1.
Cognitive Networks:
From Neural to National Assemblies
Bradley Voytek, PhD
UCSF Department of Neurology
bradley.voytek@gmail.com
http://ketyov.com

2.
Frontal Cognitive Networks
1. Frontal-dependent working memory networks
2. Decision making and frontal network dynamics
3. Neurophysiology of executive function in aging

3.
Voytek & Voytek, J Neurosci Methods 2012

4.
Prefrontal Working Memory Network
1. Prefrontal lesions impair “top-down” control
2. Dynamic network reorganization
3. Rapid information (re)routing

5.
Visual Working Memory Task
c.f.: Vogel & Machizawa, Nature 2004

6.
Brain and Behavior - Causal Relations
Source: Damasio et al., Science 1994

7.
Frontal Lobe Lesions
Source: Voytek & Knight, PNAS 2010

8.
Lateralized Presentation
Non-match
Match
(1080-2580 ms)
y
s)
la 0 m
de 08 +
test
1
80-
(1
+ +
(0-180 ms)
memory
e
+ tim
Ipsilesional
Contralesional
Source: Voytek & Knight, PNAS 2010

9.
Working Memory Deficits
Non-match
Match
3.0
**
ipsi-
(1080-2580 ms)
y
s)
la 0 m
de 08 +
test
0-
1 contra-
accuracy (d')
8
(1
accuracy (d')
+ +
(0-180 ms)
memory
e
+ tim
2.5
*
*
*
2.0
Control
PFC
BG
Ipsilesional
Contralesional
L / R
Source: Voytek & Knight, PNAS 2010

10.
EEG

11.
Top-Down Network Dysfunction
Controls
Patients
0.6 µV 0.4 µV
-0.6 µV -0.4 µV
Posterior Hemispheric
Posterior Hemispheric
Alpha Differences
Alpha Differences
P = 0.15
P = 0.045
Source: Voytek & Knight, PNAS 2010

12.
Visual Working Memory Maintenance
Source: Vogel & Machizawa, Nature 2004

13.
Ipsilesional
Contralesional
-4
*
-4
CDA amplitude (μV)
CDA amplitude (μV)
-2
-2
PFC
0
0
2
2
300
900
300
900
-4
-4
CDA amplitude (μV)
CDA amplitude (μV)
-2
-2
BG
0
0
2
2
stimulus
300
900
stimulus
300
900
onset
time (ms)
onset
time (ms)

14.
Why aren’t Deficits Complete?
Source: Voytek, et al., Neuron 2010

15.
Dynamic Network Compensation
Source: Voytek, et al., Neuron 2010 c.f.: Voytek, et al., PLoS ONE 2012

16.
Prefrontal Working Memory Network
1. Prefrontal lesions impair “top-down” control
2. Dynamic network reorganization
3. Rapid information (re)routing

17.
Frontal Cortical Network Coordination
1. Frontal networks in cognitive control
2. Frontal networks are dynamic
3. Oscillatory coupling subserves network activity

18.
Electrocorticography

19.
Electrocorticography
WARNING
GRAPHIC

20.
Electrocorticography

21.
Why ECoG?
Source: Voytek, et al., J Cogn Neurosci 2010

22.
Frequency Decomposition

23.
Neurophysiology of Communication
c.f.: work by Miller EK; Fries; Singer; etc.

24.
Coherence

25.
Coherence

26.
Communication through Coherence
source: Fries, Trends Cogn Sci 2005 c.f.: Voytek, et al., NeuroImage 2012

27.
Spectral Topography
Source: Voytek, et al., Front Hum Neurosci 2010

28.
Frontal Theta/Gamma Coupling
Source: Voytek, et al., Front Hum Neurosci 2010 c.f.: Canolty, et al., Science 2006

29.
Visual Alpha/Gamma Coupling
Source: Voytek, et al., Front Hum Neurosci 2010

30.
Watrous et al., Nat Neurosci 2013

31.
Source: Voytek, et al., in revision

32.
Rostro-caudal Frontal Organization
Source: Badre & D’Esposito, Nat Rev Neurosci 2009

33.
Phase/Amplitude Coupling Networks
Source: Voytek, et al., in revision

34.
PFC Phase/Amplitude Coupling
Source: Voytek, et al., in revision

35.
Phase/Amplitude Coupling Networks
Source: Voytek, et al., in revision

36.
“Cognitive” Brain Computer Interface
Source: Voytek, in progress c.f.: work by Ro; Thut; Herrmann; etc.

37.
Frontal Network Coordination
1. Frontal networks in cognitive control
2. Frontal networks are dynamic
3. Oscillatory coupling subserves network activity

38.
Aging and Cognition
1. Behavioral noise increases in aging
2. Neural noise increases in aging
3. Altered network communication in aging

39.
Age and Response Time
Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, in preparation

40.
Theories of Cognitive Aging
Frontal Atrophy Neural Noise
Source: Andrews-Hanna et al., Neuron 2007

41.
Neural Noise Hypothesis
Source: Voytek, et al., under review

42.
Aging Increases Neural Noise
Source: Voytek, et al., under review

43.
Aging Increases Neural Noise
Source: Voytek, et al., under review

44.
Aging Decreases PAC
Source: Voytek, et al., under review

45.
Aging and Cognition
1. Behavioral noise increases in aging
2. Neural noise increases in aging
3. Altered network communication in aging

46.
Where We Are Now
1. Frontal networks critical (causal) in cognition
2. Rapid network plasticity
3. Oscillatory mechanisms subserve frontal control
4. Frontal involvement in aging and neural noise

47.
Age and Response Time
Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, in preparation

48.
Flanker Interference
Source: lumosity.com

49.
Age, Distractibility, & Practice
Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, in preparation

50.
n-back Working Memory
Source: lumosity.com

51.
50 States
267,776 participants 16,288 participants
IQ
Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, submitted

52.
51 Countries
109,907 participants 9,985 participants
IQ
Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, submitted

53.
Future Directions

54.
Support
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NS021135
National Institute of General Medical Sciences Institutional Research and
Career Development Award (IRACDA)
UCSF Information Technology Innovation Award
The Feldman Family Foundation
University of California President's Postdoctoral Fellowship Program
Society for Neuroscience - Neuroscience Scholars Program

55.
Cognitive Networks:
From Neural to National Assemblies
Bradley Voytek, PhD
UCSF Department of Neurology
bradley.voytek@gmail.com
http://ketyov.com