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IT NE 2005
Pratical Assessment
Assignment 3
WEEK - 10
IT NE 2005 Assessments

Week 10 Assighment 3
Deadline: Check Moodle
Objective: Securing Company Network
Network Topology
Note: ISR G1 devices have Fast Ethernet interfaces instead of
Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces.
Addressing Table
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway
Switch Port

R1-S0000 F0/0 209.165.200.225 255.255.255.248 N/A ASA
G0/0
S0/0 (DCE) 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.252 N/A N/A
Loopback 1 172.20.1.1 255.255.255.0 N/A N/A
R2-S0000 S0/0 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.252 N/A N/A
S0/1 (DCE) 10.2.2.2 255.255.255.252 N/A N/A
R3-S0000 F0/1 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 N/A S3 G0/0
S0/0 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.252 N/A N/A
S1-S0000 VLAN 1 192.168.2.11 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 N/A
S2-S0000 VLAN 1 192.168.1.11 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 N/A
S3-S0000 VLAN 1 172.16.3.11 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 N/A
ASA VLAN 1 (G0/1) 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 N/A S2 G0/0
VLAN 2 (G0/0) 209.165.200.226 255.255.255.248 N/A R1 F0/0
VLAN 2 (G0/2) 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 N/A S1 G0/0
PC-A NIC 192.168.2.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 S1 G0/1
PC-B NIC 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 S2 G0/1
PC-C NIC 172.16.3.3 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 S3 G0/1
In this lab, you will perform the following tasks:

Part 2: Configure Basic Device Settings
Part 3: Configure Secure Router Administrative Access
• Configure encrypted passwords and a login banner.
• Configure the EXEC timeout value on console and VTY lines.
• Configure login failure rates and VTY login enhancements.
• Configure Secure Shell (SSH) access and disable Telnet.
• Configure local authentication, authorization, and accounting
(AAA) user authentication.
• Secure the router against login attacks, and secure the IOS
image and the configuration file.
• Configure a router NTP server and router NTP clients.
• Configure router syslog reporting and a syslog server on a
local host.
Part 4: Configure a Zone-Based Policy Firewall and Intrusion
Prevention System

• Configure a Zone-Based Policy Firewall (ZPF) on an ISR
using the CLI.
• Configure an intrusion prevention system (IPS) on an ISR
using the CLI.
Part 5: Secure Network Switches
• Configure passwords and a login banner.
• Configure management VLAN access.
• Secure access ports.
• Protect against Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) attacks.
• Configure port security and disable unused ports.
Part 6: Configure ASA Basic Settings and Firewall
• Configure basic settings, passwords, date, and time.
• Configure the inside and outside VLAN interfaces.
• Configure port address translation (PAT) for the inside
network.
• Configure a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
server for the inside network.
• Configure administrative access via Telnet and SSH.
• Configure a static default route for the Adaptive Security
Appliance (ASA).
• Configure Local AAA user authentication.

• Configure a DMZ with a static NAT and ACL.
• Verify address translation and firewall functionality.
Part 7 Configure a DMZ, Static NAT, and ACLs on an ASA
Part 8: Configure ASA Clientless SSL VPN Remote Access
Using ASDM
• Configure a remote access SSL VPN using the Cisco Adaptive
Security Device Manager (ASDM).
• Verify SSL VPN access to the portal.
Part 9: Configure a Site-to-Site VPN between the ASA and ISR
• Configure an IPsec site-to-site VPN between the ASA and R3-
S0000 using ASDM and the CLI.
• Activate and verify the IPsec site-to-site VPN tunnel between
the ASA and R3.
BACKGROUND
This comprehensive pratical is divided into parts. The parts

should be completed sequentially. In Part 1, you will
configure the basic device settings. In Part 2, you will secure a
network router using the command-line interface
(CLI) to configure IOS features, including AAA and SSH. In
Part 3, you will configure a ZPF and IPS on an ISR. In Part
4, you will configure a network switch using the CLI. In Parts 6
and 7, you will configure the ASA firewall
functionality and clientless SSL VPN remote access. In Part 8,
you will configure a site-to-site VPN between the ASA
and R3.
Note: The router commands and output in this lab are from a
Cisco 1941 with Cisco IOS Release 15.4(3)M2
(UniversalK9-M). Other routers and Cisco IOS versions can be
used. See the Router Interface Summary Table at the
end of the lab to determine which interface identifiers to use
based on the equipment in the lab. Depending on the
router model and Cisco IOS version, the commands available
and output produced might vary from what is shown
in this lab.
The ASA used with this lab is a Cisco model 5505 with an 8-
port integrated switch, running OS version 9.2(3) and
the Adaptive Security Device Manager (ASDM) version 7.4(1)
and comes with a Base license that allows a

maximum of three VLANs.
Note: Before beginning, ensure that the routers and switches
have been erased and have no startup
configurations.
Task 1: Configure Basic Device Settings
The desktop system assigned to you serves as an end-user
terminal. You access and manage the lab environment
from the student desktop system using GNS3 Software.
Students should perform the steps in this task individually.
In Part 1 of this lab, you set up the network topology and
configure basic settings, such as the interface IP
addresses, static routing, device access, and passwords.
Instructions for initializing the ASA, switches, and routers and
basic configuration are provided in pratical labs.
Step 1: Deploy router in GNS3 network.
Attach the devices, as shown in the topology diagram, and
connection as necessary.
Step 2: Configure basic settings for each router.
a. Configure host names as shown in the topology plus your
student ID.

b. Configure interface IP addresses as shown in the IP
Addressing Table.
c. Configure a clock rate of 128000 for routers with a DCE
serial cable attached to their serial interface.
d. To prevent the router from attempting to translate incorrectly
entered commands as though they were host
names, disable DNS lookup on each router.
Step 3: Configure static routing on the R1-S0000 and R3-S0000.
a. Configure a static default route from R1-S0000 to R2-S0000
and from R3-S0000 to R2.
b. Configure static routes from R2-S0000 to the R1-S0000
simulated LAN (Loopback 1), the R1-S0000 Fa0/0-to-ASA
subnet, and the R3-S0000 LAN.
Step 4: Configure basic settings for each switch.
a. Configure hostnames, as shown in the topology.
b. Configure the VLAN 1 management address on each switch,
as shown in the IP Addressing table.
c. Configure the IP default gateway for each of the three

switches.
Step 5: Configure PC host IP settings.
Configure a static IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway
for each PC, as shown in the IP addressing table.
Step 6: Verify connectivity between PC-C and R1-S0000 F0/0.
Step 7: Save the basic running configuration for each router.
Part 2: Configure Secure Router Administrative Access
(Chapters 2 and
3)
You will use the CLI to configure passwords and device access
restrictions.
Task 1: Configure Settings for R1-S0000 and R3
Step 1: Configure a minimum password length of 10 characters.
Step 2: Encrypt plaintext passwords.
Step 3: Configure a login warning banner.
Configure a warning to unauthorized users with a message-of-
the-day (MOTD) banner that says:
Unauthorized access strictly prohibited and prosecuted to the
full extent of the law!.
Step 4: Configure the enable secret password.
Use cisco12345 as the enable secret password. Use the strongest
encryption type available.

Step 5: Configure the local user database.
Create a local user account of Admin01 with a secret password
of Admin01pa55 and a privilege level of 15. Use the
strongest encryption type available.
Step 6: Enable AAA services.
Step 7: Implement AAA services using the local database.
Create the default login authentication method list. Use case-
sensitive local authentication as the first option and
the enable password as the backup option to be used if an error
occurs in relation to local authentication.
Step 8: Configure the console line.
Configure the console line for privilege level 15 access on
login. Set the exec-timeout value to log out after 15
minutes of inactivity. Prevent console messages from
interrupting command entry.

Step 9: Configure the VTY lines.
Configure the VTY lines for privilege level 15 access on login.
Set the exec-timeout value to log out a session after
15 minutes of inactivity. Allow for remote access using SSH
only.
Step 10: Configure the router to log login activity.
a. Configure the router to generate system logging messages for
successful and failed login attempts. Configure
the router to log every successful login. Configure the router to
log every second failed login attempt.
b. Issue the show login command. What additional information
is displayed?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________________
Step 11: Enable HTTP access.
a. Enable the HTTP server on R1-S0000 to simulate an Internet
target for later testing.
b. Configure HTTP authentication to use the local user database
on R1.
Task 2: Configure the SSH Server on R1-S0000 and R3
Step 1: Configure the domain name.

Configure a domain name of ccnasecurity.com.
Step 2: Generate the RSA encryption key pair.
Configure the RSA keys with 1024 as the number of modulus
bits.
Step 3: Configure the SSH version.
Specify that the router accept only SSH version 2 connections.
Step 4: Configure SSH timeouts and authentication parameters.
The default SSH timeouts and authentication parameters can be
altered to be more restrictive. Configure SSH
timeout to 90 seconds and the number of authentication attempts
to 2.
Step 5: Verify SSH connectivity to R1-S0000 from PC-C.
a. Launch the SSH client on PC-C, enter the R1-S0000 S0/0/0
IP address (10.1.1.1), and log in as Admin01 with the
password Admin01pa55. If prompted by the SSH client with a

security alert regarding the server’s host key, click
Yes.
b. Issue the show run command from the SSH session on PC-C.
The configuration for R1-S0000 should be displayed.
Task 3: Secure against Login Attacks and Secure the IOS and
Configuration File on R1 (Optional)
Step 1: Configure enhanced login security.
If a user experiences two failed login attempts within a 30-
second time span, disable logins for 1 minute. Log all
failed login attempts.
Step 2: Secure the Cisco IOS image and archive a copy of the
running configuration.
Note: Save configuration and Shutdown R1-S0000, Incrase
PCMCIA Disk0 to 20 MIB
R1-S0000#erase flash:
Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue?
[confirm]

Current DOS File System flash card in flash: will be formatted
into Low End File System flash card!
Continue? [confirm]
a. The secure boot-image command enables Cisco IOS image
resilience, which hides the file from the dir and show
commands. The file cannot be viewed, copied, modified, or
removed using EXEC mode commands. (It can be
viewed in ROMMON mode.)
b. The secure boot-config command takes a snapshot of the
router running configuration and securely archives it
in persistent storage (flash).
Step 3: Verify that your image and configuration are secured.
a. You can use only the show secure bootset command to
display the archived filename. Display the status of
configuration resilience and the primary bootset filename.
What is the name of the archived running config file and on
what is the name based?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________________

b. Save the running configuration to the startup configuration
from the privileged EXEC mode prompt.
Task 4: Configure a Synchronized Time Source Using NTP
R2-S0000 will be the master NTP clock source for R1-S0000
and R3.
Step 1: Set up the NTP master using Cisco IOS commands.
R2-S0000 is the master NTP server in this lab. All other routers
and switches learn the time from it, either directly
or indirectly. For this reason, you must ensure that R2-S0000
has the correct UTC set.
a. Use the show clock command to display the current time set
on the router.
b. Use the clock set time command to set the time on the router.
c. Configure NTP authentication by defining the authentication
key number 1 with md5 hashing, and a password of
NTPpassword. The password is case sensitive.
d. Configure the trusted key that will be used for authentication
on R2.
e. Enable the NTP authentication feature on R2.
f. Configure R2-S0000 as the NTP master using the ntp master
stratum-number command in global configuration
mode. The stratum number indicates the distance from the
original source. For this lab, use a stratum number of 3

on R2. When a device learns the time from an NTP source, its
stratum number becomes one greater than the
stratum number of its source.
Step 2: Configure R1-S0000 and R3-S0000 as NTP clients using
the CLI.
a. Configure NTP authentication by defining the authentication
key number 1 with md5 hashing, and a password of
NTPpassword.
b. Configure the trusted key that will be used for authentication.
This command provides protection against
accidentally synchronizing the device with a time source that is
not trusted.
c. Enable the NTP authentication feature.
d. R1-S0000 and R3-S0000 will become NTP clients of R2. Use
the ntp server hostname global configuration mode
command. Use R2’s serial IP address for the hostname. Issue

the ntp update-calendar (optional) command on R1-
S0000 and R3-S0000 to periodically update the calendar with
the NTP time.
e. Use the show ntp associations command to verify that R1-
S0000 has made an association with R2. You can also
use the more verbose version of the command by adding the
detail argument. It might take some time for the NTP
association to form.
f. Verify the time on R1-S0000 and R3-S0000 after they have
made NTP associations with R2.
Optional: Task 5: Configure Syslog Support on R3-S0000 and
PC-C
Step 1: Install the syslog server on PC-C. (Optional)
a. The Tftpd32 software from jounin.net is free to download and
install, and it includes a TFTP server, TFTP client,
and a syslog server and viewer. If not already installed,
download Tftpd32 at http://tftpd32.jounin.net and install it
on PC-C.
b. Run the Tftpd32.exe file, click Settings, and ensure that the
syslog server check box is checked. In the SYSLOG
tab, you can configure a file for saving syslog messages. Close
the settings and in the main Tftpd32 interface
window, note the server interface IP address and select the

Syslog server tab to bring it to the foreground.
Step 2: Configure R3-S0000 to log messages to the syslog
server using the CLI.
a. Verify that you have connectivity between R3-S0000 and PC-
C by pinging the R3-S0000 G0/1 interface IP address
172.16.3.1. If it is unsuccessful, troubleshoot as necessary
before continuing.
b. NTP was configured in Task 2 to synchronize the time on the
network. Displaying the correct time and date in
syslog messages is vital when using syslog to monitor a
network. If the correct time and date of a message is not
known, it can be difficult to determine what network event
caused the message.
Verify that the timestamp service for logging is enabled on the
router by using the show run command. Use the
service timestamps log datetime msec command if the
timestamp service is not enabled.
c. Configure the syslog service on the router to send syslog
messages to the syslog server.
Step 3: Configure the logging severity level on R3.
Logging traps can be set to support the logging function. A trap
is a threshold that triggers a log message. The level
of logging messages can be adjusted to allow the administrator
to determine what kinds of messages are sent to

the syslog server. Routers support different levels of logging.
The eight levels range from 0 (emergencies), which
indicates that the system is unstable, to 7 (debugging), which
sends messages that include router information.
Note: The default level for syslog is 6 (informational logging).
The default for console and monitor logging is 7
(debugging).
a. Use the logging trap command to set the severity level for
R3-S0000 to level 4 (warnings).
b. Use the show logging command to see the type and level of
logging enabled.
Part 4: Configure a Zone-Based Policy Firewall and Intrusion
Prevention
System (Chapters 4 and 5)
In Part 4, you will configure a ZPF and IPS on R3-S0000 using
the CLI.
Task 1: Configure a ZPF on R3-S0000 using the CLI

Step 1: Creating the security zones.
a. Create the INSIDE and OUTSIDE security zones.
b. Create an inspect class-map to match the traffic to be allowed
from the INSIDE zone to the OUTSIDE zone.
Because we trust the INSIDE zone, we allow all the main
protocols. Use the match-any keyword to instruct the
router that the following match protocol statements will qualify
as a successful match. This results in a policy being
applied. Match for TCP, UDP, or ICMP packets.
c. Create an inspect policy-map named INSIDE-TO-OUTSIDE.
Bind the INSIDE-PROTOCOLS class-map to the policy-
map. All packets matched by the INSIDE-PROTOCOLS class-
map will be inspected.
d. Create a zone-pair called INSIDE-TO-OUTSIDE that allows
traffic initiated from the internal network to the
external network but does not allow traffic originating from the
external network to reach the internal network.
e. Apply the policy-map to the zone-pair.
f. Assign R3’s F0/1 interface to the INSIDE security zone and
the S0/1 interface to the OUTSIDE security zone.
g. Verify your ZPF configuration by using the show zone-pair
security, show policy-map type inspect zone-pair, and

show zone security commands.
Task 2: Configure IPS on R3-S0000 using the CLI.
Step 1: Prepare router R3-S0000 and the TFTP server.
Note: Save configuration and Shutdown R3-S0000, Incrase
PCMCIA Disk0 to 20 MIB and start the Router
R3-S0000#erase flash:
Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue?
[confirm]
R3-S0000#format flash:
Copy files from 10.1.2.78student$ GNS3 and IOS-Sxxx-
CLI.pkg, To configure Cisco IOS IPS 5.x, the IOS IPS
signature package file and public crypto key files must be
available on the PC with the TFTP server installed. R3-
S0000 uses PC-C as the TFTP server.
a. Verify that the IOS-Sxxx-CLI.pkg signature package file is in

the default TFTP folder. The xxx is the version number
and varies depending on which file was downloaded from
Cisco.com.
b. Verify that the realm-cisco.pub.key.txt file is available and
note its location on PC-C. This is the public crypto key
used by Cisco IOS IPS.
c. Verify or create the IPS directory (ipsdir) in router flash on
R3. From the R3-S0000 CLI, display the content of
flash memory and check to see if the ipsdir directory exists.
d. If the ipsdir directory is not listed, create it in privileged
EXEC mode, using the mkdir command.
Note: If the IPSDIR directory is listed and there are files in it,
contact your instructor. This directory must be empty
before configuring IPS. If there are no files in it, you may
proceed to configure IPS.
Step 2: Verify the IOS IPS signature package location and TFTP
server setup.
a. Use the ping command to verify connectivity between R3,
PC-C, and the TFTP server.
file://///10.1.2.78/student$

b. Start Tftpd32 (or another TFTP server) and set the default
directory to the one with the IPS signature package in
it. Note the filename for use in the next step.
Step 3: Copy and paste the crypto key file into R3’s
configuration.
In global configuration mode, select and copy the crypto key
file named realm-cisco.pub.key.txt. Paste the copied
crypto key content at the global configuration mode prompt.
Note: The contents of the realm-cisco.pub.key.txt file have been
provided below:
crypto key pubkey-chain rsa
named-key realm-cisco.pub signature
key-string
30820122 300D0609 2A864886 F70D0101 01050003 82010F00
3082010A 02820101
00C19E93 A8AF124A D6CC7A24 5097A975 206BE3A2
06FBA13F 6F12CB5B 4E441F16
17E630D5 C02AC252 912BE27F 37FDD9C8 11FC7AF7
DCDD81D9 43CDABC3 6007D128

B199ABCB D34ED0F9 085FADC1 359C189E F30AF10A
C0EFB624 7E0764BF 3E53053E
5B2146A9 D7A5EDE3 0298AF03 DED7A5B8 9479039D
20F30663 9AC64B93 C0112A35
FE3F0C87 89BCB7BB 994AE74C FA9E481D F65875D6
85EAF974 6D9CC8E3 F0B08B85
50437722 FFBE85B9 5E4189FF CC189CB9 69C46F9C
A84DFBA5 7A0AF99E AD768C36
006CF498 079F88F8 A3B3FB1F 9FB7B3CB 5539E1D1
9693CCBB 551F78D2 892356AE
2F56D826 8918EF3C 80CA4F4D 87BFCA3B BFF668E9
689782A5 CF31CB6E B4B094D3
F3020301 0001
quit
Step 4: Configure the IPS settings on R3-S0000 from the CLI.
a. Create an IPS rule, and name the rule IOSIPS.
b. Set the IPS Signature storage location to the IPSDIR
directory you created in flash in step 1d.
c. Enable HTTP server and IPS SDEE event notification.
d. Configure IOS IPS to use one of the pre-defined signature
categories.
Note: When configuring IOS IPS, it is required to first retire all
the signatures in the “all” category and then unretire

selected signature categories.
After you have retired all signatures in the all category, unretire
the ios_ips basic category.
e. Apply the IPS rule to inbound traffic to R3’s 0/1 interface.
Step 5: Start the TFTP server on PC-C and verify the IPS file
directory. (Optional)
Verify that PC-C has the IPS Signature package file in a
directory on the TFTP server. This file is typically named IOS-
Sxxx-CLI.pkg. The xxx is the signature file version.
Note: If this file is not present, contact your instructor before
continuing.
Step 6: Copy the signature package from the TFTP server to R3.
(Optional)
a. Use the copy tftp command to retrieve the signature file and
load it into the Intrusion Detection Configuration.
Use the idconf keyword at the end of the copy command.

Note: Signature compiling begins immediately after the
signature package is loaded to the router. You can see the
messages on the router with logging level 6 or above enabled.
b. Use the dir flash command to see the contents of the IPSDIR
directory you created earlier in this lab. There
should be six files
c. Use the show ip ips signature count command to see the
counts for the compiled signature package.
R3# show ip ips signature count.
b. Use the dir flash command to see the contents of the IPSDIR
directory you created earlier in this lab. There
should be six files, as shown here.
c. Use the show ip ips signature count command to see the
counts for the compiled signature package.
R3# show ip ips signature count
Note: You may see an error message during signature
compilation, such as “%IPS-3-
INVALID_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE:
Invalid Digital Signature found (key not found)”. The message
means the public crypto key is invalid. Refer to Task
3, Configure the IPS Crypto Key, to reconfigure the public
crypto key.

d. Use the show ip ips all command to view the IPS
configuration status summary.
Part 5: Secure Network Switches (Chapter 6)
Note: Not all security features in this part of the lab will be
configured on all switches. However, in a production
network all security features would be configured on all
switches.
Step 1: Configure basic security settings on S1-S0000
a. HTTP access to the switch is enabled by default. Prevent
HTTP access by disabling the HTTP server and HTTP
secure server.
Use an enable secret password of cisco12345. Use the strongest
encryption available.
b. Encrypt plaintext passwords.
c. Configure a warning to unauthorized users with an MOTD
banner that says “Unauthorized access strictly
prohibited!”.

Step 2: Configure SSH server settings on S1-S0000.
a. Configure a domain name S0000.com (your studentid.com)
b. Configure username Admin01 in the local database with a
password of Admin01pa55. Configure this user to
have the highest possible privilege level. The strongest
encryption method available should be used for the
password.
c. Configure the RSA keys with 1024 modulus bits.
d. Enable SSH version 2.
e. Set the SSH time-out to 90 seconds and the number of
authentication retries to 2.
Step 3: Configure the console and VTY lines.
a. Configure a console to use the local database for login. If the
user has the highest privileges, then automatically
enable privilege exec mode upon login. Set the exec-timeout
value to log out after five minutes of inactivity.
Prevent console messages from interrupting command entry.
b. Configure VTY lines to use the local database for login. If
the user has the highest privileges, then automatically
enable privilege exec mode upon login. Set the exec-timeout
value to log out after five minutes of inactivity. Allow

remote SSH access to all VTY lines
Step 4: Configure Port Security and Disable Unused Ports
a. Disable trunking on port G0/1.
b. Enable PortFast on G0/1.
c. Enable BPDU guard on G0/1.
d. Apply basic default port security on G0/1. This sets the
maximum MAC addresses to 1 and the violation action to
shut down. Use the sticky option to allow the secure MAC
address that is dynamically learned on a port to the
switch running configuration.
e. Disable unused ports on S1-S0000.
Step 5: Set loop guard as the default for all non-designated
ports on S1-S0000.
Step 6: Save the running configuration to the startup
configuration for each switch.
Part 6: Configure ASA Basic Settings and Firewall (Chapter 9)
(Optional)
Task 1: Prepare the ASA for ASDM Access
Step 1: Clear the previous ASA configuration settings.
a. Use the write erase command to remove the startup-config
file from flash memory.
b. Use the reload command to restart the ASA.

Step 2: Bypass Setup Mode and configure the ASDM VLAN
interfaces using the CLI.
a. When prompted to preconfigure the firewall through
interactive prompts (Setup mode), respond with no
b. Enter privileged EXEC mode. The password should be blank
(no password) at this point.
c. Enter global configuration mode. Respond with no to the
prompt to enable anonymous reporting.
d. The VLAN 1 logical interface will be used by PC-B to access
ASDM on ASA physical interface E0/1. Configure
interface VLAN 1 and name it inside. The Security Level should
be automatically set to the highest level of 100.
Specify IP address 192.168.1.1 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
e. Enable physical interface E0/1.
f. Preconfigure interface VLAN 2, name itASA-S0000(config)#
int g0/0

ASA-S0000(config-if)# nameif outside, assign IP
ASA-S0000(config-if)# ip address 209.165.200.226, and the
subnet mask 255.255.255.248. Notice that the VLAN is
automatically assigned a
ASA-S0000(config-if)# no shut
ASA-S0000(config)# int g0/1
ASA-S0000(config-if)# nameif inside
ASA-S0000(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 as
the security level.
g. Assign VLAN 2 to the physical interface E0/0 and enable the
interface.
h. Configure VLAN 3, which is where the public access web
server will reside. Assign it IP address 192.168.2.1/24,
name it dmz, and assign it a security level of 70.
ASA-S0000(config-if)# no shut
ASA-S0000(config-if)# exit
ASA-S0000(config)# route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
209.165.200.225
ASA-S0000(config-network-object)# object network obj_any
ASA-S0000(config-network-object)# subn
ASA-S0000(config-network-object)# subnet 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

ASA-S0000(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside)
dynamic interface
Note: If you are working with the ASA 5505 base license, you
will see the error message shown in the output
below. The ASA 5505 Base license allows for the creation of up
to three named VLAN interfaces. However, you
must disable communication between the third interface and one
of the other interfaces using the no forward
command. This is not an issue if the ASA has a Security Plus
license, which allows 20 named VLANs.
Because the server does not need to initiate communication with
the inside users, disable forwarding to interface
VLAN 1.
i. Assign VLAN 3 to the interface E0/2 and enable the interface.
j. Display the status of all ASA interfaces by using the show
interface ip brief command.

k. Display the information for the Layer 3 VLAN interfaces by
using the show ip address command.
l. Display the VLANs and port assignments on the ASA by
using the show switch vlan command.
Step 3: Configure and verify access to the ASA from the inside
network.
a. From PC-B, ping the ASA’s inside interface (192.168.1.1).
Pings should be successful.
b. Use the http command to configure the ASA to accept HTTPS
connections and to allow access to ASDM from any
host on the inside network (192.168.1.0/24).
c. Open a browser on PC-B and test the HTTPS access to the
ASA by entering https://192.168.1.1.
d. From the ASDM Welcome page, click Run ASDM. When
prompted for a username and password, leave them
blank and click OK.
Task 2: Configure Basic ASA Settings Using the ASDM Startup
Wizard (Optional)
Step 1: Access the Configuration menu and launch the Startup
wizard.
At the top left of the screen, click Configuration > Launch
Startup wizard.
Step 2: Configure the hostname, domain name, and the enable
password.

a. On the first Startup wizard screen, select the Modify Existing
Configuration option.
b. On the Startup Wizard Step 2 screen, configure the ASA
hostname CCNAS-ASA and domain name
ccnasecurity.com. Change the enable mode password from blank
(no password) to cisco12345.
Step 3: Verify the VLAN and interface settings.
a. On the Startup Wizard Step 3 screen, do not change the
current settings; these were previously defined using
the CLI.
b. On the Startup Wizard Step 4 screen, verify that port Ethernet
0/1 is allocated to inside VLAN 1 and that port
Ethernet 0/0 is allocated to Outside VLAN 2.
c. On the Startup Wizard Step 5 screen verify the Outside and
Inside IP address settings are correct. Click Next.
Step 4: Configure DHCP, address translation, and
administrative access.
a. On the Startup Wizard Step 6 screen – DHCP Server, select
Enable DHCP server on the Inside Interface and
specify a starting IP address of 192.168.1.5 and an ending IP
address of 192.168.1.30. Enter the DNS Server 1
address of 10.3.3.3 and enter ccnasecurity.com for the domain
name. Do NOT check the box to enable auto-

configuration from interface.
b. On the Startup Wizard Step 7 screen – Address Translation
(NAT/PAT), configure the ASA to Use Port Address
Translation (PAT) and select the Use the IP address of the
outside interface option.
c. On the Startup Wizard Step 8 screen – Administrative Access,
HTTPS/ASDM access is currently configured for
hosts on the inside network (192.168.1.0/24). Add SSH access
to the ASA for the inside network (192.168.1.0) with
a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.
d. Finish the wizard and deliver the commands to the ASA.
Note: When prompted to log in again, leave the Username field
blank and enter cisco12345 as the password.
Task 3: Configuring ASA Settings from the ASDM
Configuration Menu
Step 1: Set the ASA date and time.

At the Configuration > Device Setup screen, click System Time
> Clock. Set the time zone, current date and time,
and apply the commands to the ASA.
Step 2: Configure a static default route for the ASA.
a. At the Configuration > Device Setup screen, click Routing >
Static Routes. Click the IPv4 only button and then add
a static route for the outside interface. Specify any4 for the
Network and a Gateway IP of 209.165.200.225 (R1-
S0000 G0/0). Apply the static route to the ASA.
b. On the ASDM Tools menu, select Ping and enter the IP
address of router R1-S0000 S0/0/0 (10.1.1.1). The ping
should succeed.
Step 3: Test access to an external website from PC-B.
Open a browser on PC-B and enter the IP address of the R1-
S0000 S0/0/0 interface (10.1.1.1) to simulate access to
an external website. The R1-S0000 HTTP server was enabled in
Part 2 of this lab. You should be prompted with a
user authentication login dialog box from the R1-S0000 GUI
device manger. Exit the browser.
Note: You will be unable to ping from PC-B to R1-S0000
S0/0/0 because the default ASA application inspection
policy does not permit ICMP from the internal network.

Step 4: Configure AAA for SSH client access.
a. At the Configuration > Device Management screen, click
Users/AAA > User Accounts > Add. Create a new user
named Admin01 with a password of Admin01pa55. Allow this
user Full access (ASDM, SSH, Telnet, and console)
and set the privilege level to 15. Apply the command to the
ASA.
b. At the Configuration > Device Management screen, click
Users/AAA > AAA Access. On the Authentication tab,
require authentication for HTTP/ASDM and SSH connections
and specify the LOCAL server group for each
connection type. Click Apply to send the commands to the ASA.
Note: The next action you attempt within ASDM will require
that you log in as Admin01 with the password
Admin01pa55.
c. From PC-B, open an SSH client and attempt to access the
ASA inside interface at 192.168.1.1. You should be able
to establish the connection. When prompted to log in, enter
username Admin01 and the password Admin01pa55.

d. After logging in to the ASA using SSH, enter the enable
command and provide the password cisco12345. Issue
the show run command in order to display the current
configuration you have created using ASDM. Close the SSH
session.
Task 4: Modify the Default Modular Policy Framework using
ASDM.
Step 1: Modify the MPF application inspection policy.
The default global inspection policy does not inspect ICMP. To
enable hosts on the internal network to ping
external hosts and receive replies, ICMP traffic must be
inspected.
a. From PC-B, select the ASDM Configuration screen >
Firewall menu. Click Service Policy Rules.
b. Select the inspection_default policy and click Edit to modify
the default inspection rules. In the Edit Service
Policy Rule window, click the Rule Actions tab and select the
ICMP check box. Do not change the other default
protocols that are checked. Click OK > Apply to send the
commands to the ASA.

Note: If prompted, log in as Admin01 with the password
Admin01pa55.
Step 2: Verify that returning ICMP traffic is allowed.
From PC-B, attempt to ping the R1-S0000 G0/0 interface at IP
address 209.165.200.225. The pings should be
successful because ICMP traffic is now being inspected.
Part 7: Configuring a DMZ, Static NAT, and ACLs (Chapter 10)
(Optional)
In Part 6 of this lab, you configured address translation using
PAT for the inside network using ASDM. In this part,
you will use ASDM to configure the DMZ, Static NAT, and
ACLs on the ASA.
To accommodate the addition of a DMZ and a web server, you
will use another address from the ISP range
assigned (209.165.200.224/29). R1-S0000 G0/0 and the ASA
outside interface already use 209.165.200.225 and
.226. You will use public address 209.165.200.227 and static
NAT to provide address translation access to the
server.
Step 1: Configure static NAT to the DMZ server using a
network object.
a. From PC-B, select the ASDM Configuration screen >
Firewall menu. Click the Public Servers option and click Add
to define the DMZ server and services offered. In the Add

Public Server dialog box, specify the Private Interface as
dmz, the Public Interface as outside, and the Public IP address
as 209.165.200.227.
b. Click the ellipsis button to the right of Private IP Address. In
the Browse Private IP Address window, click Add to
define the server as a Network Object. Enter the name DMZ-
SERVER, select Host for the Type, enter the Private IP
Address of 192.168.2.3, and a Description of PC-A.
c. From the Browse Private IP Address window, verify that the
DMZ-Server appears in the Selected Private IP
Address field and click OK. You will return to the Add Public
Server dialog box.
d. In the Add Public Server dialog, click the ellipsis button to
the right of Private Service. In the Browse Private
Service window, double-click to select the following services:
tcp/ftp, tcp/http and icmp/echo (scroll down to see
all services). Click OK to continue and return to the Add Public
Server dialog.

e. Click OK to add the server. Click Apply at the Public Servers
screen to send the commands to the ASA
Step 2: View the DMZ Access Rule (ACL) generated by ASDM.
With the creation of the DMZ server object and selection of
services, ASDM automatically generates an Access
Rule (ACL) to permit the appropriate access to the server and
applies it to the outside interface in the incoming
direction.
View this Access Rule in ASDM by clicking Configuration >
Firewall > Access Rules. It appears as an outside
incoming rule. You can select the rule and use the horizontal
scroll bar to see all of the components.
Step 3: Test access to the DMZ server from the outside network.
a. From PC-C, ping the IP address of the static NAT public
server address (209.165.200.227). The pings should be
successful.
b. You can also access the DMZ server from a host on the inside
network because the ASA inside interface (VLAN 1)
is set to security level 100 (the highest) and the DMZ interface
(VLAN 3) is set to 70. The ASA acts like a router
between the two networks. Ping the DMZ server (PC-A) internal
address (192.168.2.3) from PC-B. The pings should

be successful due to the interface security level and the fact that
ICMP is being inspected on the inside interface by
the global inspection policy.
c. The DMZ server cannot ping PC-B because the DMZ
interface VLAN 3 has a lower security level and because it
was necessary to specify the no forward command when the
VLAN 3 interface was created.
Try to ping from the DMZ server PC-A to PC-B. The pings
should not be successful.
Part 8: Configure ASA Clientless SSL VPN Remote Access
(Chapter 10)
In Part 8 of this lab, you will use ASDM’s Clientless SSL VPN
wizard to configure the ASA to support clientless SSL
VPN remote access. You will verify your configuration by using
a browser from PC-C.
Step 1: Start the VPN wizard.
Using ASDM on PC-B, click Wizards > VPN Wizards >
Clientless SSL VPN wizard. The SSL VPN wizard
Clientless SSL VPN Connection screen displays.
Step 2: Configure the SSL VPN user interface.
On the SSL VPN Interface screen, configure VPN-PROFILE as
the Connection Profile Name and specify outside as
the interface to which outside users will connect.

Step 3: Configure AAA user authentication.
On the User Authentication screen, click Authenticate Using the
Local User Database and enter the username
VPNuser with a password of Remotepa55. Click Add to create
the new user.
Step 4: Configure the VPN group policy.
On the Group Policy screen, create a new group policy named
VPN-GROUP.
Step 5: Configure the bookmark list.
a. From the Clientless Connections Only – Bookmark List
screen, click Manage to create an HTTP server bookmark
in the bookmark list. In the Configure GUI Customization
Objects window, click Add to open the Add Bookmark List
window. Name the list WebServer.
b. Add a new bookmark with Web Mail as the Bookmark Title.
Enter the server destination IP address of

192.168.1.3 (PC-B is simulating an internal web server) as the
URL.
c. Click OK to complete the wizard and Apply to the ASA
Step 6: Verify VPN access from the remote host.
a. Open the browser on PC-C and enter the login URL for the
SSL VPN into the address field
(https://209.165.200.226). Use secure HTTP (HTTPS) because
SSL is required to connect to the ASA.
Note: Accept security notification warnings.
b. The Login window should display. Enter the previously
configured username VPNuser, enter the password
Remotepa55, and click Logon to continue.
Step 7: Access the web portal window.
After the user authenticates, the ASA SSL web portal webpage
will be displayed. This webpage lists the bookmarks
previously assigned to the profile. If the bookmark points to a
valid server IP address or hostname that has HTTP
web services installed and functional, the outside user can
access the server from the ASA portal.
Note: In this lab, the web mail server is not installed on PC-B.
Part 9: Configure a Site-to-Site IPsec VPN between R3-S0000
and the ASA. (Chapters 8 & 10)

In Part 9 of this lab, you will use the CLI to configure an IPsec
VPN tunnel on R3-S0000 and use ASDM’s Site-to-Site
Wizard to configure the other side of the IPsec tunnel on the
ASA.
Task 1: Configure the Site-to-Site IPsec VPN Tunnel on R3
Step 1: Enable IKE and configure the ISAKMP policy
parameters.
a. Verify that IKE is supported and enabled.
b. Create an ISAKMP policy with a priority number of 1. Use
pre-shared key as the authentication type, 3des for the
encryption algorithm, sha as the hash algorithm, and the Diffie-
Helman group 2 key exchange.
c. Configure the pre-shared key of Site2SiteKEY1 and point it
to the ASA’s outside interface IP address.
d. Verify the IKE policy with the show crypto isakmp policy
command.
Step 2: Configure the IPsec transform set and lifetime.
Create a transform set with tag TRNSFRM-SET and use an ESP
transform with an AES 256 cipher with ESP and the
SHA hash function.

Step 3: Define interesting traffic.
Configure the IPsec VPN interesting traffic ACL. Use extended
access list number 101. The source network should
be R3’s LAN (172.16.3.0/24), and the destination network
should be the ASA’s LAN (192.168.1.0/24).
Step 4: Create and apply a crypto map.
a. Create the crypto map on R3, name it CMAP, and use 1 as the
sequence number.
b. Use the match address <access-list> command to specify
which access list defines which traffic to encrypt.
c. Set the peer address to the ASA’s remote VPN endpoint
interface IP address (209.165.200.226).
d. Set the transform set to TRNSFRM-SET.
e. Apply the crypto map to R3’s S0/1 interface.
Step 5: Verify IPsec configuration on R3.
Use the show crypto map and show crypto ipsec sa commands to
verify R3’s IPsec VPN configuration.
Task 2: Configure Site-to-Site VPN on ASA using ASDM

Step 1: Use a browser on PC-B to establish an ASDM session to
the ASA.
a. After the ASDM is established, use the Site-to-Site VPN
Wizard to configure the ASA for IPsec site-tosite VPN.
b. Set the Peer IP Address to R3’s S0/0/1 IP address (10.2.2.1).
Verify that outside is selected for the VPN Access
Interface.
c. Identify the traffic to protect. Set the Local Network to
inside-network/24 and the Remote Network to
172.16.3.0/24.
d. Configure the pre-shared key. Enter the Pre-shared Key of
Site2SiteKEY1.
e. Enable NAT exemption. Check the Exempt ASA side
host/network from address translation box and verify that
the inside interface is selected.
Step 2: Apply IPsec configuration to the ASA.
Click Finish to apply the site-to-site configuration to the ASA.
Task 3: Test the Site-to-Site IPsec VPN Connection between the
ASA and R3
Step 1: From PC-B, ping R3’s LAN interface.
This should access the IPsec Site-to-site VPN connection
between the ASA and R3.

Step 2: Verify the IPsec Site-to-Site VPN session is active.
a. From ASDM on PC-B, click the Monitoring>VPN menu. A
connection profile IP address of 10.2.2.1 should be
displayed in the middle of the screen. Click the Details button
to see IKE and IPsec session details.
b. Issue the show crypto isakmp sa command to verify that an
IKE security association (SA) is active.
c. From PC-C, issue the command tracert 192.168.1.3. If the
site-to-site VPN tunnel is working correctly, you will
not see traffic being routed through R2-S0000 (10.2.2.2).
d. Issue the show crypto ipsec sa command on R3-S0000 to
view the number of packets that have been
encapsulated and decapsulated. Verify that there are no failed
packet attempts or send and receive errors.
Running head: Who am I as a Communicator
1

Who am I as a Communicator 2
Who am I as a Communicator
Introduction to organizational communication
Introduction
The benefits of communication cannot be underestimated either
in the workplace or also in school. Communication plays a
significant part in our success in the two environments.
Communication helps in improving a person's productivity in
the workplace. An excellent communicator is always willing to
ask about the best way they can perform their role better, and
their performance is enhanced. Even at school, a communicator
will not shy away from asking the teacher or a classmate
something they need further clarification on, thereby improving
their class performance.
On the other hand, the lack of it does the contrary — lack of
communication results in failure both at work and in school.
Our upbringing and the environment are responsible for
influencing our interaction and communication with others.
People that are raised in families where communication is
essential are likely to find it easy to talk to others, but those
where family communication with others is minimal, even at
school or work, they will be closed off. The environment might
also influence out communication because we learn from what
we see others doing. The ICEdge survey has adequately
assessed my communication style. Because I was raised in a
close-knit family where we shared a close relationship and
because where I grew up, time was of value, it did not surprise
me to score 5.6 in relationship and 1.3 in time management on

the ICEdge assessment.
Relationship style
I achieved the highest score in the relationship style of
communication. The score in the communication characteristic
of network reliance was 6.2, which is an indication that I am
highly reliant on personal network connections. The reason for
my high score is because I exhibited the behavior that I am
more comfortable engaging in business dealings with people
that I am in a social relationship with and those that I share a
long term relationship with. To some extent, having such
behavior has its advantages, but there are also some
disadvantages. Through being reliant on personal connections, I
can achieve trust, security, and I can eliminate risks and
uncertainty that comes from dealing with strangers. However,
by failing to engage with those that I do not know, I could be
missing out on excellent opportunities. If I were a person who
does not wholly rely on networks, then I would leverage the
business opportunities that are presented by people I do not
know. I would learn about using contracts in securing business
relationships with strangers and also learn that doing
background checks can be an effective strategy when
networking with a stranger.
The other characteristic that was assessed was a relational
adjustment, where I managed a score of 6.0. The score showed
that I am good at adjusting what and how I say things according
to the other person's status, feelings or my social image. Among
the behaviors I exhibited that influenced the high score was
because I scored very highly on having the ability to adjust for
feelings and status. However, I scored significantly lower on the
ability to adjust communication for my image. On the behaviors
that I achieved a high score, they reflected that I am considerate
of other people's feelings, which makes me appear as a sensitive
and moderate communicator. Also, these attributes come in
handy when I am interacting with my superiors because they
have to be accorded a high level of respect.
On the other hand, not being able to adjust to my image is a

weakness because I am reasonably able to save my face in some
situations. If I was not a person that is sensitive to other
people's feeling and status, then I would not show any form of
sensitivity even when delivering a negative message to an
individual. Also, if I was not able to adjust in some situations to
save face, then I would not shy away from speaking my mind
even if it meant losing face doing it.
The last relationship trait is openness. My score was 4.5,
which was the lowest among all the three relationship
characteristics accessed. The score indicated that I am a
somewhat open person. My perception of privacy is that it
depends on the relationship you share with the other person and
the feelings of the other person. On openness, my behavior that
had the most significant contribution to the score is my keen
ability to convey facts sensitively. I showed that I am a
sensitive communicator when communicating facts especially
those that might cause hurt to the recipient or stir up tension at
work. The behavior makes it easy for me to relate with people
in the workplace and also in school that appreciate discretion,
but on the other hand, it is difficult to socialize with factual
communicators. The behavior that was responsible for the low
score is my inability to communicate cautiously. Part of being
open is being considerate of other people's feelings. Therefore,
being someone who does not have a problem initiating a
conversation with even strangers’ shows I am incapable of
communicating cautiously. This behavior helps me to easily
socialize with other people, but it can sometimes make me
appear intrusive. If I were to become more of a factual talker,
then I would more likely not show sensitivity when delivering
even hurtful information. In I start communicating cautiously, I
will show more respect for other people's space.
Time management
Of the four styles of communication accessed, time management
emerges the most poorly scored of all. The first characteristic
tested was the time structure that informs of how good I am at
organizing work simultaneously. The assessment offered a low

score of 1.7 as a show that I tend to organize work linearly,
meaning that I do one task after another which leads to more
time being taken to complete all tasks. The upside to this trait is
that others would understand my style of doing things, but its
downside is I find it challenging to work with multitaskers. If I
were to become someone that the handles work simultaneously,
it would even contribute to making me a more open
communicator.
The second time management behavior evaluated is
scheduling. The score was even weaker than the first one at
1.2. The assessment showed that I am not a flexible person
when it comes to scheduling and deadlines. Instead, I prefer to
strictly adhere to the set time and I am not flexible with
deadlines. As mentioned, one of the behaviors that contributed
to the low score is the lack of flexibility to deadlines. I prefer
to use my daily calendar and ensure to fulfill all the
engagements that I have planned out within their set time. The
benefit of this behavior is that I can prioritize important things.
However, it is a habit that creates a lot of frustrations and
feelings of being stressed and overwhelmed. The other behavior
is poor flexibility to deadlines, a habit that helps me to fit well
in environments requiring being efficient, responsible and
showing organization. The downside to it is that when I am
relating to people that are flexible to deadlines, I become
frustrated. If I were to change these two habits and become
flexible to deadlines and scheduling, I would be more open to
discussing different deadlines, setting reasonable schedules with
others, and I will avoid the frustrations of inflexibility.
Lastly, the time management behavior of sharing time
emerged the most poorly performed of all with a score of 1.0. It
shows that I consider interruptions when working to be
disruptive. This is influenced by my behaviors of being
inflexible in scheduling. I do not like engaging in small talk
while I could be using the time to engage in something more
constructive. The advantage of this is I usually fit well in the
work environment where time is a valuable resource, but the

problem is that it becomes difficult relating to those that hold a
fluid perspective on time. If I practice being less strict with my
time, it will allow me to relate with others better because I will
have a better understanding of different perspectives towards
time.
Conclusion
My scores in the relationship and time management styles
of communicating are not at all surprising. They reflect exactly
how I was raised and the cultural values I picked from the
community I grew up in. Our family relationship was the most
important thing when growing up, which influenced me to learn
relating to only those that I have a close relationship with. In
the society where I was raised, time was viewed as an essential
resource. It is the reason that these traits have reflected in the
assessment. I have learned that there are areas I need to make
improvements to improve how I communicate with other people.
Such as learning to become comfortable interacting with people
I do not know. The entire exercise has also taught me that other
people's view on certain things such as time might be different
because we are raised differently

References
Li, J. (2019). Your Communication Style Overview. ICEdge.
My thesis statement should be strong enough and well
supported. I wrote in thesis that I will improve my efficiency by
asking others. I supported in my body paragraphs that I would
not feel shy from speaking my mind.
Yes, I do think that my essay is arranged in the best way. I
compared my score one by one and give improvement idea to
them.
Yes, all of them have main points. The first paragraph gave a
clear thesis. The second paragraph talked about my relationship
style. The third paragraph explained my time management style.
Then last paragraph gave a good conclusion.
Yes, my paragraphs have transition language to show the
relationship between them and my first paragraph. The second
paragraph said that I am not shy to ask hot to get a better
efficiency. The third paragraph said that I rather stick to my
schedule, since I was raised in a close -knit family.
Yes, they should be correct. I used gramma check software to
make sure of that.
CMN 6000: Introduction to Organizational Communication
All Written Assignments will be evaluated based on the
Standardized Writing Rubric. (See document posted in
Blackboard under the Syllabus and Resource page).
APA Format is required for all writing assignments in the MS
Corporate and Organizational Communication program.

APA Citation Basics:
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-
text citation. So if you are paraphrasing material from a source,
you need to cite the source. Example: According to Jones
(1998), the concept of serial distortion applies to a wide range
of......
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to
include the author, year of publication, and the page number for
the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a
signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by
the date of publication in parentheses. Example: According to
Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Academic Integrity and Citation:
Please review this link to learn about correctly formatting in-
text citations and reference pages:
https://guides.lib.unc.edu/citing-information/apa-intext
Check out this other link to ensure you use the ideas and work
of others appropriately in your academic writing: Avoiding
Plagiarism.
Assignment 1 – Reflections Essay
Assignment Guidelines
Due Date:
DRAFT to OWL: End of Week 3
FINAL PAPER due to PROFESSORS: End of Week 4
Page Requirement: 5-6 pages, 12 point font, double-spaced.
WHY: By reflecting on your cultural background and identity
and their impact on your styles of communication, you will
better understand yourself and others.
WHAT: This assignment asks you to examine the results of your

communication style self-assessment and use evidence from
your life to make connections regarding why you communicate
the way you do and how has your cultural identity shaped you.
In doing so, you must 1) report your overall scores from the
ICEdge (pick only two), 2) explain some of the behaviors and
traits associated with your score, and in doing so, quote the
self-assessment, 3) define which aspects of your cultural
identity and upbringing contribute to and/or cause each of the
behaviors and traits you have, and 4) support your defined
aspects using specific stories with specific interactions from
your life that are part of your cultural identity and upbringing.
Aspects of identity, cultural and otherwise, will include one’s
country, family (parents or grandparents, siblings, aunts or
uncles), neighborhood, relevant jobs or internships, gender,
religion, socio-economic status, and relevant experience from
school/university.
The audience will be your classmates and professors in your
professional program. Your papers will be used for class
discussion, so please ensure that you are comfortable sharing
your reflections with your classmates.
You must use a thesis statement to guide your essay. You must
also use the provided rhetorical form to structure the essay.
Guidelines on both are found below.
You must use APA citation to document the ICEdge assessment
results and relevant material in Zaremba, Chapter 1. You must
also include a references page at the end of the essay that
follows APA formatting.
HOW: The questions and exercises below are to help you
brainstorm material for your essay. Use the assessment and the
brainstorming questions to support your thesis statement as
modeled above. Follow the instructions on Rhetorical Form to
help you organize your essay. Include all the Idea Development
suggestions in each body paragraph.
Begin by visiting the link to ICEdge (Intercultural
Communication Edge) and purchasing the “What Is My
Communication Style” assessment. Complete the assessment

online and review the written report you receive. This link will
be available from your instructor.
Brainstorming:
After reviewing the assessment results, write quick answers to
these questions as notes. Begin to take notes on specific stories
about specific interactions you had.
You do not need to answer every question, and there may be
points you include in your paper that aren't addressed by the
questions. Do not use these questions to organize your essay.
· What are my racial, ethnic, national origins? How do they
define me?
· How does my gender define me?
· How did growing up within my family define me?
· How does my social class define me?
· Are there particular myths, stories or rituals from childhood
that define me?
· How do I communicate both informally with friends and
family, and in more formal settings as, for example, a work
environment, the classroom, or a club? Some aspects of
communication style you could comment on are:
· topics you frequently find yourself talking about
· use of nonverbal communication
· use of interruption or silence when others speak
· affinity for or dislike of argument and conflict
· forms of communication you rely on
After answering these questions, use the results from the online
assessment and your writing/brainstorming to create your thesis
and write your essay.
Introduction paragraph questions to answer:
· How does communication help us succeed or fail in the
workplace? At school/university?
· How might one’s upbringing change the way they interact with
others?
· How does an environment alter the way one communicates
with others?
Writing a thesis statement:

SUGGESTED THESIS MODEL STATEMENT
BECAUSE of ________________ and ______________ (here,
list the two or three significant aspects of your identity that
shaped the way you communicate in terms of the two chosen
quadrants), it did/did not surprise me to score ___ in
______________ (first chosen quadrant) and ___ in
_______________ (second chosen quadrant) of the ICEdge self-
assessment.
SAMPLE THESIS STATEMENT
Because my parents and schooling taught me to always follow
schedules and pay attention to the time, and because my strict
Christian Church taught me the things of the spirit matter more
than the things of the body, it DID surprise me to score 2.1 in
time management and 4.4 in sensory style on the ICEdge
assessment.
Conclusion paragraph questions to answer:
· Were you surprised by the scores for the two quadrants you
chose?
· Did the communication behaviors and traits matchup exactly
with how you think you behave and with who you are?
· What insights have you gained about yourself and others
through the assessment itself and also the writing of this essay?
Rhetorical arrangement:
Each body paragraph should highlight one score from one of the
quadrants you selected. Each quadrant breaks down into three
sections on the ICEdge assessment report, so you will use three
paragraphs to discuss each quadrant. That equals six body
paragraphs total. An outline looks like:
· Intro paragraph including thesis statement at the end
· Body paragraph 1 (focuses on one of the three sections of the
first chosen quadrant)

second chosen quadrant)
· Conclusion paragraph
Idea development in every body paragraph:
· Include the relevant score, descriptions of the traits and
behaviors associated with it in the assessment.
· Make connections between the traits/behaviors you laid out
and the aspects of your identity that influenced or shaped those
same traits/behaviors.
· Provide specific examples from your life that clarify how each
part of your identity you want to focus on has influenced your
communication style.
· Remember, you can use your brainstorming notes to help
develop material for the essay.
Academic Integrity and Citation:
Please view this link to learn how to format in-text citations or
make a references page:
https://guides.lib.unc.edu/citing-information/apa-intext
Please view this link to learn what plagiarism is and how to
avoid it:
http://subjectguides.lib.neu.edu/plagiarism
Li_Junze
Your Communication Style Overview
Message style is the way
you use and interpret literal

vs subtle meaning and
emotions in communication.
Your message style at work is
implicit. You are indirect when
you express yourself, interpret
others, and approach conflict.
You often let feelings guide your
communication, and are adept at
understanding and expressing
subtle meaning.
Sensory style refers to the
way you attend to and
communicate through the
physical, auditory, and vocal
space shared with your
counterpart.
Your sensory style at work
guards interpersonal space
through occasional silence in
conversation, using a calm voice,
and maintaining reserved body
posture.
Time management style
refers to the way you attend
to and manage time, i.e.
focusing more on clock time
or allowing events to unfold
naturally.
Your time management style at
work strictly follows clock time,
dictating how you organize your

day, structure tasks, and manage
meetings.
Relationship style refers to
the way you adjust
communication to your
counterpart's status and
relationship with you.
Your relationship style at work is
relational. You often adjust your
message depending on your
counterpart's feelings, status, or
relationship to you.
1.3
3.0
4.9
5.6
Li_Junze
Message style
Interpretation is a characteristic of your
communication style at work. Interpretation
represents your tendencies to focus on literal
versus implicit meaning when receiving messages.
Interpretation is a composite of your
communication preferences for recognizing your
counterpart's emotions and messages.

Your Score is: 7.0
At work, you interpret communication very implicitly. You
focus
strongly on your counterpart's emotions and the subtle
meaning underlying their words.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Interpretation
1. RECOGNIZE OTHERS'
IMPLICIT MESSAGES
2. RECOGNIZE OTHERS'
EMOTIONS
KEY You
Your Behaviors and Attitudes
1. RECOGNIZE OTHERS' IMPLICIT MESSAGES
Your Score is: 7.0
Your responses indicate that at work, you are very attentive to
your
counterpart's implicit communication. You almost always
interpret
indirect messages that underlie your counterpart's words. You
almost

always look beyond words for meaning and seek implicit intent
when
interpreting a counterpart's message.
Strengths and Challenges
Your implicit interpretation is effective when your counterpart
is an
indirect communicator. You pick up subtle messages being
conveyed
through nonverbal channels. When your counterpart uses direct
forms
of communication, it will be challenging to focus solely on the
words so
that you do not over interpret or misinterpret the message.
Recommendations
When you engage in implicit meaning interpretation, you are
like a
communication detective. But nonverbal expression and
meaning can
vary greatly in different individuals, languages, and parts of the
world.
Be sure to test your assumptions and check your interpretations
with
direct active listening tools.
2. RECOGNIZE OTHERS' EMOTIONS
Your Score is: 7.0
Your responses indicate that at work, you almost always notice
your
counterpart's implicit emotions. You almost always interpret
subtle
feelings underlying your counterpart's words, such as anxiety or
liking.

Because you attend to your counterpart's underlying emotions,
you are
able to interpret subtle emotional content that accompanies
indirect
communicators' verbal messages. For example, you can use
emotional
cues to detect when someone says "yes" but means "maybe," or
even
"no." There is less risk of misinterpretation with direct
communicators
who are unlikely to adjust what they say based on their
underlying
mood state. With direct communicators, it will be challenging to
focus
on literal meaning so that you do not over interpret and assume
emotional content that is not truly there.
Recommendations
To manage communication with direct communicators, focus on
literal,
task-related meaning while taking into account your
counterpart's
emotional expression. When a direct communicator is
emotionally
expressive, it is important to validate explicitly expressed
emotions
while making sure they do not hijack a task-focused
conversation.
When your counterpart's emotions are neutral, focus on literal
meaning.
Li_Junze

Message style
Expression is a characteristic of your message
style at work. Expression represents your
tendencies to focus on literal and direct versus
implicit and subtle meaning when sending
messages. Expression is a composite of your
communication preferences for persuasion, verbal
expression, and letting feelings guide your
behavior.
Your Score is: 3.2
At work, your communication expression is literal,
characterized by a focus on words over emotions. You often
emphasize direct verbal messages to convey your opinions and
argue your position.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Expression
1. COMMUNICATE
BASED ON FEELINGS
2. COMMUNICATE
INDIRECTLY
2. PERSUADE GENTLY

KEY You
1. COMMUNICATE BASED ON FEELINGS
Your Score is: 5.0
Your responses indicate that at work, you
usually communicate based on your feelings
regarding a given situation, meaning you trust
your feelings and let your mood (e.g. angry,
timid, bold, agreeable) guide what to say and
how to say it. Since your communication style
often changes based on how you are feeling in
response to a situation, it is sometimes dynamic
and varies according to the situation.
You will find you communicate more easily with
people tuned into their emotions. With such
counterparts you know the message reflects
how the person feels. You may be frustrated
with those whose communication style is not
tied to their emotions. Such counterparts may
seem overly task-focused to you, and it may be
difficult to detect their feelings, for example
about a new idea or towards a relationship at
work.
Recommendations
When communicating with someone who is not
guided by emotions, consider stepping back and
assessing whether feelings are an important
source of information in the given situation. For
example, when discussing a new plan to
increase employee morale, your counterparts'

positive support and buy-in is directly related to
the likelihood of follow-through. When you
need to know your counterparts' feelings,
consider asking probing questions to avoid
incorrect assumptions.
2. COMMUNICATE INDIRECTLY
Your Score is: 3.0
Your responses indicate that at work, your
communication behavior is direct. You usually
depend on words to communicate your
message and rarely use indirectness to avoid
hurting someone's feelings. You are not
dependent on your counterpart's ability to infer
meaning, to convey your message.
You are able to communicate effectively using
explicit verbal messages with other direct
communicators. You assume responsibility for
your counterpart's understanding, which you
achieve through clear, explicit language.
However, when working with indirect
communicators, you may miss parts of the
communicated message. It is unlikely that you
are able to use implicit communication
behaviors effectively.
Recommendations
When working with indirect communicators, be
aware of subtle meaning behind your
counterpart's silence or seemingly ambiguous
messages. Put yourself in your counterpart's
shoes by recalling times when you chose to stay
silent. Allow yourself to think holistically in

order to capture parts of the message that are
not being verbalized.
2. PERSUADE GENTLY
Your Score is: 1.7
Your responses indicate that at work, your
style of persuasion is very direct. You almost
always assert your wishes and argue your
position firmly.
Interdependent decision-making with similar
communicators resembles a competitive
debate. Communicators with a more subtle
style of persuasion may find your style very
forceful and react with a defensive posture.
Recommendations
When faced with diverse communication
styles, you will need to look for subtle
expressions of persuasion to insure a well-
informed and balanced exchange. When it
comes to persuasion, the firmness of your
position is not directly related to the quality
and effectiveness of your argument.
Oftentimes, people are more likely to be
persuaded when they feel they have been
heard than when they are bombarded with
direct arguments.
Li_Junze
Message style

Conflict Management is a characteristic of your
communication style at work. Conflict
Management represents your tendencies to
confront versus avoid conflict and disagreement.
Conflict Management is a composite of your
communication preferences for avoiding conflict
and for avoiding disagreement.
Your Score is: 4.5
At work, your conflict management approach is somewhat
direct. When there is conflict or disagreement, you occasionally
prefer to face the confrontation directly but sometimes to back
away from unpleasant exchanges.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Conflict
Management
1. AVOID
CONFRONTING
CONFLICT
2. AVOID EXPRESSING
DISAGREEMENT
KEY You

1. AVOID CONFRONTING CONFLICT
Your Score is: 7.0
Your responses indicate that at work, you avoid direct conflict
whenever possible. When you disagree with someone, you may
express your disagreement but you almost never confront and
engage
in argument.
You and other conflict avoiders can efficiently resolve
disagreement
without engaging in heated argument. However, when facing
someone
who confronts conflict, expressing your disagreement may not
be
enough to reach resolution. Although you may be comfortable
agreeing
to disagree, it will be challenging for you to work with people
who
engage in direct battle until a conflict is resolved.
Recommendations
It will serve you well to remember that some people like to
confront
conflict. When faced with someone who wants to do battle, it is
important to attribute their behavior to communication style and
not
personality. You may be able to encourage constructive conflict
resolution by taking a problem solving approach.
2. AVOID EXPRESSING DISAGREEMENT

Your Score is: 2.0
Your responses indicate that at work, you do not avoid
disagreement.
You express disagreement even if it leads to hurt feelings or
unpleasant exchanges.
When your counterparts also prefer to express disagreement,
interdependent decisions will be well informed and considered.
However, while you may typically express disagreement openly,
remember that some people suppress disagreement to avoid
unpleasant exchanges. A counterpart's silence does not always
signal
agreement.
Recommendations
When working with others who do not openly express
disagreement, it
will serve you well to make sure all positions are heard. The
most novel
ideas and greatest decisions often come from teams working
through
divergent ideas and disagreement. One way to encourage the
expression of disagreement is to create a safe setting with clear
rules
of engagement. These rules specify that all positions are
valuable,
people will listen without interruption, and nothing will be
taken
personally.
Li_Junze
Relationship style

Network Reliance is a characteristic of your
relationship style at work that refers to your
tendencies to rely on personal network
connections.
Your Score is: 6.2
At work, your communication is characterized by very high
reliance on relational networks. You strongly emphasize long-
term relationships and networks as well as linking personal and
professional connections.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Network
Reliance
1. RELYS ON
NETWORK
2. RELY ON LTR
3. COMMUNICATES
ACROSS NETWORKS
KEY You

1. RELYS ON NETWORK
Your Score is: 7.0
Your results indicate you are most comfortable
doing business with people who are in your
social network. Your level of comfort with new
colleagues usually depends on your being part
of a shared relationship network.
By predominantly doing business with people
who are in a shared social network, your group
bonds offer security and trust. At the same
time, your pool of potential partners is more
limited, and you may lose out on novel
opportunities.
Recommendations
It will serve you well not to dismiss potential
new relationships too quickly. When you cannot
rely on shared networks, you can create low-
cost opportunities for potential colleagues to
demonstrate trustworthiness, for example
asking for a favor. You can also ask for
references from prior business colleagues to
help get to know your counterpart better.
2. RELY ON LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS
(LTR)
Your Score is: 7.0
Your responses indicate that you are most
comfortable working with people you have
known for some time. You trust and rely almost
exclusively on those with whom you have had a

long-term relationship.
By mostly doing business based on long-term
relationships, you limit uncertainty and risk. At
the same time, your pool of potential partners
is more limited and you may lose out on
business opportunities. You may be challenged
in parts of the world where people do not rely
on long-term relationships to do business.
Recommendations
Remember that in some parts of the world,
people form new relationships quickly and
secure them with a contract. It will serve you
well to explore new relationships that can be
gradually tested with low-cost incremental
commitments. By taking it slowly, you can build
trusting new relationships with potential for a
moderate or long-term life-span.
3. COMMUNICATES ACROSS NETWORKS
Your Score is: 4.6
Your responses indicate that you often have
overlapping personal and work networks.
You rarely prefer to keep people in your
work life separate from people in your
personal life.
People who like to have overlapping personal
and professional networks often tend to
share personal anecdotes at work and
workplace anecdotes at home. Because you
often do not like to compartmentalize your

work and personal worlds, you may have
photos from home at the office or you may
often invite work colleagues to your home
for dinner. In a culture or work environment
where personal and professional do not
overlap, your social nature may seem nosy or
intrusive.
Recommendations
Your strong preferences to communicate
across personal and professional circles may
not be shared or normative in your
workplace. Be sure to recognize and respect
others' preferences to keep personal and
work circles separate. Consider ways to build
personal relationships in the workplace, such
as a social get-together over lunch, without
having to cross boundaries into colleagues'
personal lives. This may mean simply
allowing sufficient time for a relationship to
develop naturally.
Li_Junze
Relationship style
Relational Adjustment is a characteristic of your
relationship style at work that captures the
degree to which you adjust what you say and how
you say it with different counterparts.
Your Score is: 6.0
At work, your communication is characterized by very high

relational adjustment. You strongly adjust what you say and
how you say it depending on your counterpart's status, your
counterpart's feelings, or your own social image.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Relational
Adjustment
1. ADJUST FOR
FEELINGS
2. ADJUST FOR
STATUS
3. ADJUST COMMU.
FOR OWN IMAGE
KEY You
1. ADJUST FOR FEELINGS
Your Score is: 7.0
Your responses indicate that at work, you your
message is highly influenced by your
counterpart's feelings. You almost always

change what you say or how you say it to avoid
hurt feelings or to save face for your
counterpart.
When you adjust your message for your
counterpart's feelings, others are likely to
perceive you as a modest and sensitive
communicator. When adjusting message
content and delivery, your challenge is to be
sure no critical message content is lost. This is
particularly problematic with negative
messages. Softening a message to avoid hurt
feelings should not come at the expense of
understanding.
Recommendations
It is essential for you to be sure your message
content is received and understood by those
who are not well attuned to a sensitive
communication style. When delivering a
negative message, you may be able to limit face
harm by delivering the message in private. You
may also limit hurt feelings by prefacing the
message with words of understanding and
encouragement. You can protect your
relationship by actively listening while your
counterpart responds.
2. ADJUST FOR STATUS
Your Score is: 7.0
consistently adjust your message and/or
communication style based on your
counterpart's status. Specifically, you almost

always change the formality of your greetings
depending on your counterpart's age, title, or
position.
Attending to contextual cues about status is
useful in hierarchical cultures and organizations
where social norms dictate strict levels of
respect and formality when communicating
with superiors. Your predisposition to adjust
communication for status could be problematic
in egalitarian cultures, where a superior would
expect a direct and complete message even
from a subordinate. Likewise, superiors who
are very direct in expression and interpretation
might misunderstand a message that is
deliberately indirect and gentle.
Recommendations
The politeness and respect you confer on
superiors can lend a professionalism to your
workplace communication with peers,
subordinates, and partners as well. However,
you should be sure to consider that respectful
communication can sometimes impinge on your
message clarity.
3. ADJUST COMMUNICATION FOR OWN
IMAGE
Your Score is: 4.0
occasionally adjust your communication to
preserve your image or save face. You are
occasionally annoyed and frustrated if you
lose face in a situation.

Your fairly moderate attitude towards saving
face suggests you pay attention to
situational cues and engage in impression
management as needed. At the same time,
your moderate style should allow you to
communicate directly and sincerely when
necessary, sometimes even when it means
losing face.
Recommendations
Be aware that your moderate attention to
saving face may seem inconsistent and
unpredictable to some people. You should
always balance impression management
goals with communication quality and
relationship concerns.
Li_Junze
Relationship style
Openness is a characteristic of your relationship
style at work. Openness represents your
tendencies to be more open or more reserved
when communicating about yourself and about
the truth.
Your Score is: 4.5
At work, your communication is somewhat open. You are
moderately comfortable initiating conversation with strangers.
For you, transparency in some contexts requires considering

the relationship and other's feelings.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Openness
1. COMMUNICATE
CAUTIOUSLY
2. CONVEY FACTS
SENSITIVELY
KEY You
1. COMMUNICATE CAUTIOUSLY
Your Score is: 3.0
Your responses indicate that at work, you are often an open and
outgoing communicator. You often initiate conversation with
strangers
and are comfortable bringing up personal matters (e.g. whether
you
have children, your favorite movie) with people you do not
know well.
Because you are often an open and outgoing communicator, it is
often

easy for you to get to know new people at work. In a group
setting
when newcomers arrive, more cautious communicators may
appreciate
your gregariousness as it gives them time to stand back and
observe.
Challenges may arise when newcomers are cautious
communicators
who may find your outgoing approach too direct and intrusive.
Recommendations
Remember that some people approach communication with
strangers
cautiously and do not like to talk about personal matters with
most
people. This behavior is based in their relationship style and is
not a
reflection of how much they like or dislike you. When you face
cautious
communicators, be sure to consider their comfort level and
respect
their pace.
2. CONVEY FACTS SENSITIVELY
Your Score is: 6.0
Your responses indicate that at work, you are usually more of a
sensitive communicator than a factual communicator. You are
almost
always sensitive when communicating facts that may hurt
someone's
feelings or create tension in a team environment. In such cases,
you will
leave out certain details or tweak the facts.

You work well with other sensitive communicators who
prioritize face-
saving and group harmony more than conveying every detail in
objective data. Such counterparts are grateful for your
discretion and
understanding that sometimes the truth depends on the situation.
You
will find it challenging to work with factual communicators who
rely
solely on objective data without consideration for situational
and
relational factors.
Recommendations
When working with communicators who convey facts
objectively, be
sure to recognize that in many parts of the world people believe
that
ideas and practices can be applied everywhere without
modification.
Factual communicators raised with this value system are
motivated to
uphold objective truth. Thus, they may equate conveying facts
sensitively with lying or immoral behavior.
Li_Junze
Time Management style
Task Structure is a characteristic of your time
management style at work that describes the
degree to which you perform tasks simultaneously
or sequentially.

Your Score is: 1.7
At work, your time management style is very linear in task
structure. You usually complete tasks one by one rather than
several at a time.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Task Structure
KEY You
A sequential approach to time sends clear and unambiguous
messages
to your counterparts. Because you like to work on one thing at a
time,
your counterparts know when they have your attention. You will
be
comfortable working in a Western-style business climate (e.g.
North
America, Europe) that has a more sequential approach to time
management and task completion. You will find it challenging
when
others around you are multitaskers and in parts of the world that
run
on event time (e.g. South Asia, Latin America, Africa).
Recommendations
Effectively working alongside multitaskers requires open
communication about different time management styles and
setting

clear expectations. Remember that multitaskers are good at
switching
between tasks rapidly and frequently, but at any given moment
the
brain can focus on only one task. When working among
multitaskers, it
will serve you well to protect your focus time by scheduling
specific
days/times for uninterrupted work.
Li_Junze
Scheduling is a characteristic of your time
degree to which you are strict versus flexible with
schedules and deadlines.
Your Score is: 1.2
At work, your time management style strictly adheres to clock
time. You stick to a schedule to manage your time and are not
flexible with deadlines.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Scheduling
1. FLEXIBLE WITH

SCHEDULES
2. FLEXIBLE WITH
DEADLINES
KEY You
1. FLEXIBLE WITH SCHEDULES
Your Score is: 1.5
You are not flexible with schedules at work. You almost always
keep a
carefully planned schedule on your calendar and refer to it
regularly to
help you organize your day and get things done.
Your scheduling behaviors will be similar to others in an
organizational
or national culture where time is a measurable resource. Relying
on a
schedule allows you to organize your day and set priorities in a
way
that is clear and reliable to you and others. When counterparts
you rely
on are flexible with schedules, you are likely to experience
frustration
and other negative emotions.
Recommendations
When working with people who do not use a calendar or keep it
updated, you may need to select meeting locations and send

meeting
reminders to increase the likelihood that your counterparts will
be
present when you expect the meeting to start. It will serve you
well to
be proactive - discuss your differences openly, set clear and
reasonable
expectations, and avoid making negative attributions (e.g.
disorganized,
rude) if a counterpart has a different style than yours.
2. FLEXIBLE WITH DEADLINES
Your Score is: 1.0
Your responses indicate that you are almost never flexible with
deadlines at work. You almost always pay strict attention to
deadlines
and take satisfaction in meeting them.
Your time management behaviors around deadlines will be
similar to
others in an organizational or national culture where time is a
measurable resource. In such cultures, meeting deadlines is
often
associated with being organized, efficient, and responsible.
Failing to
meet a deadline may be considered rude and irresponsible,
because it
affects your coworkers' plans and schedules. When counterparts
you
rely on are flexible with deadlines, you are likely to experience
frustration when managing work flow.
Recommendations
When working with people who do not pay strict attention to

deadlines, you should openly discuss your different deadline
management preferences. It will serve you well to create
timelines that
allow flexibility and also independent work flows so that you
aren't
waiting for a more event-time oriented counterpart.
Li_Junze
Sharing Time is a characteristic of your time
degree to which you consider interruptions
disruptive versus expected as you move
throughout your day.
Your Score is: 1.0
At work, your time management style strictly adheres to clock
time and shows strong respect for your counterpart's schedule.
You almost never allow interruptions during a meeting, such as
taking a phone call or pausing to chat with someone who pops
their head into your office.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Sharing Time
KEY You

Your attitudes towards sharing time will be similar to others in
an
organizational or national culture where time is a measurable
resource,
promptness is valued, and scheduled meeting times are
protected from
interruptions. You will find it challenging to work with people
who have
a more fluid view of time. When time is a fluid, shared
resource, people
do not consider lateness or interruptions rude. Remember that
attitudes towards time come from a cultural belief system and
are not
a reflection of someone's organizational skills or respect.
Recommendations
It is important to remember that attitudes towards time are
formed
and reinforced through our childhood socialization. Like many
aspects
of culture, they are firmly ingrained and difficult to change.
Some might
argue it is unreasonable to ask someone to change such a broad
cultural attitude as our understanding of time. It will serve you
well to
remember that attitudes towards time come from a cultural
belief
system and are not a reflection of someone's organizational
skills or
respect. You can manage diverse attitudes towards sharing time
by
noticing differences and setting clear expectations about time
management for your interpersonal, team, and broader
workplace

relationships.
Li_Junze
Sensory style
Body language is a characteristic of your sensory
style at work that refers to your attitudes towards
using body language to engage with your
counterpart.
Your Score is: 5.0
At work, your sensory style is characterized by an open attitude
towards body language. You consider it polite to look your
counterpart directly in the eye, directly face your counterpart,
or be physically close.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Body Language
1. CLOSENESS IS
POLITE
2. EYE CONTACT IS
POLITE

2. FACING OTHER IS
POLITE
KEY You
1. CLOSENESS IS POLITE
Your Score is: 1.5
almost never associate close personal distance
with politeness. For you, close personal
distance is rude and pushy.
Your adverse attitudes towards close personal
distance mean you will be comfortable working
in parts of the world where a larger personal
distance is the norm (e.g. Japan). In such
cultures, arms-length distance in conversation
is respectful of your counterpart and their
personal communication space. It will be
challenging for you to work in parts of the
world where people share communication
space and close personal distance is considered
acceptable and polite.
Recommendations
It is important to remember that attitudes
towards physical closeness are formed in
childhood and young adulthood. Like many
aspects of culture, these attitudes are
instinctual and automatic. It will serve you well
to let counterparts know if their closeness

makes you feel uncomfortable or threatened.
But also remember that from your
counterparts' perspective, physical closeness
may be a natural form of conversational
engagement that is not interpreted as rude or
pushy.
2. EYE CONTACT IS POLITE
Your Score is: 6.5
almost always associate eye contact with
politeness.
Because you strongly associate eye contact
with politeness, you should be very comfortable
looking others directly in the eye when
speaking to them and vice versa. This positive
attitude towards direct eye contact is shared
and will not be misunderstood in most Western
business contexts and also in highly expressive
cultures found in Latin America and the
Mediterranean regions. You will find it quite
challenging in parts of the world where direct
eye contact is considered impolite, either in
general or with superiors.
Recommendations
When working with people who avoid eye
contact in conversation, remember that they
may consider eye contact rude or
presumptuous. Rather than assuming
disinterest, it will serve you well to use active
listening skills to decode your counterpart's
degree of engagement.

2. FACING OTHER IS POLITE
Your Score is: 7.0
almost always associate facing your
counterpart with politeness.
As someone who generally associates facing
your counterpart with politeness, interest,
and attention, you pay particular attention to
body language in yourself and others. One's
body position should be open and squared
towards their counterpart when they are
engaged in the conversation. When a
counterpart's body is facing to the side or
away, you may assume they are
uninterested or their attention is elsewhere.
The association between facing one's
counterpart and politeness is shared in most
Western and Far Eastern business contexts.
You are likely to find it difficult to interpret
flexible body posture norms that are
typically found in highly expressive Latin
America and Mediterranean cultures.
Recommendations
Be aware of different norms for facing
others in conversation. When you are
working with people accustomed to more
relaxed body posture, it will serve you well to
ask questions and use active listening to test
your perceptions of conversational
engagement and attention.

Li_Junze
Sensory style
Dramatic Expression is a characteristic of your
sensory style at work that describes the degree to
which your vocal tone and physical gestures signal
engagement with your counterpart.
Your Score is: 2.6
At work, your conversational display style is reserved. You
rarely speak loudly, use big hand gestures, or interrupt your
counterpart. You are often comfortable with silence in
conversation.
Low Context
Dependence
High Context
Dependence
Dramatic
Expression
1. INTERRUPT
2. AVOID SILENCE
3. DRAMATIC
EXPRESSION

4. LOUDNESS IS
ENGAGING
KEY You
1. INTERRUPT
Your Score is: 1.0
Your responses indicate that at
work, you almost never interrupt
counterparts when they are
talking. You almost always listen
rather than talk over others.
Avoiding interruption allows for
active listening, attending to your
counterpart's verbal and
nonverbal expression, and asking
clarifying questions. When
working with people who
interrupt as a form of
communication engagement, it
will be challenging to contribute
to the discussion, make sure your
contributions are heard, and
avoid assuming others'
interruptions are rude or
aggressive.
Recommendations
People who interrupt as a form of
communication engagement may

not realize you require
communication distance to be
most effective in a conversation.
To manage interruptions that feel
intrusive and distracting, it will
serve you well to put up your
hand and calmly say, "please let
me finish," as often as necessary.
2. AVOID SILENCE
Your Score is: 5.0
Your responses indicate that you
often avoid silence in
communication at work. You may
sometimes think untalkative
people are boring.
Because you often avoid silence,
you are usually good at keeping a
conversation going. Remember
that some people may require
silent space to reflect. By filling
their silence with words, you may
inhibit their contributions. You
are likely to face challenges in
competitive group decision-
making, where your discomfort
with silence might lead you to
share too much information.
Recommendations
Remember that silence can be an
empty space, like physical space
in personal distance, and it can

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