1. Por: Bruno Matlock Clase: 1st
GRAMMAR BOOK

2. Table of Contents
 1. Nationalities
 2. Stem-Changing Verbs (all 4 classes)
 3. Para
 4. Adjectives
 5. Object Pronoun Placement
 6. DOP (Direct Object Pronoun)
 7. IOP (Indirect Object Pronouns)
 8. ser vs. estar (all in one page)
 9. -ísimo(a), and g/c/z
 10. Verbs like gustar
 11. Affirmative and Negative Words
 12. pero vs. sino
 13. DOP/IOP/SE
 14. Reflexive verbs
 15. Tú commands affirmative + negative + irregulars
 16. los adverbios-mente
 17. deber + other modal verbs
 18. past participles as adjectives
 19. preterite
 20. Present Progressive Tense

3. Nacionalidades
Nationality Country
 Mexicano Paraguayo
 Guatemalteco Boliviano
 Hondureño Chileno
 Salvadoreño Argentino
 Nicaragüense Uruguayo
 Costarricense Español
 Panameño Guineano
 Cubano Canadiense
 Dominicano Estadounidense
 Puertorriqueño norteamericano
 Venezolano italiano
 Ecuatoriano Francés
 Colombiano Inglés
 Peruano Latino
 Mexico Paraguay
 Guatemala Bolivia
 Honduras Chile
 El Salvador Argentina
 Nicaragua Uruguay
 Costa Rica Spain
 Panama Guinea
 Cuba Canada
 Dominican Republic United States
 Puerto Rico North
America
 Venezuela Italy
 Ecuador France
 Colombia England
 Peru Mexico

4. Stem-Changing Verbs
 E-IE (Querer) O-UE(Soñar)
 Quiero Queremos Sueño Soñamos
 Quieras Quereís Sueñas Soñaís
 Quiera Quieren Sueña Sueñan
E-I(Repetir) I-IE(Inquirir)
 Repito Repetimos Inquiero Inquirimos
 Repites Repetís Inquieres Inquirís
 Repite Repiten Inquiere Inquieren

5. Para
 Para is used with an infinitive verb to express the
purpose of doing something.
 Reasons for using Para:
 P- urpose
 R-ecipient
Examples:
• Trabajamos para ganar dinero.
O-pinion
• We work to earn money.
 D-• Coma las legumbres para la
estination
salud.
• Eat vegetables to be healthy.
 D-eadline
 S-tandard

6. Adjectives
 Adjectives are descriptive
words frequently used to
describe nouns.
 They can describe color,
eyes, hair, height,
personality, etc.
• Adjectives also need to match
different things about the noun
including:
• Masculine/Feminine
• Singular/Plural
• Adjectives that end in -o have
four forms: alto, alta, altos, altas
• Adjectives that end in -e have
two forms: inteligente,
inteligentes
• Most adjectives that end in a
consonant have two forms:
popular, populares (form plural by
adding -es)
Example:
la chica popular
el chico popular
las chicas populares
los chicos populares

7. Object Pronoun Placement
 An “object of a preposition”
pronoun is by definition placed
after a preposition, but the other
two types of object pronouns and
the reflexive pronouns all go in
the same place. Because it is
common to use more than one of
these pronouns at a time, you
must know what order to follow
La señora Gómez enseña las
lecciones. (Mrs. Gomez
teaches the lessons.)
A Reflexive pronoun is in front of an
Indirect object pronoun, and a
Direct object is the last pronoun.

8. DOP(Direct Object Pronouns)
 The Direct object
always comes
before the verb in
Affirmative
sentences.
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
los, las (them, you-all-formal)
Yo te quiero. (I love you.)
Tú me quieres. (You love
me.)
In the case of infinitives and present
participles you either can attach the
direct object pronoun to the end of
the verb, or you can put it before
the first verb.
Voy a hacerla. / La voy a hacer. (I am
going to do it.)
Estoy limpiándola. / La estoy limpiando.
(I am cleaning it.)

9. IOP(Indirect Object Pronoun)
 Me(Yo) Nos(Nosotros)
 Te (Tu) Os(Vosotros)
 Le(El, Ella, Usted) Se(Ellos, Ellas,
Ustedes)
List of Indirect Object Pronouns
Notice that the
English definition for
each indirect object
includes "to/for"
since they always
indicate where the
object is going.
My mother writes me every week.
DO=letter (understood)
IO=me
(My mother writes me a letter every week.)
She told him.
DO=it (understood)
IO=him
(She told it to him.)

10. Ser v. Estar
 Ser:
 physical
description,
personality
and character,
nationality,
race, gender,
profession,
origin
 TODO- Time
Origin Date
Occupation
 Temporary
Similarities:
Verb means to be.
Estar:
Feelings/moods/
emotions,
physical
conditions or
appearances,
location of
things and
people.
LOCO- LOcation
COndition
Permanent

11. -ísimo(a), and g/c/z
• To intensify the meaning
of adjectives. Use the
suffix ísimo
• ísimo = extremely
 To Add ísimo to an
ADJECTIVE . . .
 Remove the final vowel
 Add ísimo
 Make sure the ísimo
agrees with the noun in
gender and number
 Ex: ALTO --> ALT- -->
ALTÍSIMO
Irregulars . . . If after taking
off the last vowel, if the
adjective ends in a:
C -QU (the C must have a K
sound)
BLANCO - blanquísimo
G -GU
LARGO - larguísimo
Z -C
FELIZ - felicísimo

12. Verbs like Gustar
Common Verbs like Gustar
aburrir to bore faltar to be lacking
agradar to please fascinar to fascinate
alegrar to gladden
fastidia
r
to annoy
apasionar to love gustar to please
apetecer to feel like
hacer
falta
to be missed
atraer to attract
import
ar
to matter
bastar to be enough
interes
ar
to interest
caber to fit, to fill
molest
ar
to bother
convenir to be better for parecer to appear to be
corresponder
to be
responsible for
picar to itch
costar to cost
preocu
par
to worry
disgustar to disgust quedar to remain
doler to hurt
repugn
ar
to disgust
encantar to delight sobrar to be left over
extrañar to surprise tocar
to be
responsible for
Me agrada su visita. (I am pleased by your visit.)
• ¿Os interesaría ir al cine? (Are you interested
in going to the movies?)
• A nosotros nos molesta el ruido. (We are
bothered by the noise.)
• A muchas mujeres les encantan los cuentos
de amor. (Many women really like love stories.)
These verbs all have indirect objects which
require an indirect object pronoun (in most
cases). Sentences may begin or end with the
indirect object and may or may not include the
preposition “a” plus a pronoun or noun. The verb
is always conjugated to match the subject noun
while the person is identified by the indirect
object pronoun. If the sentence begins with an
indirect object, the emphasis is placed on the
person.

13. Affirmative and Negative
Words
 Algo Something
 Nada Nothing
 Ni Neither, Nor
 Siempre Always
 Nunca Never
 Nadie None
 Alguien Someone
 Alguno Some
 Ninguno Not any
Alguno and ninguno must match the
gender and number of the noun they
replace or modify.
Note that alguno changes to algún when
used before masculine singular nouns.
Similarly, ninguno changes to ningún
when used before masculine singular
nouns.
Examples
Alguno de ellos. (One of them.)
Un hombre está lavando su coche.
(A man is washing his car.)
Algunos de los muchachos. (One of
the boys.)
Algunos hombres están lavando el
coche. (Some men are washing the
car.)

14. Pero v. Sino
Pero Sino
We use "pero" to join two contrasting idea
when the second phrase does not negate the
first. Instead, you can think of it as adding on to
the first idea. See below:
No soy española, pero hablo bien el idioma.
(I'm not Spanish, but I speak the language
well.)
Hace frío, pero también hace sol.
(It's cold out, but it's also sunny.)
Estudiar no es divertido, pero es necesario.
(Studying isn't fun, but it's necessary.)
We use sino, on the other hand, is used
generally in negative sentences in
which the second phrase negates or
corrects the first. The equivalent in
English would be "but rather" or "but
on the contrary".
Hoy no voy a estudiar biología, sino
matemáticas.
(Today I'm not going to study biology,
but rathermath.)
Similar: BUT

15. DOP/IOP/SE
 me (me)
te (you-familiar)
lo, la (him, her, it,
you-formal)
 nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
los, las (them, you-all-
formal)
 The Direct
object always
comes before
the verb in
Affirmative
sentences.
Me(Yo)
Te (Tu)
Le(El, Ella, Usted)
Nos(Nosotros)
Os(Vosotros)
Se(Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes)
Notice that the English
definition for each
indirect object includes
"to/for" since they
always indicate where
the object is going.
The 'se' form of the
indirect object pronoun
can either refer to a
third person singular or
plural when both (direct
and indirect object)
pronouns are used.
Passive “se”:
Levantarse,
Despertarse( To wake
up)
Reciprical “Se”:
Mirarse, Verse(To look,
to see)
DOP IOP
SE

16. Reflexive Verbs
A.K.A
MIRROR VERBS
Reflexive pronouns work with a
reflexive verb to indicate that a
person is performing the action
toward or for him- or herself.
These types of verbs are not very
common in English, but are used
frequently in Spanish. Many
actions related to personal care
or daily routines are reflexive, but
other verbs can be reflexive as
well.
Me ducho cada mañana. (I shower
(myself) every morning.)
Te peinas el pelo. (You brush your hair
(yourself).)
Se hablaba. (He was talking to himself.)
Me veo en el espejo. (I see myself in the
mirror.)

17. Tu Commands Affirmative,
Negative, Irregulars
Affirmative
• Commands
that give order
or advice
• It is formed by
taking the tu
form of the
verb and
dropping the
“S”
Di, haz, ve,
pon, sal, se, ten
ven ( Decir,
Hacer, Ir, Poner,
Salir, Ser, Tener,
Venir)
TVDISHES
Des/Digas,
vayas, seas,
hagas, estes,
sepas, tengas,
vengas (Same
Verbs)
Negative
• Commands
that give
order or
advice.
• Telling
somebody
not to do
something
• Fromed by
putting into
the yo form
changing
the vowel
and adding
an “s”
IRREGULARS

18. Los adverbios-mente
When two or
more adverbs
modify the same
verb the last one
takes the -mente
Irregular
adverbs
Mucho- a lot
Muy- very
Mal-bad
Bastante-quite/enough
Ya-already
Bien-good
Deasiado-too
Nunca- never
Poco- little
Peor-worse
Siempre- always
1. Add- mente to the end of the verb to create adverbs.
2. If it ends in a –o it always changes to the feminine (a).
1. Reciente
(recently)
2. Frecuente
(Frequent)
EXAMPLES
1. Receintemente
(recently)
2. Frecuentemente
(Frequently)

19. Modal Verbs
 Modal Verbs should be conjugated and placed
in front of a non-conjugated, or infinitive,
verb.
 Should be used with an infinitive all the time.
 Modal verbs Examples:
 Desear- to need
 Ellos desean dormir.
 Deber-Ought to
 Tú debes quitar la ropa.

20. Past participles as
Adjectives
 Drop –ar ending and add –ado
 Drop –er or –ir ending and add -ido
Examples:
La puerta está cerrada.
The door is closed.

21. Preterite
 A definite time in the past.
 Has a beginning and/or ending.
 Las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)
 Ayer, Anoche, El año pasado, La semana pasada,
Ante ayer
-Ar verbs
- É - amos
- Aste -asteios
- Ó -aron
-Er Verbs
- Í -imos
- Iste -isteís
- Ió -ieron
-Ir Verbs
- Í -imos
- Iste -isteís
- Ió -ieron

22. Present Progressive Tense
Spanish –ing’s
Estar
-AR -ER/IR Irregulars
-ANDO - IENDO -YENDO/ Vowel Change
IRREGULARS
Verbs
Leer
Oir
Traer
Pedir
Servir
Decir
Dormir
Venir
Irregular Present
Participle

23. Works Cited
 http://ww2.d155.org/cls/tdirectory/JOrgler/Share
d%20Documents/Acc.%20Spanish%20II%20-
%202nd%20Semester/Adding%20isimo%20to%
20adjectives.pdf
 http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/adj1.htm
 http://www.cliffsnotes.com/foreign-languages/
spanish/spanish-ii/pronouns/pronoun-placement
 http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/40
 http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/85