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The Essentials of Writing

         Presented by C. M.
        Herrington, MAA, MAT
         Bilgi University ELP




1
The Structure of the Essay
All essays have 3 major parts: THE INTRO, BODY AND
  CONCLUSION.
                      • Title : States the topic and captures the readers’ interest.
       Structure of
          Essay



                      • Presents the writers’ subject and thesis
       Introduction   • Grabs the readers’ interest


                      • Explains and supports the thesis with details and further develops
                        ideas.
          Body        • Presents the supporting details in a clear sentence.

                      • Reemphasizes the thesis and reflects on the larger significance of
                        the topic.
       Conclusion     • Draws the essay to a satisfying close.

2
Thesis Statement
     It expresses the main idea in an essay and the
      writer’s point of view.
     It is usually one sentence long and consists of
      two parts. The first part states the topic and the
      second part, the writer makes some point about
      the topic (controlling idea)
     It should be specific in order to limit the topic to
      make it manageable . A thesis that is too general
      is NOT effective.



3
3 Examples of Thesis Statements
    Examples
     The advantages of living in a new culture far
      exceed the disadvantages.
     The most effective way to reduce discrimination
      is to teach young children to be open minded
      and tolerant of differences.
     The study of cultural differences in verbal
      communication style involves three main types
      of expression: direct vs. indirect, formal vs.
      informal, and logical vs. emotional.
4
The Most Common Type of
    Introduction
     There are many ways
     to introduce a topic.
     The common type of
                                General Statement
     introduction starts with
     a general statement
     about the                      Limiting
                                   Sentences
     subject, clarifies or
     limits the topic in one
     ore more                       Thesis
     sentences, and then           Statement
     states the thesis of
     the essay in the final
5    sentence.
Example of an introduction where the
    movement is from general to specific.
      The ways in which people communicate differ
                                                       General
     significantly around the world. What people       stateme
     say, how they say it, and what they mean          nt
     when they say it depend on the standards and
     customs of their society. People in some          Limiting
                                                       Sentence
     cultures, for example, tend to say things
                                                       s
     directly, whereas those in other cultures speak
     indirectly. Some cultures value formal means
     of communication, while other societies prefer
     the informal; some cultures stress emotional      Thesis
     expression, and other emphasize logical           stateme
     expression. These variations in the forms and     nt
     functions of verbal communication, reelecting
     culturally learned values, often lead to
6
     intercultural conflict and misunderstanding.
Ways to Capture Your Reader’s
    Interest
     As a provocative
        question.
       Use an engaging
        quotation.
       Make an unexpected
        or controversial
        statement.
       State a common belief
        and then declare a
        contrary view.
       Offer a striking
7       example
What to Avoid in an Introduction
     Don’t blatantly announce
      your intent. Avoid
      statements such as “In this
      essay, I will analyze…”.
     Don’t apologize. Avoid
      statements as “ I am not an
      expert...
     Don’t make promises you
      can’t fulfill.
     Don’t create an
      introduction that is too long
8
      or too short.
Body Paragraphs
          In the body, you present and develop your main
         points. Each body paragraph explains, clarifies, or
                        illustrates the thesis.
          •Look at the example of a topic sentence for the
             reading in your course packet on page 12.


                   Characteristics of Body paragraphs

    1. Clarity. The main point and supporting details of the paragraph are
       clear.
    2. Unity. All sentences relate to the main idea of the paragraph and
       support the topic sentence.
    3. Development. The paragraph provides enough detail and has
       some logical pattern of organization.
    4. Coherence. The sentences are logically connected to each
       other, and the ideas flow smoothly.


9
The Conclusion
      It effectively       What to avoid in a Conclusion
       reemphasizes the     1. Don’t simply repeat your thesis. It’s
       importance of your      more effective to leave your readers
       thesis, and brings      with one or two provocative thoughts to
       the essay to a          think about.
       logical close.
                            2. Don’t introduce a new idea that needs
                               more development.
                            3. Don’t announce what you have done. It
                               may sound mechanical.
                            4. Don’t create a conclusion that is too
                               long or too short. There needs to be
                               balance.
                            5. Don’t apologize. Apologies weaken the
                               impact of your ending.
                            6. Don’t end in an abrupt manner. It
                               should end smoothly.

10
The Writing Process                       (see course handouts page
         113-124)

         Brainstorming/Assessing the writing
          situation: reflecting on the
          subject, one’s attitude toward the
          subject, purpose, audience, sources
          of available information, and the
          writing assignment.
         Exploring and planning:
          discovering, refining, finding support
          for and organizing ideas.
         Writing/Drafting: expressing and
          developing ideas and supporting
          details in rough form.
         Revising: rethinking and rewriting
          drafts to improve the
          content, focus, and structure.
         Editing and proofreading: checking
          for effective word choice and
          sentence structure and for correct
          grammar, spelling, punctuation, and
          mechanics.
         Publishing / Final draft

11
Checklist for Assessing the Writing
                Situation (p.112)
      Subject
      Writers attitude toward the subject
      Purpose
      Audience
      Sources of available information
      Writing assignment




12
Exploring and Planning (113-118)
     After assessing     1.   Brainstorming
     the writing
     situation and       2.   Freewriting
     before your first
     draft, experiment   3.   Clustering
     with one or more
     of the prewriting
                         4.   Journalist’s
     strategies. This         Questions
     helps you
     discover            5.   Outlining
     ideas, and figure
     out with part of
                         6.   Keeping a Journal
     the subject will
     be your
     focus, and find
     details to
     support your
13   points.
Writing/ Drafting
      As your write your first
       draft, keep your materials
       nearby so that your can easily
       refer to them.
      Start by writing an intro in
       which you present your topic
       and thesis .
      Next, write the body
       paragraphs, present your
       major pints and details that
       support them.
      Finally, write a
       conclusion, reflect on the topic
14
       and bring the essay to a logical
Revising
      Revision means more
       than correcting the
       grammar, spelling, pu
       nctuation and
       mechanics. It involves
       a whole process of
     “re vision,” seeing
       again- rethinking and
       reshaping the content.
       To revise an essay, a
       writer
       adds, deletes, rearran
15
       ges and rewords
Revising: Checklist    (see page 120-121)

     1.  Content        Leave enough time to
     2.  Audience          revise your essay.
     3.  Purpose          Ask someone to read and
                           respond to the
     4.  Tone              content, organization and
     5.  Title             development.
     6.  Clarity          Read your rough draft
     7.  Unity             aloud.
     8.  Coherence        Start with large revisions-
     9.  Developme         and later focus on
         nt                sentence level changes.
     10. Organizatio      Keep revising your essay
         n                 until your are satisfied
                           with the
                           content, clarity, unity, cohe
                           rence, development, and
                           organization.
16
Editing and Proofreading
     Editing involves looking closely at individual sentences for
                technical correctness- grammar, spelling
           punctuation, mechanic-and effective word choice.

      Editing Checklist (see p.123)
      1. Word Choice- avoid redundancy, use the most
         accurate, effective words to convey meaning.
      2. Sentence structure- Avoid sentence fragments and run on
         sentences. Vary the sentence structure and length.
      3. Grammar-Is the grammar correct? Are all the sentences
         grammatically complete? Are the parts of speech and word
         order are correct?
      4. Usage- Is the spelling, punctuation ,capitalization and
         paragraph indentation correct?
      5. Citations of sources- Ideas taken from sources, paraphrased
         or quoted resources are properly cited.
      6. Essay format- Have you followed all formatting requirements
17       for the essay by using the correct font size, type, line
         spacing, margins and page numbering.
Writing with Sources-the amount and type of
     source material will depend on your topic, audience and purpose.
     Reasons for including
       references:
      The give background
       information to help the
       readers understand your
       ideas.
      They provide examples and
       other details to support a
       point you are making or to
       counter an argument.
      They enhance your
       credibility by providing
       evidence from specialists
       you’re the subject area.
      The indicate to your reader
       where to find further
       information about your
18     subject.
Types of Sources-Sources are either primary
                      or secondary.
 1.   Primary sources
      are firsthand, or
      original
      materials, includi
      ng eyewitness           2. Secondary sources
      accounts of                 include materials
      events, docume                     that
      nts, diaries, lette       describe, analyze, o
      rs, speeches, TV             r comment on a
      shows, movies,               primary source.
      photographs, an
      d original
19
      research.
Evaluating Sources (see p.126-127)
     1.   Relevance- Think about how closely related to
          your topic it is, or if the source is too general or
          too specialized for the topic, purpose or audience.
     2.   Reliability- how accurate, complete and unbiased
          is the info?
     3.   Currency- How recent is the info.
     4.   Authorship- Who is the author of the source, and
          what are his or her qualifications about the
          subject? Is the author associated with a special
          interest group that might compromise the
          objectivity of the source.
     5.   Purpose and Audience- What is the purpose of
          the sources-to inform, persuade, or entertain ?
          Who is the intended audience for the source?
20
Documenting Sources (p.128-131)
         Keep a working Bibliography- this is a list of all the sources that you might use for your
                                                     paper.
                             It will help you to organize your research later.

     Information to Record in a Working Bibliography
 Book                                Article                            Website

 Name of author(s)                   Name of author(s)                  Name of author(s)

 Title of book                       Title                              Title

 Place of publication                Volume and issue number            Name of website
 Year of publication                 Date of publication                Date of publication or last update

 Volume, edition, and translator’s   Page number on which the article   Page, paragraph, or section
 name , if relevant                  appears.                           numbers.


                                                                        Editor or sponsoring site, Date
                                                                        website was accessed, Full
                                                                        electronic address, or URL.


         *In your major (social sciences)you will be required to use APA
21       (American Psychological Association) documentation style to cite
         sources.
APA Documentation Style
      APA is an author year
      system that cites a
      writer’s sources listed
      alphabetically by the
      author’s last names.
      See your course book
      on page 131 for
      examples.




22
Avoiding Plagiarism
      The act of   plagiarizing:      To avoid it you should
       the copying of another            consult your instructor or
       person's ideas, text, or          librarian , or refer to a
       other creative work, and          writing style manual. If
       presenting it as one's            you follow the guidelines
       own, especially without           below you can reduce the
       permission. Though                chance of your
       plagiarism in and of itself       plagiarizing.
       is not illegal, it is usually       Take accurate summary
       frowned upon; and many               and paraphrase notes.
       cases of plagiarism                  Make sure that your
       involve illegal copyright            language is not too
       violation.                           close to the
       Plagiarism, intentional or           original, change both
       unintentional, is a a type           the wording and the
       of intellectual theft and            sentence structure. Use
       can have serious                     your own words and
       consequences ranging                 don’t mix the author’s
23     from failure on an                   language with your
       assignment to expulsion
Time to test your knowledge
               Quiz time




24

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The essentials of writing cmh

  • 1. The Essentials of Writing Presented by C. M. Herrington, MAA, MAT Bilgi University ELP 1
  • 2. The Structure of the Essay All essays have 3 major parts: THE INTRO, BODY AND CONCLUSION. • Title : States the topic and captures the readers’ interest. Structure of Essay • Presents the writers’ subject and thesis Introduction • Grabs the readers’ interest • Explains and supports the thesis with details and further develops ideas. Body • Presents the supporting details in a clear sentence. • Reemphasizes the thesis and reflects on the larger significance of the topic. Conclusion • Draws the essay to a satisfying close. 2
  • 3. Thesis Statement  It expresses the main idea in an essay and the writer’s point of view.  It is usually one sentence long and consists of two parts. The first part states the topic and the second part, the writer makes some point about the topic (controlling idea)  It should be specific in order to limit the topic to make it manageable . A thesis that is too general is NOT effective. 3
  • 4. 3 Examples of Thesis Statements Examples  The advantages of living in a new culture far exceed the disadvantages.  The most effective way to reduce discrimination is to teach young children to be open minded and tolerant of differences.  The study of cultural differences in verbal communication style involves three main types of expression: direct vs. indirect, formal vs. informal, and logical vs. emotional. 4
  • 5. The Most Common Type of Introduction  There are many ways to introduce a topic. The common type of General Statement introduction starts with a general statement about the Limiting Sentences subject, clarifies or limits the topic in one ore more Thesis sentences, and then Statement states the thesis of the essay in the final 5 sentence.
  • 6. Example of an introduction where the movement is from general to specific. The ways in which people communicate differ General significantly around the world. What people stateme say, how they say it, and what they mean nt when they say it depend on the standards and customs of their society. People in some Limiting Sentence cultures, for example, tend to say things s directly, whereas those in other cultures speak indirectly. Some cultures value formal means of communication, while other societies prefer the informal; some cultures stress emotional Thesis expression, and other emphasize logical stateme expression. These variations in the forms and nt functions of verbal communication, reelecting culturally learned values, often lead to 6 intercultural conflict and misunderstanding.
  • 7. Ways to Capture Your Reader’s Interest  As a provocative question.  Use an engaging quotation.  Make an unexpected or controversial statement.  State a common belief and then declare a contrary view.  Offer a striking 7 example
  • 8. What to Avoid in an Introduction  Don’t blatantly announce your intent. Avoid statements such as “In this essay, I will analyze…”.  Don’t apologize. Avoid statements as “ I am not an expert...  Don’t make promises you can’t fulfill.  Don’t create an introduction that is too long 8 or too short.
  • 9. Body Paragraphs In the body, you present and develop your main points. Each body paragraph explains, clarifies, or illustrates the thesis. •Look at the example of a topic sentence for the reading in your course packet on page 12. Characteristics of Body paragraphs 1. Clarity. The main point and supporting details of the paragraph are clear. 2. Unity. All sentences relate to the main idea of the paragraph and support the topic sentence. 3. Development. The paragraph provides enough detail and has some logical pattern of organization. 4. Coherence. The sentences are logically connected to each other, and the ideas flow smoothly. 9
  • 10. The Conclusion  It effectively What to avoid in a Conclusion reemphasizes the 1. Don’t simply repeat your thesis. It’s importance of your more effective to leave your readers thesis, and brings with one or two provocative thoughts to the essay to a think about. logical close. 2. Don’t introduce a new idea that needs more development. 3. Don’t announce what you have done. It may sound mechanical. 4. Don’t create a conclusion that is too long or too short. There needs to be balance. 5. Don’t apologize. Apologies weaken the impact of your ending. 6. Don’t end in an abrupt manner. It should end smoothly. 10
  • 11. The Writing Process (see course handouts page 113-124)  Brainstorming/Assessing the writing situation: reflecting on the subject, one’s attitude toward the subject, purpose, audience, sources of available information, and the writing assignment.  Exploring and planning: discovering, refining, finding support for and organizing ideas.  Writing/Drafting: expressing and developing ideas and supporting details in rough form.  Revising: rethinking and rewriting drafts to improve the content, focus, and structure.  Editing and proofreading: checking for effective word choice and sentence structure and for correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and mechanics.  Publishing / Final draft 11
  • 12. Checklist for Assessing the Writing Situation (p.112)  Subject  Writers attitude toward the subject  Purpose  Audience  Sources of available information  Writing assignment 12
  • 13. Exploring and Planning (113-118) After assessing 1. Brainstorming the writing situation and 2. Freewriting before your first draft, experiment 3. Clustering with one or more of the prewriting 4. Journalist’s strategies. This Questions helps you discover 5. Outlining ideas, and figure out with part of 6. Keeping a Journal the subject will be your focus, and find details to support your 13 points.
  • 14. Writing/ Drafting  As your write your first draft, keep your materials nearby so that your can easily refer to them.  Start by writing an intro in which you present your topic and thesis .  Next, write the body paragraphs, present your major pints and details that support them.  Finally, write a conclusion, reflect on the topic 14 and bring the essay to a logical
  • 15. Revising  Revision means more than correcting the grammar, spelling, pu nctuation and mechanics. It involves a whole process of “re vision,” seeing again- rethinking and reshaping the content. To revise an essay, a writer adds, deletes, rearran 15 ges and rewords
  • 16. Revising: Checklist (see page 120-121) 1. Content  Leave enough time to 2. Audience revise your essay. 3. Purpose  Ask someone to read and respond to the 4. Tone content, organization and 5. Title development. 6. Clarity  Read your rough draft 7. Unity aloud. 8. Coherence  Start with large revisions- 9. Developme and later focus on nt sentence level changes. 10. Organizatio  Keep revising your essay n until your are satisfied with the content, clarity, unity, cohe rence, development, and organization. 16
  • 17. Editing and Proofreading Editing involves looking closely at individual sentences for technical correctness- grammar, spelling punctuation, mechanic-and effective word choice. Editing Checklist (see p.123) 1. Word Choice- avoid redundancy, use the most accurate, effective words to convey meaning. 2. Sentence structure- Avoid sentence fragments and run on sentences. Vary the sentence structure and length. 3. Grammar-Is the grammar correct? Are all the sentences grammatically complete? Are the parts of speech and word order are correct? 4. Usage- Is the spelling, punctuation ,capitalization and paragraph indentation correct? 5. Citations of sources- Ideas taken from sources, paraphrased or quoted resources are properly cited. 6. Essay format- Have you followed all formatting requirements 17 for the essay by using the correct font size, type, line spacing, margins and page numbering.
  • 18. Writing with Sources-the amount and type of source material will depend on your topic, audience and purpose. Reasons for including references:  The give background information to help the readers understand your ideas.  They provide examples and other details to support a point you are making or to counter an argument.  They enhance your credibility by providing evidence from specialists you’re the subject area.  The indicate to your reader where to find further information about your 18 subject.
  • 19. Types of Sources-Sources are either primary or secondary. 1. Primary sources are firsthand, or original materials, includi ng eyewitness 2. Secondary sources accounts of include materials events, docume that nts, diaries, lette describe, analyze, o rs, speeches, TV r comment on a shows, movies, primary source. photographs, an d original 19 research.
  • 20. Evaluating Sources (see p.126-127) 1. Relevance- Think about how closely related to your topic it is, or if the source is too general or too specialized for the topic, purpose or audience. 2. Reliability- how accurate, complete and unbiased is the info? 3. Currency- How recent is the info. 4. Authorship- Who is the author of the source, and what are his or her qualifications about the subject? Is the author associated with a special interest group that might compromise the objectivity of the source. 5. Purpose and Audience- What is the purpose of the sources-to inform, persuade, or entertain ? Who is the intended audience for the source? 20
  • 21. Documenting Sources (p.128-131) Keep a working Bibliography- this is a list of all the sources that you might use for your paper. It will help you to organize your research later. Information to Record in a Working Bibliography Book Article Website Name of author(s) Name of author(s) Name of author(s) Title of book Title Title Place of publication Volume and issue number Name of website Year of publication Date of publication Date of publication or last update Volume, edition, and translator’s Page number on which the article Page, paragraph, or section name , if relevant appears. numbers. Editor or sponsoring site, Date website was accessed, Full electronic address, or URL. *In your major (social sciences)you will be required to use APA 21 (American Psychological Association) documentation style to cite sources.
  • 22. APA Documentation Style  APA is an author year system that cites a writer’s sources listed alphabetically by the author’s last names. See your course book on page 131 for examples. 22
  • 23. Avoiding Plagiarism  The act of plagiarizing: To avoid it you should the copying of another consult your instructor or person's ideas, text, or librarian , or refer to a other creative work, and writing style manual. If presenting it as one's you follow the guidelines own, especially without below you can reduce the permission. Though chance of your plagiarism in and of itself plagiarizing. is not illegal, it is usually  Take accurate summary frowned upon; and many and paraphrase notes. cases of plagiarism Make sure that your involve illegal copyright language is not too violation. close to the Plagiarism, intentional or original, change both unintentional, is a a type the wording and the of intellectual theft and sentence structure. Use can have serious your own words and consequences ranging don’t mix the author’s 23 from failure on an language with your assignment to expulsion
  • 24. Time to test your knowledge Quiz time 24