1. (1916- 2011)
Newmark was an English professor on
translation at the University of
Surrey.
He was one of the main figures in the
founding of Translation Studies.
Informative, procedimental,
appelative, argumentative, expository
2. Approaches to translation (1981)
A Textbook of Translation (1988)
Paragraphs on Translation (1989)
About Translation (1991)
More Paragraphs on Translation (1998)
3. Newmark defines the act of translating as
transferring the meaning of a text, from one
language to another, taking care mainly of the
functional relevant meaning.
For him, theory of
translation is neither theory
nor science, but a huge
group of knowledge.
4. Newmark’s main contribution to general
theory of translation was the
introduction of the next concepts:
Semantic Translation
Communicative translation
5. Semantic translation attempts to render, as
closely as the semantic and syntactic
structures of the TL allow, the exact
contextual meaning of the original. Semantic
translation is accurate, but may not
communicate properly.
Semantic translation emphasizes the “loyalty”
to the original text.
6. it attempts to render the exact contextual
meaning of the original in such a way that both
content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership.
7. Semantic translation Communicative translation
Author-Centred. Reader-centred
Related to speech
Faithful, more literal.
Easy reading, more
Semantic and Syntactic natural, smoother, but
oriented. longer
Usually more awkward, Contents more
more detailed, more accessible to the
complex, but briefer. reader.
8. Newmark also referred to the following methods
of translation:
Literal translation
Faithful translation
Free translation
Idiomatic translation
Adaptation
