of Ionia when
they revolted against
Persia.
• The Persian king,
Darius, vowed to take
revenge on Athens
because of this.

33. How did the Greco
Persian War Go
down?
The war is divided up into two
separate time periods because
the Persians invaded Greece
twice.

34. First Persian Invasion
• The Persians
invaded and
conquered Thrace.
• They had to stop
there because a
huge storm
wrecked their
fleet.

35. First Persian Invasion
• The Persians sent
ambassadors to all of
the city-states in
Greece and demanded
that they submit to the
Persian Empire.
• Most accepted the
terms.
• Athens and Sparta did
not.
• Instead, they killed the
ambassadors.

36. First Persian Invasion
• Persia sent more
troops and
conquered a
number of Greek
islands before
landing near
Athens in the bay
of Marathon.

37. Battle of Marathon
•Though vastly
outnumbered,
the Athenian
army was able
to defeat the
Persians, ending
the first Persian
Invasion.

38. Battle of MArathon
•Though vastly
outnumbered,
the Athenian
army was able
to defeat the
Persians, ending
the first Persian
Invasion.

39. Second Persian Invasion
•Led by a new
king, Xerxes, the
son of Darius,
the Persians
assembled a
huge army of
200,000 men
and marched
into Greece.

40. Second Persian Invasion
• Most of the Greek
city-states met,
forming the
Hellenic Alliance.
• They decided to
wait for the
Persians at
Thermopylae.

41. Battle of Thermopylae
• The Spartans would
stop the Persians
from advancing
through the pass.
• The Athenian fleet
would prevent the
Persians from
bypassing
Thermopylae by
boat.

42. Battle of Thermopylae
• But…
• The Persians
arrived at
Thermopylae
during the
Olympic Games
and festival of
Carneia.
• Spartan
tradition
banned warfare
during this time,
believing it to
be sacrilegious.

43. Battle of Thermopylae
• King Leonidas took
his personal
bodyguard: 300 elite
warriors.
• He also met up with
and recruited a few
thousand other
Greeks along the
way.

44. Battle of Thermopylae
•The Greeks held
the pass for two
whole days
against an army
that greatly
outnumbered
them.

45. Battle of Thermopylae
• Eventually, a
Greek traitor told
the Persians about
a secret path
around the pass.
• The Persians
surrounded the
Greeks and killed
or captured all of
them.

46. Battle of Thermopylae

47. Second Persian Invasion
• The Persian army
then moved on to
Athens, which
had been mostly
abandoned.
• They sacked the
city and then
burned it to the
ground.

48. Second Persian Invasion
•The allies on the
Peloponnesus
built a wall
across the
Isthmus of
Corinth to
prevent the
Persians from
advancing.

49. Second Persian Invasion
•However, the Persian fleet was still a
huge threat because they could just
carry troops around the wall.

50. BattleofSalamis
•The Athenian
and Persian
fleets met in
the narrow
straits of
Salamis.

51. BattleofSalamis
• The Persians
outnumbered
the Greeks, but…
• It was actually a
disadvantage
because the
straits are
narrow and
there were too
many Persian
ships in such a
small area.

52. BattleofSalamis
•The Greeks
sunk or
captured
over 200
ships,
destroying
the Persian
fleet.

53. Battle of
Plataea• The allies, led by
Sparta, sent an army
to meet the Persians.
• The Persians were
now led by a general
named Mardonius
because Xerxes had
returned home with
most of the army.

54. Battle of
Plataea•Both sides
moved their
armies around
for several
days, trying to
gain an
advantage.

55. Battle of
Plataea• Eventually mistakes
were made by the
Greeks and their
armies were
separated,
exposed, and
vulnerable.
• The Persians took
advantage and
attacked.

56. Battle of
Plataea•The Persian
infantry was
no match for
the Greek
hoplites.

57. Battle of
Plataea• The Spartans broke
through Mardonius’s
bodyguard and killed
him.
• The Persians then
panicked and
retreated.
• 40,000 managed to
escape.
• The rest were
captured or killed.

58. Second Persian Invasion
•With their
defeat at
Plataea, the
second
Persian
invasion
came to an
end.

59. Greek Counter-Attack
• The Hellenic Alliance
then took the fight to
Persia, capturing
some key Persian
areas.
• Eventually, Sparta,
tired of fighting,
backed out, taking
other city-states with
them.

60. Creation of the Delian League
• Leadership of
the alliance fell
onto Athens.
• They took the
opportunity to
create a new
alliance called
the Delian
League

61. The Delian League
• Members of the
league either had
to supply soldiers
and ships to fight
or pay Athens to
provide them for
them.
• Most chose to just
pay Athens.

62. The Delian League
• Athens used the
wealth to create a
powerful navy
and to rebuild the
city bigger and
better than ever.
• The league
eventually
became
dominated by
Athens,
essentially
creating the
Athenian Empire.

63. THE PELOPONNESIAN
WAR
Part 4

64. Who were the combatants in
the Peloponnesian War?Athens and the
Delian League
Sparta and the
Peloponnesian League
VS

65. What was the Peloponnesian
War?
•Civil war
fought by
most of
the Greek
city-states.

66. Where was the Peloponnesian
War Fought?
•Mainland
Greece
•Sicily

67. When was the Peloponnesian
War Fought?
•The war was
fought
between 431
and 404 BC.

68. Why was the Peloponnesian
War Fought?
• Athens had grown
very powerful. After
turning their alliance
into their own
personal empire,
Sparta and other
city-states feared
that they would
eventually try to take
over all of Greece.

69. How did the Peloponnesian
War go down?
•In response to
the power of
Athens, Sparta
and their allies
attacked Athens
but could not
get through its
walls.

70. How did the Peloponnesian
War go down?
•The Athenian
fleet made
sure that
supplies
arrived safely
to the
Athenian
harbor.

71. How did the Peloponnesian
War go down?
•Pericles led
Athens in a
defensive war,
avoiding open
battle with
Sparta.

72. How did the Peloponnesian
War go down?
•A plague hit
Athens, killing
Pericles, his
sons, and
more than 1/3
of the
Athenian
population.

73. How did the Peloponnesian
War go down?
•Pericles’
successors
preferred a
more
offensive
approach to
war.

74. How did the Peloponnesian
War go down?
•They sent a
huge army to
Sicily, hoping
to conquer it
and gain great
wealth and
power.

75. How did the Peloponnesian
War go down?
•The
Athenian
army that
was sent to
Sicily was
completely
destroyed.

76. How did the Peloponnesian
War go down?
•Sparta allied
with the
Persian Empire
who sent a
huge fleet of
ships and
destroyed the
Athenian fleet.

77. How did the Peloponnesian
War go down?
•The Spartan
army and
Persian navy
surrounded
Athens and
starved them
into
submission.

78. The Peloponnesian War

79. THE WARS OF
ALEXANDER THE
GREAT
Part 4

80. Who were the combatants in
the wars of Alexander?
Greek/Macedonian Army Persian Empire

81. What were the Wars of
Alexander?
•Invasion and
conquest of
the Persian
empire by the
Macedonian
king,
Alexander the
Great.

82. Where were the Wars of
Alexander fought?
•Asia Minor
•Egypt
•Syria
•Babylonia
•Persia
•India

83. When were the Wars of
Alexander fought?
•335-323 BC

84. Why were the Wars of
Alexander fought?
• Alexander
believed from a
very early age
that it was his
destiny to rule
the world. His
wars were just
the steps he took
in order to realize
that destiny.

85. How did the wars of Alexander
go down?
•When
Alexander’s
father, Philip
II, became
king he united
the
Macedonian
people and
built an army.

86. How did the wars of Alexander
go down?
•He created
a new
formation
called a
phalanx.

87. How did the wars of Alexander
go down?
•He then
began to
take over
Greek city-
states one
by one.

88. How did the wars of Alexander
go down?
• They were either too weak after fighting
the Peloponnesian War or too busy
fighting amongst themselves to stop him.

89. How did the wars of Alexander
go down?
•After
conquering
most of
Greece, Philip
was
assassinated
by a member
of his own
bodyguard.

90. How did the wars of Alexander
go down?
•Alexander
became king
and some
city-states
immediately
revolted
against him.

91. Thursday, April 26, 2012
•Review:
What was
the new
military
formation
called that
was
created by
•A
phala
nx

92. How did the wars of Alexander
go down?
•He put down
the rebellion
and built a
huge army;
then set his
sights on
Persia.

93. How did the wars of Alexander
go down?
•As
Alexander’s
army moved
through Asia
Minor most
towns gave up
with little or
no resistance.

94. How did the wars of Alexander
go down?
•Persian king,
Darius III,
didn’t
consider
Alexander a
threat at first
and basically
ignored him.

95. Battle of the Granicus River
•The Persians
finally
confronted
Alexander,
but were
soundly
defeated.

96. Siege of Halicarnassus
•The Persian
fleet was based
there.
•Alexander laid
siege to it, was
nearly defeated,
but eventually
broke through
the city-walls.

97. Battle of Issus
• Darius III led a huge
army twice the size
of Alexander’s.
• Thanks to good
strategy and better
soldiers Alexander
won again.
• Darius got on a
horse and rode
away as fast as he
could.

98. Siege of Tyre
• Tyre was the only
Persian port that didn’t
surrender to
Alexander.
• It was located on an
island.
• Alexander built a
causeway to get to the
city.
• Eventually the Greeks
broke through the
walls and won the
battle.

99. Siege of Gaza
• Most Egyptian
cities
surrendered
without a fight.
• Gaza refused to
surrender.
• Although
Alexander was
wounded, the
Greeks won.

100. Siege of Gaza
• Batis, the Persian
commander, refused to
kneel before Alexander.
• Alexander had a rope
sewn between Batis’
ankle bone and Achilles
tendon.
• He then tied the other
end of the rope to a
chariot and rode around
dragging Batis, or what
was left of him, behind
them.

101. Battle of Gaugamela
• Darius again led a
larger army against
Alexander.
• Alexander won, again
due to better strategy
and soldiers.
• Darius fled, but was
later found stabbed
and dying.
• Alexander claimed that
before dying, Darius
had made him his
successor.

102. Battle of the Persian Gate
• A Persian
governor, or
Satrap, made a
last stand against
Alexander.
• He held the pass
for a month before
finally being
defeated.

103. Siege of Sogdian Rock
• A local king sent his
family to a fortress
built high atop sheer
cliffs.
• It was believed that
the fortress was
impenetrable.
• Alexander had 300 of
his men climb the
cliffs and force a
surrender.

104. Western India
• Alexander wanted
to conquer all of
India as well.
• He did win a series
of battles until his
army refused to
fight any longer.
• They were tired
and homesick.

105. What happened to
Alexander?
• Alexander
returned to
Babylon and
married a princess
who was in the
fortress that he
attacked in the
Battle of Sogdian
Rock.

106. What happened to
Alexander?
• While there he
developed a fever
and became ill.
• He lived for nearly
two weeks before
falling into a coma
and dying.
• His death remains a
mystery with
assassination,
natural causes, and
battle wounds as
possible causes.

107. Alexander the Great

108. Assessment
1. Use your notes to completely fill in
the Conflict and Cooperation chart.
2. Use an example from each of the
four conflicts that you have learned
about.
• Trojan War
• Greco-Persian War
• Peloponnesian War
• War of Alexander

109. Review
1.Explain how cooperation helped
the Greeks during the Trojan,
Persian, and Alexandrian Wars.
2.Explain how conflict hurt the
Greeks during the
Peloponnesian War and time of
Alexander the Great.