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нова водна парадигма
- 1. Нова водна парадигма Геннадій Марушевський Чорноморська програма Wetlands International
- 3. Розподіл сонячної енергії на землях з водою і без води
- 5. Кондиціювання повітря – сонячне живлення, продукування кисню, перекачування води та депонування СО 2 Air-rconditioning efficiency 20 – 30 kW
- 6. Людство впливає на розподіл сонячної енергії в ландшафтах
- 7. Зникнення лісів J. A. Foley et al. - Green surprise? How terrestrial ecosystems could affect earth’s climate, Front Ecol Environ 2003;
- 8. Температура поверхні землі з водою та без води
- 9. Теплова “парасоля” над урбанізованими територіями
- 12. TOPICS OF THE PRESENTATION Main square of Trebon town
- 13. Lazy sunny afternoon Seen by thermovision
- 14. Шахта відкритого типу - Північна Богемія
- 15. Система риборозводних ставків - Південна Богемія
- 16. Півн . Богемія Півд . Богемія MOUNTAINS TOWN OPEN CA ST MINES TOWN TOWN LARGEST FISHPOND (400ha) MAIN FISHPONDS MAIN FISHPONDS
- 17. MOST BASIN (N. Bohemia) TŘEBOŇ BASIN (S. Bohemia) Півн . Богемія Півд . Богемія
- 18. Тепловий потік з осушених земель площею 20 км 2 ~ Виробництво енергії всіх електростанцій у Словаччині (12 000 MW)
- 19. Ущільнення ґрунту руйнує малі водні цикли на землі
- 20. Вплив трансформації земель на малі водні цикли
- 22. Стік з урбанізованого та залісненого середовища
- 23. Зростання екстремальних погодних умов зі зменшенням водного циклу
- 24. Руйнування та відновлення малого водного циклу
- 25. Стара водна парадигма Урбанізація та економічне використання ландшафтів має мінімальний вплив на кругообіг води Об ’ єктом дослідження є вплив глобального потепління на кругообіг води Нова водна парадигма Урбанізація та економічне використання ландшафтів мають суттєвий вплив на кругообіг води Об ’ єктом дослідження є вплив змін в обігу води на глобальні зміни
- 26. Стара водна парадигма Ущільнення землі має мінімальний вплив на кругообіг води Нова водна парадигма Ущільнення землі має суттєвий вплив на кругообіг води Воно може бути важливим фактором глобального потепління
- 27. Стара водна парадигма Несприятливі тенденції у зміні клімату будуть посилюватися, їх пом'якшення може очікуватися протягом століть Нова водна парадигма При впровадженні нового підходу вірогідне відновлення клімату може очікуватися протягом десятиліть
- 28. Стара водна парадигма Захист поверхневих вод як основного ресурсу та запасу води Нова водна парадигма Захист підземних та ґрунтових вод як основного запасу води , повторне використання очищеної води у менших циклах
- 29. Стара водна парадигма Дощові води не можуть бути використані і треба негайно від них позбавлятися Нова водна парадигма Дощові води мають накопичуватися (особливо ґрунтами і рослинами)
- 30. Стара водна парадигма Глобальне потепління є основною кліматичною проблемою Рослинність має низьке альбедо та сприяє “парниковому ефекту”. Випаровування посилює “парниковий ефект”. Нова водна парадигма Екстремальні погодні умови – основна кліматична проблема Вода та рослинність пом'якшують небажані коливання температури ; хмарність регулює інтенсивність сонячного випромінювання, що доходить до поверхні Землі
- 31. Зб ір дощової води на схилах
- 32. Case Tatra National Park, Slovakia . The Build more than 4.000 waterholdings on the 97 ha (2005 - 200 8 )
- 33. Results : Renewal of herbal life at Water Forest in Tatran National Park July 2005 September 2005 August 2006 September 2006
- 34. November 2005 Máj 2006 Jún 2006 September 2006 Restoration of water sources in urban zone Košice People and Water , September 2006
- 35. Розширення пустельних територій внаслідок руйнування малого водного циклу
- 36. Заходи із затримання води на межі критичних районів
Notas del editor
- Solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface is partly reflected; unreflected radiation is called net radiation. This radiation is partially tranformed (dissipates) through the evaporation of water, is partially changed into sensible heat, partially conducted away as heat to the soil and is partially accumulated in the biomass via photosynthesis . The amount of energy accumulated in biomass is relatively low, with the net production of 1 kg of biomass per square meter representing about 0.45% of the annual input of total solar energy per square meter. Large - scale draining and removing of vegetation is connected with the release of a colossal amount of heat and with the formation of so-called "hot plates" on land. Sensible heat released from just 10 km2 of drained land (a small town) for a sunny day is comparable with the installation power of all the power plants in the Slovak Republic (6,000 MW). The effect of human activities on the land is still not fully appreciated. Drainage of developed land is accompanied by a drop in functional vegetation. Under the influence of the negative impact of drainage and the loss of permanently functional vegetation on the rainfall regime and on the distribution of temperatures,[1] we have gradually become victims of degradation and desertification of vast areas of once fertile land.
- Our modern cities, and increasingly our villages, too, have their own sewerage systems. The shortage of space and the need for comfort caused rainfall over cities or urban spaces to be perceived as a kind of burden. So, rainwater began to be perceived more as wastewater, which is carried away by public sewerage, in most cases along with sewage water. So now nearly all rainwater from the cities of Europe is carried to rivers and eventually to the seas from paved and roofed areas by rainwater sewers. According to estimates, more than 20 billion m3 of rainwater are sluiced away each year from the European continent. Over the past 50 years, then, more than 1000 billion m3—that is, 1000 km3—of rainwater, which in the past saturated the ecosystem and soil, filled out the stocks of groundwater, replenished springs and through its evaporation, moistened the climate, has been sluiced away from the European continent. Drainage and deforestation lead to the fact that towns, while growing, change the microclimatic conditions of the original territory. They are becoming urban hot islands over which a hot climatic umbrella is growing.
- The large water cycle is the exchange of water between ocean and land. The small water cycle is a closed circulation of water in which water evaporated on land falls in the form of precipitation over this same terrestrial environment (there is also a small water cycle over the seas and oceans.) The circulation of water in the small water cycle, then, is partially horizontal, but unlike that of the large water cycle, vertical movement is the most characteristic. The name of the small water cycle is not to its advantage because it gives the impression that the cycle contains only a small amount of water. The opposite is true. The average annual precipitation over land is 720 mm and the input from the seas is about 310 mm. The precipitation in a region shares in the saturation of soil with rainwater, and through the small water cycle, roughly one-half to two-thirds of rainwater (50 to 65%) goes into the repeated creation of precipitation over land.
- Original natural regions, or cooler and damper regions and territories, today represent a more stable part of the environment of the continents. Despite this fact, even they cannot avoid changes in precipitation totals and extreme displays of weather. Warmer air over hot and dry urban and agricultural expanses pushes precipitation activities into cooler environments formed by woods and bodies of water, or to places of higher altitude. The interaction of so-called dried "hot plates" (agricultural-urban land) with cooler and damper (for example, mountain) regions causes an unprecedented concentration of cloud cover over the latter regions. Water from the clouds thus falls in great measure on the cooler (mountain) regions, where it initiates tragic flood waves. Floods then affect the lower agricultural-urban regions despite the fact that in these regions it only rains a little.
- The growth of extreme weather is the most destructive manifestation of the climate changes currently taking place and sharply contrasts with the long-balanced original climate conditions in the region. Breakdowns in weather are expressed through sudden changes in weather and often through the violent character of these changes. Extreme storms, torrential rains and cyclones are occurring more often, temporal and spatial differences in rainfall are changing, and periods of unbearable heat and severe drought are getting longer. Regions which are the most drained are also the most affected by extreme weather events.
- However, we can return the lost water back to the continents by keeping rainwater on a massive scale in the places where it falls, particularly in those areas where the influence of human activity is causing a drying out. Just as the impact of human activities (as their unplanned secondary effect) can lead to a breakdown in the small water cycle, so concerted human activity can contribute to its renewal over land as well as to securing long-term stability in the water balance of a territory with sufficient water resources. If the current method of managing rainwater and surface water on land is turned around and the conservation of rainwater and surface water on land is ensured by a system of all-embracing measures for increasing the water-holding ability of an entire watershed (which are often identical with anti-erosion measures) ; and if only the surplus surface water is sluiced away from an area, then with each turn of the cycle there will be recovery of the small water cycle, the reserves of groundwater will gradually improve, the volume of precipitation will increase, and extreme weather events will decrease.
- The essence of a practical solution to the problems of climate change and water shortages caused by human activity is the renewability of the small water cycle by human activity through a full implementation of comprehensive measures in individual communities and towns. These involve measures which will limit the accelerated runoff of water, increase the water-conservation capability of watersheds and improve the water balance in the region. These measures are often identical to anti-erosion measures. Rainwater harvesting in the places where rain falls, before its drops become part of an uncontrollable current, are excellent means of flood prevention.
- On a picture we see the d iagram of the expansion of deserts or semideserts with the breakdown of the small water cycle – let us say, due to human activities.
- Waterholding measures are done on the edge of critical areas . Their role is to harvest and hold water from the small water cycle from adjacent lands, or water from the large water cycle (even in deserts it rains occasionally). The period in which the water cycle is renewed depends on circumstances (the hydrological and pedological conditions, success of the growth of protective vegetation, etc.). The evaporation increases, the cloud cover slowly grows, the small water cycle begins to recover...
- Decreasing areas of desert . The climate recovers in an area with a renewed small water cycle and it can possibly be used as a forefront for further expansion of the hydrological recovery of land.