Resolving technical debt in software architecture

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Today programmers do not develop applications from scratch, but they spend their time fixing, extending, modifying and enhancing existing applications. The biggest problem in their daily work is that with time maintenance mutates from structured programming to defensive programming: The code becomes too complex to be maintained. We put in code we know is stupid from an architectural point of view but it is the only solution that will hopefully work. Maintenance is more and more difficult and expensive. Our software accumulates technical debts. In this talk, you will see how you should improve your architecture and source code to prevent technical debt growing unrestricted. With the proper knowledge about well-structured architecture, refactorings for tangled code can quickly be found. Complex code can be eliminated, and maintenance costs will be reduced.

Software

@cairolali
7 41
63
128
72 bis 15 Mio
bis 5 Mio
bis 1 Mio
bis 500.000
bis 100.000

@cairolali
HOW DO WE SPEND OUR TIME?
70%
20%
10%
Code verstehen
Problem lösen
Code schreiben
Code comprehension
Problem solving
Writing code

@cairolali
WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME!
Cognitive Mechanisms
HierarchiesChunking Schemata

@cairolali
WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME!
Cognitive Mechanisms
HierarchiesChunking Schemata
Well-formed
architecture
Modularity

@cairolali
MODULARITY
▪High Cohesion and lose Coupling
▪Responsibility Driven Design
▪Separation of Concerns
▪Single Responsibility Principle

@cairolali
WRONG PATTERN STOP THE FLOW
Domain Module
Model
View
Con
trol
ValueObject
Service
BusinessObject
Factory
✓ createBusinessObject()
✓ createValueObject()
× calculate(BO)
× process(BO)

@cairolali
TWO DIMENSIONS IN ON ARCHITECTURE
Technical layering Domain layering
Tree violations
that are easy to
resolve
Difficult
violations
One component
cuasing several
problems
One component
causing a
problem

@cairolali
DOMAIN LAYERING IS MISSING
Technical layering No domain layering
Some violations
of the technical
layering
Allmost all
domain
components
need each other

@cairolali
119 classes from 4 components
+ 28 other classes

@cairolali
327 classes from 8 components
That all need each other

@cairolali
DOMAIN MODULES?
UseCase-Driven

@cairolali
DOMAIN MODULES?
Models integrated in UseCasesUseCase-Driven

@cairolali
UNEVEN MODULES
9 Components = 17 Subsystems

@cairolali
128 BUILD UNITS WITH NUMBER OF CLASSES
▪ 3 Mio of
9 Mio LOC
▪ 1/3 of the
system

@cairolali
5.270 CLASSES IN ONE CYCLE IN ONE BUILDUNIT

@cairolali
User
Interface
Domain
Application
Domain
Module
Domain
Module
Domain Module
Window
GUI
Model
View C
o
n
tr
ol
ValueObject
Service
BusinessObject
Layeringbypattern

@cairolali
PATTERN CONFORMITY: GOOD EXAMPLE
☺ 90% of the source code can be assigned to pattern
☺ 0,1% violations between the pattern
Eventer
Processes
Service

463 tangled classes belonging to
10 different components

@cairolali
WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME!
Cognitive Mechanisms
HierarchiesChunking Schemata
Modularity
Hierarchical
Layerng
Pattern
Consistency
→ Consistent and
integrated pattern
→ Use a pattern
language
→ No cycles neither
on architectural
level nor on class
level
→ responsibility
→ coupling
→ size
→ interfaces

@cairolali
612.869 LOC
14.756.435 LOC
252.062 LOC
804.093 LOC
543.388 LOC
1.035.668 LOC
486.358 LOC
175.258 LOC
42.311 LOC
193.383 LOC
643.466 LOC
245.754 LOC
2.890.204 LOC
141.696 LOC
512.086 LOC
9.988.363 LOC
200.591 LOC
922.949 LOC
22.658 LOC
663.862 LOC
3.270.188 LOC
1.521.357 LOC
0
2
4
6
8
10
MODULARITY MATURITY INDEX (MMI)

@cairolali
@cairolali
cl@wps.de
Available in English Summer 2019
www.langlebige-softwarearchitekturen.de www.sustainable-software-architecture.com
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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Resolving technical debt in software architecture

1. WPS - Workplace Solutions GmbH //// Hans-Henny-Jahnn-Weg 29 //// 22085 HAMBURG Resolving technical debt in software architecture Dr. Carola Lilienthal Carola.Lilienthal@wps.de, @cairolali www.wps.de

3. @cairolali

4. @cairolali 7 41 63 128 72 bis 15 Mio bis 5 Mio bis 1 Mio bis 500.000 bis 100.000

5. @cairolali HOW DO WE SPEND OUR TIME? 70% 20% 10% Code verstehen Problem lösen Code schreiben Code comprehension Problem solving Writing code

6. @cairolali WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME! Cognitive Mechanisms HierarchiesChunking Schemata

7. @cairolali

8. @cairolali WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME! Cognitive Mechanisms HierarchiesChunking Schemata Well-formed architecture Modularity

9. @cairolali MODULARITY ▪High Cohesion and lose Coupling ▪Responsibility Driven Design ▪Separation of Concerns ▪Single Responsibility Principle

10. @cairolali WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME! Cognitive Mechanisms HierarchiesChunking Schemata Well-formed architecture Modularity

11. @cairolali HIERARCHIES  

12. @cairolali WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME! Cognitive Mechanisms HierarchiesChunking Schemata Well-formed architecture Modularity Hierarchical Layerng

13. @cairolali

14. @cairolali WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME! Cognitive Mechanisms HierarchiesChunking Schemata Well-formed architecture Modularity Hierarchical Layerng Pattern Consistency

15. @cairolali WRONG PATTERN STOP THE FLOW Domain Module Model View Con trol ValueObject Service BusinessObject Factory ✓ createBusinessObject() ✓ createValueObject() × calculate(BO) × process(BO)

16. @cairolali WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME! Cognitive Mechanisms HierarchiesChunking Schemata Well-formed architecture Modularity Hierarchical Layerng Pattern Consistency

17. @cairolali

18. @cairolali TWO DIMENSIONS IN ON ARCHITECTURE Technical layering Domain layering Tree violations that are easy to resolve Difficult violations One component cuasing several problems One component causing a problem

19. @cairolali DOMAIN LAYERING IS MISSING Technical layering No domain layering Some violations of the technical layering Allmost all domain components need each other

20. @cairolali 119 classes from 4 components + 28 other classes

21. @cairolali 327 classes from 8 components That all need each other

22.

23. @cairolali WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME! Cognitive Mechanisms HierarchiesChunking Schemata Well-formed architecture Modularity Hierarchical Layerng Pattern Consistency

24. @cairolali MICROSERVICES

25. @cairolali DOMAIN MODULES? UseCase-Driven

26. @cairolali DOMAIN MODULES? Models integrated in UseCasesUseCase-Driven

27. @cairolali UNEVEN MODULES 9 Components = 17 Subsystems

28. @cairolali 128 BUILD UNITS WITH NUMBER OF CLASSES ▪ 3 Mio of 9 Mio LOC ▪ 1/3 of the system

29. @cairolali 5.270 CLASSES IN ONE CYCLE IN ONE BUILDUNIT

30. @cairolali WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME! Cognitive Mechanisms HierarchiesChunking Schemata Well-formed architecture Modularity Hierarchical Layering Pattern Consistency

31. @cairolali User Interface Domain Application Domain Module Domain Module Domain Module Window GUI Model View C o n tr ol ValueObject Service BusinessObject Layeringbypattern

32. @cairolali PATTERN CONFORMITY: GOOD EXAMPLE ☺ 90% of the source code can be assigned to pattern ☺ 0,1% violations between the pattern Eventer Processes Service

33. @cairolali

34. 463 tangled classes belonging to 10 different components

35. @cairolali entities valueObjects

36. @cairolali entities valueObjects

37. @cairolali184 tangled classes left

38. @cairolali

39. @cairolali WELL-FORMED COMPLEX STRUCTURES = SAVING TIME! Cognitive Mechanisms HierarchiesChunking Schemata Modularity Hierarchical Layerng Pattern Consistency → Consistent and integrated pattern → Use a pattern language → No cycles neither on architectural level nor on class level → responsibility → coupling → size → interfaces

40. @cairolali 612.869 LOC 14.756.435 LOC 252.062 LOC 804.093 LOC 543.388 LOC 1.035.668 LOC 486.358 LOC 175.258 LOC 42.311 LOC 193.383 LOC 643.466 LOC 245.754 LOC 2.890.204 LOC 141.696 LOC 512.086 LOC 9.988.363 LOC 200.591 LOC 922.949 LOC 22.658 LOC 663.862 LOC 3.270.188 LOC 1.521.357 LOC 0 2 4 6 8 10 MODULARITY MATURITY INDEX (MMI)

41. @cairolali @cairolali cl@wps.de Available in English Summer 2019 www.langlebige-softwarearchitekturen.de www.sustainable-software-architecture.com THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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